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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi &ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and ISO 22000:20015 Certified)
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ Grade &
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA)
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru - 560078

Project Phase I Report

DESIGNING A SUSTAINABLE AND EFFICIENT

BUILDING SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

1DS19CV060 MOHAMMED AAKIF

1DS19CV062 NABAM TAPUNG
1DS19CV103 SHOLO TEP
1DS19CV105 SIMAL MOHAMMED

Under the guidance of

Mr. MOHAMMED ISMAIL

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
2022-2023

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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi &ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and ISO 22000:2005 Certified)
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ Grade &
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA)
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru - 560078

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Project Phase I Report entitled “DESIGNING A SUSTAINABLE
AND EFFICIENT BUILDING SYSTEM” submitted by Mohammed
Aakif(1DS19CV060),Nabam Tapung (1DS19CV062), Sholo Tep (1DS19CV103),
Simal Mohammed (1DS19CV105), bonafide students of Dayananda Sagar College
of Engineering, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Construction technology and management , during 2019-2023. It is certified that
all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated.
The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
Project work Phase I prescribed for the above said degree.

Mr. Mohammed Ismail Dr.H.K.Ramaraju

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

…………………………………………………….……………………………………
…….
Examiners: Signature
with Date1.

2.

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare, that this Project Phase I Report entitled “DESIGNING A

SUSTAINABLE AND EFFICIENT BUILDING SYSTEM” is a bonafide work
carried out by me during 2019-2023 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University
Belagavi, under the guidance of Prof. Mohammed Ismail, Professor, Department
of Construction technology and management, Dayananda Sagar College of
Engineering, Bengaluru.

Signature

USN STUDENT NAME

1DS19CV060 MOHAMMED AAKIF
1DS19CV062 NABAM TAPUNG
1DS19CV103 SHOLO TEP
1DS19CV105 SIMAL MOHAMMED

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SL. CONTENT PAGE NO.

NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 NEED FOR GREEN CONSTRUCTION 1

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION 2

1.4 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR CHALLENGES FACED 6

BY GREEN CONSTRUCTION
1.5 STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

1.6 GREEN BUILDING RATING

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

2.1 INTRODUCTION 9

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 9

3 OBJECTIVES & SCOPE 17

3.1 OBJECTIVES 17

3.2 SCOPE 17

4 METHODOLOGY 18

4.1 FLOWCHART & TIMELINE 18

5 REFERENCES 19
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Green building referred as sustainable building is the practice of creating structures

and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient
throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. It is design which emphasizes on
optimum utilization of resources and increases the efficiency of the resource
utilization.

Buildings presently account for approximately 40% of the world’s energy

consumption, and that figure is on the rise. Beyond energy use, buildings also are
responsible for nearly half of all greenhouse gasses, specifically carbon dioxide
hence there is a need for sustainable buildings.Energy use, water usage, indoor
environment, occupants’ lifestyle quality, and material selection are a few among
many other things to be considered critical when constructing a green habitat to
promote a healthy and non-spoiled environment in and around the building.

The biggest misconception is that people believe that a green home is one that has a
lot of green plants, lawn and grass which makes a building green which is not
so,use of elements and plants is good because plants and grass those are used for
insulation and they also absorb a lot of pollution but it is one part of a green
building.

A green building is actually green because it has natural adaptations and uses the
renewable resources, reduces wastage, reduces consumption and which recycles
materials and wherever possible it regenerates energy to make the building more
energy efficient and sustainable.
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1.2 NEED FOR GREEN CONSTRUCTION

According to a survey by IGBC the construction industry in India is one of the

largest economic activities and is growing at an average rate of 9.5% as compared
to the global average of 5%.

Buildings are the major consumer of energy in their construction, operation and
maintenance. In India building sector accounts 30-40% of total primary energy
consumption and more than 30% of electricity.

