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Project-02 Final Report

Electronics Devices & Circuits (I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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SMART FARMING STICK

PROJECT – 02

FINAL REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

The award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology (B-Tech)

Submitted To: Submitted by:

Dr. Vinay Bhatia. Ankit Kumar Singh (1802301)
Dheeraj (1802331)
ECE - X (2).

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Chandigarh Engineering College
Landran, Mohali
Affiliated to PTU, Jalandhar
Session: 2018-2022
Department of ECE

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work presented in this project entitled “Smart Farming
Stick” is a bonafide record of the work done during the period from July-
December 2021 at Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Mohali, Punjab
by Ankit Kumar Singh and Dheeraj.

The project work is an authentic record of my own work and is carried out
under the supervision and guidance of guide Dr. Vinay Bhatia, ECE
Department. The matter presented in the report has not been submitted
elsewhere, wholly or partially, for the award of any other degree or diploma.

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of my knowledge.

Guide Name
Prof. (Dr.) Vinay Bhatia.
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering.

Prof. (Dr.) Vinay Bhatia

HOD
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department
Chandigarh Engineering College,
Landran, Mohali
Punjab.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to the Principal,

Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran for providing this opportunity to
carry out the present work.

The constant guidance and encouragement received from Prof. (Dr.) Vinay
Bhatia, Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, has been of great help in carrying out present work and helped us
in completing this project with success.

I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude to my Project Guide Dr. Vinay
Bhatia, ECE department for the guidance and support in defining the design
problem and towards the completion of my project work. Without her wise
counsel and able guidance, it would have been impossible to complete the thesis
in this manner.

I am also thankful to all the faculty and staff members of Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College,
Landran for their intellectual support throughout the course of this work.

Ankit Kumar Singh (1802301).

Dheeraj (1802331).
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ABSTRACT

Internet of Things (IOT) an emerging and revolutionary technology that has

brought revolutions into many fields of common man’s life by making
everything smart and intelligent.

This project, propose an IoT based Smart Farming Agriculture Stick assisting
farmers in getting live data of temperature, humidity, soil moisture, smoke
detection, pH, etc. for efficient environment monitoring which will enable them
to do smart farming and improve their overall yield and quality of products.

The agriculture system proposed in this project is integrated with Node MCU
technology consisting of various sensors which provide live on field data that
can be obtained on android mobile phone.

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Table of Contents

S.No. Contents Page Number

01) Certificate 02
02) Acknowledgement 03
03) Abstract 04
04) List of Contents 05
05) List of Figures 06
06) List of Tables 07
07) Chapters 08
08) References 38

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List of Figures

Figure Title Page Number

01) IoT devices presently used around the world. 11
02) Live data of field. 12
03) Smart farming. 16
04) Applications of Smart farming. 17
05) Precision farming. 18
06) Block diagram. 21
07) NodeMCU 22
08) Soil Moisture Sensor. 23
09) Temperature and Humidity Sensor. 25
10) pH Sensor. 26
11) Raindrop Sensor. 26
12) Think Speak Algorithm. 27
13) Pin Diagram. 29
14) Flowchart. 30
15) Soil Temperature. 31
16) Soil Moisture and Sunlight Sensor. 31
17) Humidity and ATM Pressure. 32
18) Irrigation Data. 32
19) Market Size of Smart Farming across the world. 34
20) Smart farming data in Europe. 35

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List of Tables

Table Title Page Number

2.1 3rd Green Revolution 19
3.2 Soil Moisture Sensor Specification 24

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Chapters

S.No. Title Page Number

01) Introduction 09 - 13
02) Literature Survey 14 – 19
03) Methodology 20 - 30
04) Result and Analysis 31 – 35
05) Conclusion 36 – 37
06) References 38

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Chapter – 01: Introduction

1.1 Project Review

Farming is the backbone for the advancement of the nation. Since, India is called as an
agricultural country for its remarkable agricultural lands and its other resources. In recent
days, the temperature and soil moisture factors affect the growth of agriculture such as
productivity, diseases and yield production. agriculture based issues has been the barrier for
the development of the nation. There is a need for modernization of the current standard
techniques for agriculture. New trends in agriculture are required in managing crops in a
controlled environment, example: green houses.

