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LO 2. Apply basic first aid techniques TLE_HECGBA9-12-Ih-8

Background Information for Learners
Basic First Aid Techniques
First aid is an emergency treatment given to sick or injured person until full medical
treatment is available. This should be performed as quickly as possible after an injury. The
following are important rules to observe in performing first aid:
1. Know what you MUST NOT do
2. Know what you MUST do
3. If you are not sure what procedure to follow, send for trained medical assistance.

Before applying any first aid, it is important to first perform the DRABC Principle before
casualty which stands for Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, and Circulation.

Danger
This is important to make sure that the area is safe for the casualty and you. Once you
have made sure that the area is safe, assessing the casualty may be done next.
Example: When dealing with electrocution or electrical burns, make sure the electrical
supply is switched off before attempting any assistance.

Response
Is the casualty conscious? Unconscious? No response indicates that the casualty is
unconscious and it is important to get help as quickly as possible as this is a life-threatening
condition.
If the casualty is conscious, ask the casualty’s name and gently shake the casualty’s
shoulder.
You may also ask the casualty to squeeze your hands. If a response indicates that the
casualty is conscious and can be left in the position in which you found them (provided there is
no further danger). Then follow the given steps.
1. Manage any life-threatening injuries that need immediate attention.
2. Manage other injuries (if left unattended, these may become life- threatening).
3. Get help if injures require it.
4. Calm the casualty.
If the casualty is unconscious, do the following:
1. Shout for help or send someone for help.
2. Consider going to get help yourself if you are alone, but only if the casualty is in the
recovery position and the airway is clear.
Airway
Is airway clear of objects? Is airway open? It is essential to the casualty’s chance of
survival to ensure that the airway is clear so that breathing is possible. Turn the casualty onto
side, into the recovery position; ensure the neck is well supported if a neck or spine injury is
suspected.

Clean the airways:

1. Open the mouth and clean any foreign objects with your fingers. Only remove dentures
if they are loose or broken.
2. Tilt the head back gently and slightly down.
3. Obstruction of the airway may be caused by:

 The tongue.
 Solid or semi-solid material such as food, vomit, blood or a foreign body.
 Laryngeal spasm
 Swelling or injury of the airway.
If the casualty has an open airway, do the following:
1. Place your hand high on the casualty’s forehead.
2. Support the chin with your other hand.
3. Gently tilt the head backwards; to bring tongue away from back of throat.
4. Lift the jaw forward and open the casualty mouth slightly.
Breathing
Check if chest is rising or falling. Can you hear the breathing? Can you feel breath on
your cheek?
If the casualty is breathing, follow these steps:
1. Leave the casualty in the recovery position.
2. Check regularly for continued breathing.
If the casualty is NOT breathing:
1. Send for help – use a bystander.
2. Turn the casualty onto back.
3. Start Expired Air Resuscitation (EAR) or mouth-to mouth resuscitation
Circulation
Can you feel a pulse? Can you see any obvious signs of life?
To assess for signs of circulation, follow these steps:
1. Check if the carotid (neck) pulse is present.
 2. Look for any movement, including swallowing or breathing.
3. Observe the color of skin on face.
4. Take no more than 10 seconds to do this.

How to Check for a Pulse

1. Use the pads of your fingers (NOT the thumb or fingertips)
2. To find carotid pulse, place your fingers, in the groove on either side of the windpipe
(neck), but not on both sides at the same time. Or the radial pulse can be felt at the
wrist.

If there are signs of circulation:

1. Continue Expired Air Resuscitation (EAR) at 1 breath every 4 seconds (15 breaths per
minute).
2. Recheck for signs of circulation about every minute.
3. If casualty starts to breathe sufficiently on own, turn onto side into the recovery
position.
4. Check the casualty’s condition and be ready to turn onto back and restart EAR if
breathing stops: you must be trained before attempting to perform this procedure.
5. No signs of circulation (or you are unsure): Start CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation):
you must be trained before attempting to perform this procedure.

Helpful Tip: * If you have not been properly trained in first aid procedures, call for assistance
immediately.

QUESTIONS:
A. ESSAY (5points each)

1. How are you going to assess a casualty’s consciousness?

2. What should be assessed first when giving first aid?

 B. Write D if the statement pertains to Danger; R if Response; A if Airway; B if Breathing and
C if Circulation.

______1. Consciousness of the casualty

______2. Observe the color of the skin
_____3. Safety of the surroundings
_____4. Checking for airway obstructions
_____5. Rise and fall of chest

C. Complete the statement with the correct missing words to make it correct. Choose from
the box below.

quickly breathing 3 to 5

increase 4 to 6 kidney

brain

When _________________ or the heart has stopped, ___________________ damage

can occur within_____________ minutes. The degree of brain damage will ______________
with each passing minute, so make sure you know what to do and do it
_____________________.
Administering First Aid Treatment to Emergency Situations
Incorrect first aid treatment can be fatal and that, anyone who will
administer the first aid treatment must be skilled. The person providing first aid
has the following responsibilities:
 Prevent further injuries to the casualty and themselves.
 Prevent the death of the injured.
 Prevent any delay in the treatment.
 Provide the best possible care for the injured.
 When attending to an injured person, always send for assistance. Make
sure the person who stays with the injured is more experienced in first aid
than the messenger. If you are the only person available, always give
assistance before leaving the injured to call for assistance.

