TRANSFERRING AND BANDAGING ● Starvation and diseases

FIRST AID- Is an immediate care given to a person who FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO SHOCK
has been injured or suddenly taken ill. P – Pain
R – Rough handling
It includes self help and home care if medical assistance is I – Improper bandaging
delayed or not available. C - Continuous bleeding
E – Exposure to extreme temperature
Roles & Responsibilities of the First Aider: F – Fatigue
● Bridge the the gap between the victim and the
physician. GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK:
● It is not intended to compete with nor take the Early stage:
place of the services of the Physician. Face – pale or cyanotic
● It ends when medical assistance begins. Skin – cold clammy
Breathing – irregular
Objectives of First Aid: Pulse – rapid and weak
● To alleviate suffering Nausea and vomiting
● To prevent added or further injury or danger Weakness
● To prolong life Thirsty

Characteristics of a Good First Aider: Late Stage:

GENTLE – should not cause pain. Apathetic or relative unresponsive
RESOURCEFUL – should make the best use of Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression
things at hand. Pupils are dilated
OBSERVANT – should notice all signs Low blood pressure
TACTFUL – should not alarm the victim Unconsciousness when body temperature falls.
EMPATHIC – should be comforting
RESPECTFUL – should maintain a professional and OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
caring attitude 1. To improve circulation of the blood.
2. To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen
Hindrance in Giving First Aid: 3. To maintain normal body temperature.
1. Unfavorable surrounding
2. The presence of crowds FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
3. Pressure from victim or relatives P - Proper positioning
P - Proper body temperature
Transmission of Diseases: P - Proper administration of fluid
1. DIRECT P - Proper oxygenation
2. INDIRECT P - Proper transfer
3. AIRBORNE/ DROPLET
4. VECTORS SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
SHOCK WOUND is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body
is a depressed condition of many body functions due to either internal or external.
failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body
following a serious injury. TWO CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND
Closed Wound – caused by blunt object which results in
CAUSES OF SHOCK contusion.
● Severe bleeding Open Wound – Incision, Abrasion, Puncture, Laceration,
● Crushing injury Avulsion,
● Infection
● Heart attack
● Perforation
● Shrapnel and bullet wound
● Rupture of tubal pregnancies
● Anaphylaxis
CONTUSION AVULSION

DANGERS:
● Hemorrhage
INCISION ● Infection
● Shock

KINDS OF BLEEDING
● ARTERIAL
● VENOUS
● CAPILLARY

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR CLOSED

WOUND:
I – Ice application
ABRASION
C – Compression
E – Elevation
S – Splinting

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR OPEN WOUND:

C – Control bleeding
C – Cover the wound
C – Care for shock
C – Consult the physician

SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES

PUNCTURE ● Eye Injuries
● Chemical Burns
● Eye knocked out
● Foreign object
● Nosebleeds
● Impaled objects
● Amputations
● Sucking Chest wound
● Abdominal evisceration
● Animal bite
AMPUTATION
LACERATION
BONES, JOINT, AND MUSCLE INJURY

MUSCLE CRAMPS- is the sudden, painful tightening of

the muscle.

First Aid for Cramps:

● Stretch out the affected muscle to counteract the
cramp.
● Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently
● Apply heat (moist heat) FRACTURE – is a break or disruption in the normal
● Get medical help if cramps persist. continuity of the bone tissue.

STRAIN – is the sudden, painful tearing of muscle fiber

during exertion.
S/S: Pain, Swelling, Bruising, Loss of efficient movement

First Aid for Dislocation & Fracture:

● Check the Victim’s Airway, Breathing and
Circulation (ABC).
First Aid for Strain: ● Prevent infection by covering with a sterile
● Apply cold compress at once. dressing before immobilizing.
● Elevate the limb to reduce swelling. ● Splint or sling the injury in the position, which
● Rest the affected part for 24 hours. you found it.
● Get medical help ● Prevent shock
● Get medical help
SPRAIN – is caused by torn fibers of the ligament.
BANDAGING TECHNIQUE
S – Speed, Snugly fit
C – Clean and carefully applied
A – Accurate
N – Neat
E – Ends with a square knot.

USE OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

S/S: Swelling, bruising Open Phase:
● Head (topside)
First Aid for Sprain: ● Face; back of the head
● Apply cold compress at once. ● Chest; back of chest
● Elevate the affected joint ● Arm sling; under arm sling
● Physician may recommend anti-inflammatory ● Hand; foot

DISLOCATION – is the displacement of a bone from its

normal position at a joint.
S/S: Pain, Misshapen appearance, Swelling, Loss of
function
Head (topside)
Cravat Phase: (Broad or Narrow Cravat)
Broad Cravat:
● Abdominal Binder
● Knee bandage

Face; back of the head

●
Narrow Cravat:
● Forehead; eye
● Ear; cheek; jaw
● Arm; leg
● Elbow; (straight or bent)
Chest; back of chest ● Palm pressure (close)
● Palm bandage (open)
● Shoe on, shoe off

Abdominal Binder indicated for abdominal evisceration

Forehead; eye

Arm sling
Underarm sling

Ear; cheek; jaw

Hand; foot
Arm; leg Shoe Off

Elbow; (straight or bent) PATIENT/CASUALTY HANDLING

Emergency Rescue
– is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to a
place of safety.

Indications:
● Danger of fire or explosion
● Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of
oxygen.
Palm Pressure (close)
● Serious traffic hazards
● Risk of drowning
● Danger of electrocution
● Danger of collapsing walls

Methods of Rescue:
● For immediate rescue w/out assistance, drag or
pull the victim in the direction of the long axis of
his body preferably from the shoulder.

● Most of the one-man drags/carries and other

transfer methods can be used as methods of
rescue.
Transfer
– is moving a patient from one place to another after giving
first aid.
Palm bandage (open)
Selection of transfer method depends on:
● Nature and severity of Injury
● Size of victim
● Physical capabilities of first aider
● No. of personnel and equipment available
● Nature of evacuation route
● Distance to be covered
● Gender of the victim (last consideration)

Pointers to be observed during Transfer

Shoe on
1. Victims airway must be maintained open.
2. Hemorrhage is controlled.
3. Victim is safely maintained in the correct
position.
4. Regular check of the victims condition is made.
5. Supporting bandages and dressing remain
effectively applied.
6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and
speedy as circumstances permit.
7. The victims body is moved as one unit
 8. The taller the first aider stay at the head side of Fireman’s carry
the victim.
9. First Aiders must observed ergonomics in lifting
and moving of patient

Methods of Transfer
1.One man carries / drags
● Assist to walk
● Carry in arms
● Pack strap carry
● Fireman’s carry / drag
Fireman’s Drag
● Blanket drag
● Armpit / shoulder drag

Assist to walk

Blanket Drag

Carry in Arms
Shoulder Drag/Armpit Drag

Lovers Carry

2. Two man assist/carries

● Assist to walk
● Four-hand-seat
● Hand as a litter
● Chair as a litter
● Carry by extremities
● Fireman’s carry with assistance
Packstrap
Assist to walk (2 man) Fireman’s carry with assistance

Carry by Extremities

Four hand seat

3. Three man carries

● Bearers along side
Hand as a litter

● Hammock carry

Chair as a litter
4. Four / Six / Eight man carry