While the growth is imminent, it is imperative that the developments need to

happen in an environmentally sustainable manner. In this context, energy efficient
building, climate-responsive building or green buildings designs have great impacts
on conservation of natural resources, energy efficiency, better waste management,
water use efficiency and reductions in emissions.
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1.3 IMPORTANCE OF GREEN BUILDING

 Reduced operating costs by increasing productivity and using less energy and
water

 Improved public and occupant health due to improved indoor air quality
 Reduced environmental impacts by, for example,reducing water runoff and the
heating effect.
 Reduction of natural resource consumption
 Reduction of operating costs
 Health, comfort and safety for all residents

 Energy optimization and reduction of energy consumption

 Increased productivity of the occupants
 Better indoor air quality
 Reducing the carbon footprint

 Better ventilation and light in the dwellings

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1.4 CHALLENGES FACED BY GREEN CONSTRUCTION

 Initial construction cost is high

 Consumers are skeptical about new building materials
 Lack of information
 Lack of govt incentives
 Lack of interest and demand

SOLUTIONS FOR CHALLENGES FACED BY GREEN CONSTRUCTION

Changing the traditional way of estimation and costing of a building.

Usually building contractors and owners define costing as the initial upfront cost
which is a little high for green construction.
There is need of changing the way of costing to a life cycle costing approach which
includes the operating costs and economic benefits of the building over a period of
time.

Ending misconceptions about sustainable building materials.

Sustainable materials are as good or even better than traditional building materials
in cases of building life, energy consumption, design flexibility even though they
can be a bit expensive initially they help to reduce the carbon footprint of the
building.

1.5 STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

 Bamboo:
Considered one of the best eco-friendly building materials.
It has an incredibly high self-generation rate, with some being reported to grow upto
3 feet within 24 hours.
Higher strength-to-weight ratio than concrete and brick.

 Precast Concrete Slabs:

Used for walls and facades as they hold up well to all sorts of weather.
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Sustainability is higher compared to many traditional concrete. Precasting take less

energy to produce and assemble.
Precasting allows material to properly cure in controlled environment.

 Recycled steel:
Steel is 100% recyclable.
Mining, heating and shaping steel products require a lot of energy but proper and
efficiently recycling them lowers the energy used.

 Smart Glass Windows:

The use of wide windows to let in more natural light and reduce the demand for
electric lighting.
Smart Glass alters its thermal characteristics depending on how heat and air
conditioning are applied within the home

 Hemp Concrete:
It is a concrete like material created from the woody inner fibres of the hemp plant.
Hemp Concrete blocks are lightweight, sturdy, has good thermal and acoustic
insulation qualities and is fire resistant.
It is CO2 negative, fast growing and renewable resource.
Fibres are bound with lime.

1.6 Green building rating

Several green building rating systems have been developed to evaluate the energy
and environmental performance that spans the broad spectrum of sustainability of a
building. Typically, the buildings are designed to meet building code requirements,
whereas green building design challenges designers to go beyond the codes to
improve overall building performance, minimize life-cycle environmental impact
and cost.

Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED) to promote the design and
construction of buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable, and
healthy places to live and work. They are focused on integrating building industry
sectors and leading a market transformation towards greener construction. LEED is
a system for designing, constructing and certifying green buildings. It is a voluntary
rating program based on which buildings are classified or certified as Silver, Gold
or Platinum depending upon the number of points they acquire within the following
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building components.Sustainable site planning and design ,Water efficiency,

Energy and atmosphere, Material and resources, Indoor environment quality,
Innovation in design processes.

Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has been formed in 2001. IGBC is actively
promoting green buildings in India. It a part of Confederation of Indian Industries
(CII) and comprise of construction companies, architects, product manufacturers
and research institutes.
Similar to the LEED rating system, developed by US Green building Council,
LEED India promotes a complete building approach for its sustainability analysis.
Currently IGBC provides certification under LEED India NC Green Building
Rating System for new Commercial Construction and Major renovation, LEED
India CS Green Building Rating System for Core and Shell, IGBC Green factory
building rating system and IGBC Green home rating system.