Agriculture is the primary occupation in developing country like India. 28% of the people are
involved in the agriculture sector. 19.9% of the total GDP of India is contributed by
agricultural sector in 2020-21. Smart Farming Stick is designed in this project which will use
concept of IoT, WSN and cloud computing to help farmer plan an irrigation schedule for his
farm.

Proper scheduling of irrigation and fertilization is very important for proper development of
crops.

The several factors which affect the amount of water required by crops in various climatic
conditions are:
1) Temperature.
2) Humidity.
3) Sunshine.
4) Wind speed.

The data obtained from these sensors can be used for data analysis and decision making. If
sensors are attached with Bots, the data extracted can be used for
taking appropriate actions like watering the crops/plants with specific amount of water on
proper time, spraying fertilizers in proper amount, taking pictures of the plant for monitoring
and disease detection, etc. Furthermore, this smart Bots can be connected with smartphones,
which will help in accessing the data from anywhere in the world. The smartphones can be
used as dashboards giving all the brief information of a particular land. This combination of
devices will prove to be beneficial in smart farming. IoT proves to be beneficial to
agricultural supply chain and provide a critical technology for establishing a smooth flow of
agricultural logistics.

The key advantages of smart farming are:

1) Proper water management preventing the wastage of water.
2) Soil management for checking pH level and moisture in the soil.
3) Crop monitoring using cameras to detect infections and diseases in crop.
4) Weather monitoring for live monitoring and crop sowing time.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the recent advancement in the internet field. The ideas
facilitate to interconnect physical objects equipped with sensing, actuating, computing power
by lending them the potential to collaborate on a task, by remaining connected to the internet,
termed as the “Internet of Things” IoT.

One of main areas where IoT based research is going on and new products are launching on
everyday basis to make the activities smarter and efficient towards better production is
“Agriculture”. Agriculture sector is regarded as the more crucial sector globally for ensuring
food security. Talking of India farmers, which are right now in huge trouble and are at
disadvantageous position in terms of farm size, technology, trade, government policies,
climate conditions etc. No doubt, ICT based techniques have solved some problems but are
not well enough for efficient and assured production. Recently, ICT has migrated to IoT
which is also known as “Ubiquitous computing”. Agricultural production requires lots of
activities like soil and plant monitoring, environmental monitoring like moisture and
temperature, transportation, supply chain management, infrastructure management, control
systems management, animal monitoring, pest control etc.

IoT based agricultural convergence technology (Lee et al, 2013) creates high value in terms
of quality and increased production and also reduces burden on farmers in ample manner. In
addition to Agricultural IoT, the future of agriculture is “Precision Agriculture” which is
expected to grow at $3.7 billion by 2018. With data generated from GPS and Smart Sensors
on agricultural field and integration of smart farming equipment along with Big Data
analytics, farmers would be able to improve crop yields and make effective use of water and
in turn wastage of any sort would be reduced to a remarkable level. So, seeing the current
scenario of agriculture which is surrounded by tons of issues, it is utmost requirement to have
IoT based Smart Farming. In order to implement smart farming in real world, IoT based
products are required to be developed and implemented at regular intervals and also at a very
fast pace.

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Fig - 01: IoT devices presently used around the world.

With the assistance of detector, actuators and embedded microcontrollers the purpose of
creating good object is accomplished. These good objects collect knowledge from the
surroundings of development, process them and initiate appropriate actions. Thus, the
Internet of Things (IoT) can bring wonderful support and helps human in leading a wise and
smart Agriculture.

With IoT, farmers will simply get a timely cultivating guideline relating to the parameters
such as pesticide usage, seasonal plant diseases and additionally regarding natural disasters
and recovery methods. Main advantage of synergizing agriculture with IoT is elimination of
human-to-human interaction and improvement in human to-device (mobile phones, PCs)
interaction.

Connecting agriculture to the internet is one of the important activities of the proper operation
of IoT device. It presumes the connection to be wireless, which are classified based on energy
consumption, uplink data rate & downlink
data rate, packet size, device per access point, topology, frequency band range and channel
width.

The proposed project explains about the issues faced in agriculture and provides the survey of
various authors in the field of agriculture. It also shows the ways of implementing IoT in
agriculture.

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1.2 Project Objectives

a) To measure the various parameters such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture,

smoke detection, pH, etc. of soil.
b) To provide live data of all the above parameters.
c) To provide live data about wind speed, rainfall, sun shine.
d) To give an alert about pest attacks in the field.

1.3 Project Scope

1) This stick will provide live data of various parameters such as temperature,
humidity, soil moisture, smoke detection, pH, etc. of soil.
2) This stick will warn us against pest and rodents attacks on the field.
3) This stick will provide us the live data about wind speed, rainfall, sun shine,
etc.
4) This stick will help us in crop water management system, which will be
integrated in our stick.
5) This stick will provide complete safety to our field, greenhouse or terrace
garden etc.

Fig – 02: Live data of field.

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1.4 Problem Statement

The food production and its safety are a major problem in agricultural sector. A lot of crops
easily gets damaged causing a huge amount of financial loss of nation and even for the
farmers (small scale or at large scale). Hence, we developed a stick that will solve all these
problems in a better way. This stick will perform all the activities that will help our farmers in
many different ways and will pave a way for Smart Farming into the nation. This stick will
provide live data of various different parameters live temperature, soil moisture, humidity,
rainfall updates etc., that will help farmers in deciding the right time for their farming.

Following are certain additional features that is added to our stick:

1) Crop Water Management.
2) Precision Agriculture.
3) Integrated Pest Management (or) Control (IPMC).
4) Food Production and Safety.

In order to perform agriculture activities in efficient manner, adequate water is essential.

Agriculture IoT is integrated with Web Map Service (WMS) and Sensor Observation Service
(SOS) to ensure proper water management for irrigation and in turn reduces water wastage.

High accuracy is required in terms of weather information which reduces the chances of crop
damage. Agriculture IoT ensures timely delivery of real time data in terms of weather
forecasting, quality of soil, cost of labour and much more to farmers.

Agriculture IoT systems assures farmers with accurate environmental data via proper live
data monitoring of temperature, moisture, plant growth and level of pests so that proper care
can be taken during production.

1.5 Expected Results

The expected results of this project are:

1) Autonomous searching, detection and alarming against pest attacks.
2) Measure the various parameters such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, smoke
detection, pH, etc. of soil.
3) To provide live data of all the above parameters.
4) To provide live data about wind speed, rainfall, sun shine.

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Chapter – 02: Literature Survey

2.1 Introduction

With advancement in technologies IoT frameworks and platforms has been used in many
domains like smart healthcare, smart cities, etc. but still in agriculture domain large scale use
of IoT solutions is not seen in many countries. In this section we tried to describe some of the
IoT based solutions proposed by some of the researchers.

Anand Nayyar proposed a Smart IoT based gadget “Agriculture Tool” which assists farmers
in getting Live Data (Temperature, Soil Moisture) for efficient environment monitoring. This
stick was developed with the combination of NodeMCU, Cloud computing and Solar
Technology using Breadboard mixed with various sensors. Thingsspeak.com was used to get
the live data feed. The author claimed the accuracy of 98% in the data feeds extracted from
the sensors.

Andreas Kamilaris developed Agri-IoT, a semantic framework for IoT based smart farming
applications, which supports reasoning over various heterogeneous sensor data streams in
real-time. Framework also supports large-scale data analytics and event detection, ensuring
seamless interoperability among sensors, services, processes, operations, farmers and other
relevant actors, including online information sources and linked open datasets and streams
available on the Web. For the experimentation of this project, they deployed 100-300 sensors
in the field. The comparative analysis of two RDF Stream Processing (RSP) engines
CSPARQL and CQELS is illustrated with the results.

Amandeep proposed the GPS based remote controlled vehicle which can operate on both
automatic and manual modes, for various agriculture operations like spraying, cutting,
weeding, etc. It can also monitor the temperature, humidity, soil condition and water supply.