GRIHA stands for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment, to encourage
design construction and operation with green building principles for new
commercial, institutional and residential buildings. This GRIHA rating system is
developed by TERI (The Energy Resources Institute).
It aims to integrate various national standards and policy frameworks into one
building rating system, including ECBC, IS codes such as NBC, IS codes for
building materials, water quality and functional requirements, solid waste handling
rules and local regulations etc .
The rating criteria are categorized according to three aspects:
• Site selection and site planning, including conservation and efficient utilization of
resources.
• Building planning and construction, including design for efficient use of energy
and water, embodied energy use in the building materials and construction activities,
use of renewable or recycled materials, the reuse of water, waste management, and
health well-being
• Building operations and maintenance, including energy audits and validation,
building operations and maintenance and innovation.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

1. “Green building design: A step towards sustainable habitat”(2010) by
Manoj Kumar Singh, Sadhan Mahapatra and Atreya Kumar Sudhir
 Measures taken worldwide to reduce the energy consumption and carbon
footprint of the buildings through green building approach are discussed.
 The present state of the green building initiatives, green building rating and
certification procedures in India are also discussed.

2. “Effect of Green Roof Age on Runoff Water Quality in Portland, Oregon”

(2018) by Jarrett Okita, Cara Poor(PhD), Jessica M. Kleiss (PhD) and Ted
Eckmann(PhD)
 Green roof provide environmental benefits like reducing air temperatures in
urban areas, absorbing carbon di oxide and other pollutants and increasing
roof longevity.
 Runoff from the green roofs had higher concentration of TP and PO and
lower concentration of zinc compared to the regular roof.

3. “Climate change adaptive measures in architecture within temperate

climate zones” (2020) by Mikkel Poulsen
 To create buildings that are as suitable to the current climate as they are to
the climate of the future and maintain an ability to resist the impacts of
climate change;
 Further research shows focus on how to not only make the buildings adaptive.
 This could enable new buildings to mitigate some of the climate change
impacts, which could help the building adjust to a new climate

4. “Comparing building surfaces’ orientations to optimize solar energy

collection”(2020) by Braian A Rock
 Engineers, architects, design-build contractors, students, and other designers
of green buildings can benefit through knowing, in advance, how exterior
surfaces’ orientations increase or decrease the total annual solar energy
arriving upon those surfaces.
 This presents simple tables that form a tool for making initial decisions on
surfaces’ directions and slope.
 The user can then study various effects further, such as local factors
including cloudiness and shading, with detailed software.

5. “Integrating earthen building materials and methods into mainstream

construction” (2020) by Lola Ben-Alon and Vivian Loftness
 The main barriers and gaps to implementing earthen construction are
analyzed through survey responses,and possible solutions to overcoming
these barriers are presented in this paper
 The results show the relevance of environmental sustainability as motivators
for implementing EBMM in modern construction
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 These results are consistent with previously established findings in

environmental psychology on the relevance of environmental co-benefits.

6. Green Building as Urban Sustainability Transitions(2022)J.

Affolderbach, C. Schulz
 This chapter introduces work in transition studies and discusses the strengths
and limitations of the multi-level perspective in analysing shifts in green
building as urban climate change mitigation strategy.
 It develops a transition perspective for the green building sector that focuses
on the urban in these transition processes.

7. “Risk Management in Green Building” (2022) by Hung Duy Nguyen and

Laura Maacchion
The main themes in GB risk studies can be classified as:
 Identify and evaluate risks in implementing GB projects.
 Create risk assessment models in GB projects
 Study according to specific types of GB risks

8. “Understanding the perceived value of using BIM for energy

simulation”(2019) by Anderson M. Lewis, Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, (Ph.D.)
and Caroline Clevenger, (Ph.D.)
 Through this study we determined the main barriers and benefits to
leveraging BIM for energy simulation.
 Green design stakeholders gave a mean score of 4.39 while those who only
used energy simulation scored it 3.
 The comparison suggests that BIM only users may have overly optimistic
expectations of the capabilities of energy simulation.