The researchers came with the concept of connected farm, which can provide suitable
environment for growing crops. In this project all sensors and actuators used for monitoring
and growing crops were connected with a gateway installed with a device software platform
for IoT systems, called & Cube. The IoT service server “Mobius” was used to monitor the
environmental condition of the connected farm, to communicate with expert farming
knowledge systems and controls actuators according to it. The experiment suggested that
different crops can be cultivated on a single field by dividing the land in the grid format and
installing the automatic plant irrigation system which consists of soil sensors, water level
indicators and chemical sprinkler. Information about the field can be extracted from GSM and
NodeMCU system. For data analysis they used Things for visualization. They also used
Speak, an open-source platform for future records or if the GSM fails due to some technical
errors. Some of the researchers tried to use IoT based solutions with precision agriculture.

Precision agriculture mainly includes data collection, processing and variable rate
applications of inputs. Precision agriculture is one of the paradigms which can use the IoT
advantages to optimize the production efficiency across the agriculture fields, optimize the
quality of the crops and minimize the negative environmental impact. They proposed internet
of things can be used to collect local information data like water level, temperature, humidity,
soil moisture, and light from the various crop on precision agriculture.

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Li Hong-Ying proposed the maximum yield of the crop can be reached in the given
environment using the time series techniques with past yield data for employing on a
forecasting model. The crop yield forecasted model was tested in Liaoning Province in China
from 1949 to 2005. Some researchers tried to implement Decision Tree Classifier on the
environmental parameters for the prediction of crop to get the good yield.

2.2 Smart Farming

Smart Farming is an emerging concept that refers to managing farms using modern
Information and Communication Technologies to increase the quantity and quality of
products while optimizing the human labour required.

Among the technologies available for present-day farmers are:

1) Sensors: soil, water, light, humidity, temperature management
2) Software: specialized software solutions that target specific farm types or
Applications agnostic IoT platforms
3) Connectivity: cellular, LoRa, etc.
4) Location: GPS, Satellite, etc.
5) Robotics: Autonomous tractors, processing facilities, etc.
6) Data analytics: standalone analytics solutions, data pipelines for downstream
solutions, etc.

Armed with such tools, farmers can monitor field conditions without even going to the field
and make strategic decisions for the whole farm or for a single plant.

The driving force of smart farming is IoT connecting smart machines and sensors integrated
on farms to make farming processes data-driven and data-enabled.

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Fig – 03: Smart Farming.

2.3 IoT Based Smart Farming Cycle

The core of IoT is the data you can draw from things (“T”) and transmit over the Internet
(“I”). To optimize the farming process, IoT devices installed on a farm should collect and
process data in a repetitive cycle that enables farmers to react quickly to emerging issues and
changes in ambient conditions. Smart farming follows a cycle like this one:

1. Observation
Sensors record observational data from the crops, livestock, soil, or
atmosphere.

2. Diagnostics
The sensor values are fed to a cloud-hosted IoT platform with predefined
decision rules and models—also called “business logic”—that ascertain the
condition of the examined object and identify any deficiencies or needs.

3. Decisions
After issues are revealed, the user, and/or machine learning-driven
components of the IoT platform determine whether location-specific treatment
is necessary and if so, which.

4. Action
After end-user evaluation and action, the cycle repeats from the beginning.

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Fig – 04: Applications of Smart Farming.

2.4 IoT Solutions to Agricultural Problems

Many believe that IoT can add value to all areas of farming, from growing crops to forestry.
In this article, we’ll talk about two major areas of agriculture that IoT can revolutionize:
1) Precision farming
2) Farming automation/robotization

1. Precision Farming
Precision farming, or precision agriculture, is an umbrella concept for IoT-based
approaches that make farming more controlled and accurate. In simple words, plants
and cattle get precisely the treatment they need, determined by machines with
superhuman accuracy. The biggest difference from the classical approach is that
precision farming allows decisions to be made per square meter or even per
plant/animal rather than for a field.

By precisely measuring variations within a field, farmers can boost the effectiveness of
pesticides and fertilizers, or use them selectively.

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Fig – 05: Precision Farming.

2. Precision Livestock Farming

As in the case of precision agriculture, smart farming techniques enable farmers better
to monitor the needs of individual animals and to adjust their nutrition accordingly,
thereby preventing disease and enhancing herd health.
Large farm owners can use wireless IoT applications to monitor the location, well-
being, and health of their cattle. With this information, they can identify sick animals,
so that they can be separated from the herd to prevent the spread of disease.

2.5 Third Green Revolution

Smart Farming and IoT-driven agriculture are paving the way for what can be called a Third
Green Revolution.

Following the plant breeding and genetics revolutions, the Third Green Revolution is taking
over agriculture. That revolution draws upon the combined application of data-driven
analytics technologies, such as precision farming equipment, IoT, “big data” analytics,
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or drones), robotics, etc.

In the future this smart farming revolution depicts, pesticide and fertilizer use will drop while
overall efficiency will rise. IoT technologies will enable better food traceability, which in turn
will lead to increased food safety. It will also be beneficial for the environment, though, for
example, more efficient use of water, or optimization of treatments and inputs.

Therefore, smart farming has a real potential to deliver a more productive and sustainable
form of agricultural production, based on a more precise and resource-efficient approach.
New farms will finally realize the eternal dream of mankind. It’ll feed our population, which
may explode to 9.6 billion by 2050.

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Table – 2.1: 3rd Green Revolution.

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Chapter – 03: Methodology

3.1 Introduction

The implemented framework comprises of different sensors and devices and they are
interconnected by means of remote correspondence modules. The sensor data is been sent and
received from client end utilizing internet connectivity which was enabled in the Node MCU
module-an open source IoT platform. This system is used to maintain the optimal conditions
of the irrigation system effectively.

The data can be viewed on the Farmer’s Guide app (or) web page. The farmer can go through
each and every information regarding the levels, at what time it’s been functioning, any
fluctuation appearing or not, whether the operations are been performed in time or not, any
pest attack, etc.

The design of the project comes right after we are done with the project’s analysis. Our
system will be implemented based on many small functions. These functions should be
capable to perform specific tasks. The whole system is the sum of all those functions.
Therefore, our strategy is to use the function oriented design. DFD design process can be
used to depict how functions change data and state of the entire system functions.

The implementation will go along with the testing to make sure that all functions are
implemented properly. Still we are going to test in a field with pre-existing data and compare
these results to ours, using our new system. We can then go further and test in different fields
to see the level of accuracy in different types of soils. Given that we have several functions,
several tests can be performed, so we may have to test each function at a time to make sure
that all of them work correctly and give accurate outputs. Finally, we will test all of them
together at the same time in a single system, knowing that some functions can be related to
others so we may not separate them in the testing.

By implementing this system, agricultural lands, parks, gardens, golf courses and AUI’s
gardens can be irrigated in a more automated and efficient way. In addition, our system will
be cheaper and safe, compared to other automated systems. While implementing this project,
the user requirements and specifications will be taken in consideration, as well as respecting
the design method and the testing strategy would be concisely developed.

In our project’s circuit the programmed NodeMcu grid is connected with all different
components: soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, LCD screen, RTC module, and Relay
modules. NodeMcu is also used as a Wi-Fi module. This model works based on collecting
data from all the sensors and sending them to the NodeMcu. The NodeMcu gives the updates
of data in web server through cloud computing. The real time data comes through Wi-Fi to
the web server which we can access by typing the address IP given to the Wi-Fi module
(NodeMcu) in any web browser. The Nodemcu also send data to the LCD and to the two
relays

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Fig – 06: Block diagram.

3.2 Hardware Components

The Smart Farming system is a project depending on IoT technology, using Arduino. To
develop this project, I used many Arduino’s hardware components, including NodeMcu
module as the main grid or the microcontroller, and that will connect to Wi-Fi. Other different
sensors such as, temperature sensor (LM35), soil moister sensor, LCD, relay, RTC module for
date and time. In addition to some connectors and wires. All these components will be
connected based on a specific circuit.

For the software part, I used the Arduino application that uses C++ code. The code considers
several libraries each one is related to specific component or sensor. I created also a web
server where data collected would appear instantly and this by adding an HTML, CSS and
JavaScript code.

3.2.1 NodeMCU ESP8266 CP2102

The NodeMCU (Node Microcontroller Unit) is an open-source software and hardware
development environment built around an inexpensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC)
called the ESP8266. The ESP8266, designed and manufactured by Espressif Systems,
contains the crucial elements of a computer: CPU, RAM, networking (Wi-Fi), and
even a modern operating system and SDK. That makes it an excellent choice for the
Internet of Things (IoT) projects of all kinds.