9. “Vertical turf for green facades: A vertical greenery modular system

integrated to the building envelope” (2019) by Giovanni Santi, Angelo
Bertolazzi,Giorgio Croatto and Umberto Turrini
 When designing the drying , sprouting or uneven growth of the plant used should
be considered.
 Vertical green systems help to regulate the temperature of the building.
 The climate benefits of green vertical environmental systems applied to the
building envelope,

10. “Green building in China” (2021) by Yayun Shen, Michael Faure

 Green buildings play a role in helping countries meet their commitments
under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
 China is the leading country in Green Building construction as there is large
governmental involvement
 The general lesson we can take from china is that we should show large
benefit to private parties because green building is not profitable to investors
but very beneficial for society at large

11. “Green building literacy: a framework for advancing green building

education” (2019) by Laura B. Cole
 Green building is very prominent in architectural and engineering
professions but scarce to the general public
 Basic Green building education can be started from kindergarten to XII
standard.
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 Building occupants are not only passive dwellers but active individual part of
green building’s performance and can advocate for better building practices

12. “An analysis of green building costs using a minimum cost concept” (2019)
by Wannawit Taemthong and Nattasit Chaisaard
 Green building requires greater investment than a conventional building.
 There are different classification of green buildings including Certified,
Silver, Gold, Platinum depending on the cost and credit of the project.
 This system is called the LEED-NC rating system.
 Project owners can adopt a minimum cost approach to attain different levels
of LEED certification.

13. “Grey water recycling for reuse in toilet flushing: A case study in
Thailand”( 2018) by Wannawit Taemthong
 Grey water means relatively clean waste water from sink, baths etc.
 Grey water treatment system includes sedimentary tank, 24 hours aeration
tank and a sand and carbon filtering tank with final sedimentation tank
 This water can be used in flushing system for more efficiency in buildings
 If find any faecal bacteria, chlorine is used.

14. “The role of project management in the success of green building projects:
Egypt as a case study” (2020) Heba Farouk Abdelkhalik and Hisham Hussein
Azmy
 The application of the (GPRS) has been neglected at the level of the public
and private sectors since its launch.
 In Egypt, as a case study, there are limited numbers of green buildings in the
modern era which are certified by third-party or green rating systems.

15. “Importance of the residential front yard for social sustainability” (2019)
by Abu Yousuf Swapan, Joo Hwa Bay and Dora Marinova
 They are generally privately-owned but have the high potential to act as a
public space. Though the front yard is physically private, if visible from the
street,
 Social science studies commonly ignore the physical environment and only a
few empirical investigations address the stationary and social behaviour of
people
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CHAPTER 3
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 SCOPE

The growth of communities has a large impact on our natural environment. The manufacturing,
design, construction and operation of the buildings in which we live and work are responsible for
the consumption of many of our natural resources.

According to Lazard Asset Management, buildings represent around 40% of the global energy and
greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), while other sectors, such as transport and power generation,
have a clear roadmap to decarbonisation, the route to reducing the energy and emissions footprint
of buildings remains less clear.

Green buildings can be defined as buildings which use more environmental friendly and
resource-efficient processes throughout a building’s life-cycle on areas such as
construction, renovation, operation, maintenance and demolition.

The need of sustainable buildings is becoming clear with the increase in demand for more
commercial, residential, industrial and medical buildings. Therefore through this project we intend
to study and use sustainable construction materials and design that can be used for modern
buildings.

3.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of our research includes :

 To study the cost effectiveness of sustainable building materials and designs by case
studies.

 To model and design an economical energy efficient system for a traditional and green
building.

 To compare the efficiency between the traditional and green building models using
BIM.

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CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

4.1 FLOWCHART

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

CASE STUDIES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

PLANNING AND SELECTION OF MATERIALS AND BUILDING

DESIGNING AND MODELLING OF TRADITIONAL AND GREEN

BUILDINGS

CALCULATING THE COST AND EFFICIENCIES OF THE

BUILDING SYSTEMS

RESULT
(COMPARISON OF COST AND EFFICIENCY OF THE BUILDINGS)

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