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The NodeMCU with cp2102 Wifi Board is an all-in-one microcontroller + WiFi

platform that is very easy to use to create projects with WiFi and IoT (Internet of
Things) applications. The board is based on the highly popular ESP8266 WiFi
Module chip with the ESP-12 SMD footprint. This WiFi development board already
embeds in its board all the necessary components for the ESP8266 (ESP-12E) to
program and uploade code. It has a built-in USB to serial chip upload codes, 3.3V
regulator and logic level converter circuit so you can immediately upload codes and
connect your circuits. This board contains the ESP-12E chip with a 4MB! flash
memory so no worries for your long project codes!

The ESP8266 NodeMCU with cp2102 development board - a true plug-and-play

solution for inexpensive projects using WiFi. The module arrives pre-flashed with
NodeMCU firmware so just install your USB driver. The NodeMCU is an open-
source project and you can find all the design files and so on from their github
page.This microcontroller board can easily be programmed using the Arduino IDE
programming software.

Fig – 07: NodeMCU ESP8266 CP2102.

3.2.2 Soil Moisture Sensor

It senses the moisture content of the soil. The sensor has both analog and digital
output and works on the principle of open short circuit. In this system, the output is
high or low is showed by the LED.

At the point when the soil is dry, there will be no passage of current and act as an
open circuit. When soil is wet, the passage of current exists and circuit is said to be
short and the output will be zero. Sensor information is appeared by the levels. It is
hostile to rust so the sensor has long time which will manage the cost of the farmer at
the very least cost.

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Soil moisture sensors aid good irrigation management. Good irrigation management
gives better crops, uses fewer inputs, and increases profitability. Soil moisture sensors
help irrigators to understand what is happening in the root zone of a crop.

There are basically two groups of sensors:

1) Water potential sensors, such as tensiometers and granular matrix sensors
2) Soil moisture sensors that give a percentage or relative content of soil
moisture.

Water potential sensors measure how hard it is to remove water from the soil,
providing the best indication of available water for plants. Soil type and water content
influence the suction pressure required to remove water from the soil, but a monitored
sensor, which is recorded and graphed, will show the sharp fall that indicates water
has become hard for a plant to access.

Water content sensors measure the water content of a soil using the time or frequency
of a pulse travelling between or returning to electrodes. The most common types are
capacitance and time or frequency domain. Most sensors are accurate within 2–3% of
the actual soil moisture.

Fig – 08: Soil Moisture Sensor.

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Table – 3.1: Soil Moisture Sensor Specification.

3.2.3 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

It is used for measuring temperature and humidity. In this system, it shows the
information at which level it was functioning. Suppose, it is beyond the threshold
level, LED will starts blinking and instantly the values appear on the webpage and the
farmer gets to know.

DHT11 is a Humidity and Temperature Sensor, which generates calibrated digital

output. DHT11 can be interface with any microcontroller like Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
etc. and get instantaneous results. DHT11 is a low cost humidity and temperature
sensor which provides high reliability and long term stability.

It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air,
and outputs a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). Its very
simple to use, and libraries and sample codes are available for Arduino and Raspberry
Pi.

This module makes is easy to connect the DHT11 sensor to an Arduino or

microcontroller as includes the pull up resistor required to use the sensor. Only three
connections are required to be made to use the sensor - Vcc, Gnd and Output.

It has high reliability and excellent long-term stability, thanks to the exclusive digital
signal acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology.

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Fig – 09: Temperature and Humidity Sensor.

3.2.4 pH Sensor
It measures the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. The optimal pH range for plants is
between 5.5 and 7.0. Suppose, it is beyond the level, then the LED will start blinking
and the values will appear on the webpage.

The availability of nutrients is as essential to plant growth as it is to animals and

livings organisms. In optimizing a plant's growth potential and yielding highly
productive harvests, it's imperative to have a deep and quantitative understanding of
the soil conditions from which agricultural products come. Using pH sensors provides
critical feedback regarding soil nutrient deficiencies or the presence of unwanted
chemicals. These sensors help smart agriculture monitor daily, weekly, monthly and
annual fluctuations in soil pH and nutrient levels to continue to educate the
agricultural industry.

Potentiometric pH meters measure the voltage between two electrodes and display the
result converted into the corresponding pH value. They comprise a simple electronic
amplifier and a pair of electrodes, or alternatively a combination electrode, and some
form of display calibrated in pH units. It usually has a glass electrode and a reference
electrode, or a combination electrode. The electrodes, or probes, are inserted into the
solution to be tested.

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Fig-10: pH Sensor.

3.2.5 Raindrop Sensor

The rain sensors detect the rain, the basic principle of working is checking resistance
of sensor and the sensor comprises two different conduction printed leads on whole
surface. When water droplets fall on surface of sensor it completes the circuit and thus
creating a resistance which is far less than open circuit resistance of sensor and the
sensed data is sent to controlling unit.

Raindrop Sensor is a tool used for sensing rain. It consists of two modules, a rain
board that detects the rain and a control module, which compares the analog value,
and converts it to a digital value. The raindrop sensors can be used in the automobile
sector to control the windshield wipers automatically, in the agriculture sector to sense
rain and it is also used in home automation systems.

Fig – 11: Raindrop Sensor.

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3.3 Software Implementation

Smart Farming system was developed using the Arduino Software (IDE) which enable to
write the code and upload it to a microcontroller board (Arduino Uno or NodeMcu…). It can
be installed and run in Windows, Linux or Mac OS. This environment is written in languages
C and C++.

Thing Speak is an application stage for the Internet of Things (IoT) that enables us to
construct an application around information gathered by sensors. It includes constant
information gathering information handling, perceptions, applications and modules.

ThingSpeak is an open-source software written in Ruby which allows users to communicate

with internet enabled devices. It facilitates data access, retrieval and logging of data by
providing an API to both the devices and social network websites. ThingSpeak was originally
launched by ioBridge in 2010 as a service in support of IoT applications.

ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software MATLAB from
MathWorks, allowing ThingSpeak users to analyze and visualize uploaded data using
MATLAB without requiring the purchase of a MATLAB license from MathWorks.

Fig – 12: ThinkSpek Algorithm.

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3.4 Requirements Specifications

3.4.1 Function Requirements

The functional requirements indicate the functions and services of the present system. They
describe the behaviour of the system in relation to the needs:
a. Measure Temperature.
b. Measure soil moister.
c. Display the sensor readings on the LCD screen.
d. Calculating the date and time.
e. Irrigating the soil if needed.
f. Turning on the fan if needed.
g.

3.4.2 Non-functional Requirements

The non-functional requirements for the present system consider the following:
1) Availability: The proposed product can be available and operable successfully all the
time.
2) Reliability: The system provides an accurate measurement of data, and it can have a
longer lifespan.
3) Maintainability: The present system can be improved easily by integrating new
components with enhancedfeatures.
4) Simplicity: The proposed system is user friendly. The usage of this product doesn’t
require any priorlearning.

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Fig – 13: Pin Diagram.

3.5 Pest Management System

Insects and Rodents have always been a nuisance for farmers. They feed on their efforts and
infest on crops to spread various diseases. Controlling and maintaining their population is
therefore important for a farmer to ensure crop health.

Pesticides and insecticides have played a major role in preventing infestations. However, they
pose different environmental and social consequences. Extreme use of pesticides can result in
severe water & soil contamination and can also intoxicate plants with harmful chemicals.
Additionally, insects and bugs become reluctant against them with continuous exposure that
forces farmers to rely on heavier pesticides. Even though other methods like genetic seed
manipulation are also being used to make crops more robust against the pest attack, they are
quite expensive for practical application.

Execution of Internet of Things in the agriculture sector has brought in a major development
related to on-filed pest management. A farm owner can now use different sensors to monitor

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the growth of pests and take further countermeasures to manage them. Below is a list of
different sensors that are being used to identify and track the growth of insects.

Sensor used for pest detection system are:

1) High-power Thermal Sensors.
2) Fluorescence Image Sensing.
3) Acoustic Sensors.

Advantages offered by IoT Based Pest Control Systems are:

1) Monitoring Pest Infestation and Crop Health.
2) Weather monitoring and Analytics.
3) Automated crop health monitoring.

Fig- 14: Flowchart.

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Chapter – 04: Result and Analysis

4.1 Output

Following are certain graph images which shows some live images of different parameters of
a field.

Fig – 15: Soil Temperature.

Fig – 16: Soil Moisture and Sunlight sensor.

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Fig – 17: Humidity and ATM Pressure.

Fig – 18: Irrigation Data

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4.2 Advantages

1) Increased Production: Optimized crop treatment such as accurate planting,

watering, pesticide application and harvesting directly affects production rates.

2) Water Conservation: Weather predictions and soil moisture sensors allow for
water use only when and where needed.

3) Real-Time Data and Production Insight: Farmers can visualize production

levels, soil moisture, sunlight intensity and more in real time and remotely to
accelerate decision making.

4) Lowered Operation Costs: Automation processes in planting, treatment and

harvesting can reduce resource consumption, human error and overall cost.

5) Increased Quality of Production: Analyzing production quality and results in

correlation to treatment can teach farmers to adjust processed to increase
quality of the product.

6) Accurate Farm and Field Evaluation: Accurately tracking production rates

by field over time allows for detailed predicting of future crop yield and value
of a farm.

7) Reduced Environmental Footprint: All conservation efforts such as water

usage and increased production per land unit directly affect the environmental
footprint positively.

8) Equipped Monitoring: Farming equipment can be monitored and maintained

according to production rated, labor effectiveness and failure prediction.

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Fig – 19: Market Size of Smart Farming across the world.

4.3 Applications

1) This smart farming stick has a real potential to deliver a more productive and
sustainable agricultural production, based on a more precise and resource-efficient
approach.
2) This stick can be best utilized by farmers so that they can obtain live data on various
parameters.
3) This stick can be used by people having green houses.
4) This stick can be used by individuals who are managing a garden around their home.

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Fig – 20: Smart Farming Data.

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Chapter – 05: Conclusion

5.1 Brief Review

Thus, the smart farming will revolutionize the world of farming and it will increase the
productivity as well as improve the quality and can save lives of farmer.

There is an urgent need for a system that makes the agricultural process easier and burden
free from the farmer’s side. With the recent advancement of technology, it has become
necessary to increase the annual crop production output of our country India, an entirely Agro
centric economy. The ability to conserve the natural resources as well as giving a splendid
boost to the production of the crops in one of the main aims of incorporating such technology
into the agricultural domain of the country. To save farmer’s effort, water and time has been
the most important consideration.

Hence, a smart farming IoT based agriculture stick for live monitoring of temperature,
humidity, soil moisture, pH, sun shine, smoke detection, wind speed and rainfall conditions
has been proposed using NodeMCU and Cloud computing. The stick has high efficiency and
accuracy in fetching these live data. The agriculture stick being proposed in this project will
assist farmers in increasing the agriculture yield and take efficient care of food production as
the stick will always provide helping hand to farmers for getting accurate live feed of
environmental results.

This will also enable farmers to use IoT technology and they will be able to implement other
smart farming techniques in their land to increase yield.

This capstone project gave me the chance to learn new technologies and work with new
tools, this was a real proof that AUI has taught us to be long-life learners and to master self-
learning before teaching us other class materials.

Of course, this project is a combination of what I learned from all my computer science
classes, the programming languages, the database systems and the engineering process that is
important in any engineering project, all together with what I learned from other disciplines
and also by myself about IoT and the use of Arduino helped me to build an embedded system.

In general, the project was successful and worked properly and succeeded in delivering the
prototype on due time. I am proud and happy for this achievement especially that this is my
first real big theoretical and practical project. It enabled me to get concrete results and to
realize that I can indeed build products that would be beneficial in real life and that I can
customized upon demand as future projects.

For future work there are many features to develop or add to the prototype:

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1) Adding a Mobile Application for Android to make it easier to access data remotely
and where data can be stored easily.
2) Develop an IOS version of the previous application
3) Add other Arduino components or increasing sensors for more features, and to fetch
more data that can be collected.
4) Add an artificial intelligent system to predict the production of goods.
5) Integrating a GPS module to enhance this Agriculture IoT Technology to full-fledged
Agriculture Precision ready product.

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