Bleeding
A wound that has severe bleeding is serious. If the bleeding is allowed to
continue, the casualty may collapse or die. Bleeding is divided into two categories:
external and internal.
a. External bleeding – is the loss of blood from an external wound where
blood can be seen escaping.
b. Internal bleeding – is the loss of blood into the body cavity from a wound
with no obvious sign of blood.
Types of External Bleeding
a. Arterial Bleeding - usually looks bright red and initially spurts from the
body in time with the heart beat. It is always a severe bleeding and can
definitely be life threatening.
b. Venous Bleeding - looks darker red and can flow out constantly without
any spurting. This type of bleed can still be severe and life threatening
depending if a large vein has been damaged such as the jugular vein.
c. Capillary Bleeding - which is usually the result of a small surface wound.
This is the most common type of bleeding and is easily controlled.
Signs of Internal Bleeding
These may take days to appear:
1. Bruise or contusions on the skin
2. Painful, tender, rigid, or bruised abdomen
3. Fractured ribs or bruises on the chest
4. Weakness, dizziness and fainting
5. Rapid pulse
 6. Cold, moist skin
7. Vomiting or coughing up blood
8. Stools that are black and contain bright red color

First Aid Applied to Bleeding

Make sure the caregiver is not exposed to blood. In case a casualty has
severe external bleeding, do the following.
1. Wear medical gloves or an artificial barrier, then implement the DRABC
plan
2. Lay the injured down and apply direct pressure to the site if the bleeding
and make sure there are no foreign particles in the wound.
3. Raise and support the bleeding area, if possible
4. Loosen tight clothing and give nothing by mouth.
5. Seek medical aid immediately.
6. If it is a wound, apply a doughnut bandage to the bound around the
protruding object. Do not remove the object because more damage may
occur.

Sprains, Dislocations, and Strains

When a joint has been forced past its natural range of movement, or a
muscle or ligament has been overstressed or torn, a sprain, strain or dislocation
may occur.
Sprain – occurs when a joint is forced beyond its natural movement limit. This
caused stretching or tearing in the ligaments that hold the bones together.
Symptoms of a sprain are:
 Pain and loss of limb function
 Swelling and bruising
When sprain occurs, do the following;
1. Apply covered ice packs every 20 minutes.
2. Raise the injured limb.
3. Apply an elastic compression bandage to the area and beyond the affected
area.
4. Treat as a fracture until medical opinion says otherwise.

Dislocation – is the displacement of a joint from its normal position and is caused
by an external force stretching the ligaments beyond their limit.
Symptoms of dislocation are:
 Pain or tenderness around the area.
 No movement in the joint.
 Deformity of the joint.
 Swelling and discoloration over the joint.
If a dislocation occurs, treat the same as when treating sprains.

Strain – is an injury caused by the overstretching of muscles and tendons.

Symptoms of strain are:
 Sharp pain in the area immediately after the injury occurs.
 Use a limb increases pain.
 Tenderness over the entire muscle.
 Muscle may have an indentation at the strain location.
When a strain occurs:
1. Apply covered ice packs every 20 minutes.
2. Apply an elastic compression bandage to the area and beyond the affected
area.
3. Have the injured gently move the muscle to prevent spasms or muscle
shortening.

Burns and Scalds

Burns – are injuries to the body tissues, including skin, caused by exposure to
heat, chemicals, and radiation. They are caused by the following:
 Excessive heat – fire
 Friction – rope burn
 Radiation – welding flashes and sunburn
 Chemicals – acids and bases
 Electricity – faulty appliances

Scalds – are injuries to the skin caused by exposure to hot liquids and gases.
The effects of burns and scalds are permanent skin and tissue damage, blisters
caused by damage to surface blood vessels, severity pain, and shock.
When treating a burn, do not:
 Apply any ointments or lotions.
 Apply any covering to the burn other than a sterile non-stick dressing.
 Puncture blisters.
 Give alcohol.

First Aid Applied to Burns and Scalds

When a burns occurs, follow the DRABC plan, then:
1. Remove the casualty from any danger.
2. Extinguish any clothing that is on fire.
3. Gently pour room temperature water over the area to cool and flush any
chemical from the area.
4. Remove contaminated or burnt clothing and jewelry from the affected
area. Do not remove it if it is stuck to the skin.
5. Use a sterile non- stick dressing to cover the burn.
6. Seek medical aid immediately.

Nose Bleeding (Epistaxis)

First Aid Applied to Nose Bleeding
1. Allow the patient to sit and rest for a few minutes
2. A cold compress on the forehead, at the back of the neck or the upper lip
can be applied to help stop the bleeding.
3. Advise the patient to avoid blowing, pressing or squeezing his or her nose.
Pinch the lower part of the nose for at least 5 minutes and slowly let go.
4. If nosebleed still continues, seek medical assistance.

Choking
Choking happens when a foreign body is lodged on the throat of the victim
that prevents breathing.

First Aid Applied to Choking

1. Ask the patient “are you choking?” Assess for signs of choking. If the patient
is conscious, ask the patient to cough vigorously if he or she can. If the
patient cannot cough, alternate back blows with abdominal thrust.
2. Try to remove the obstruction by doing finger swipe. Placing a curved finger
into the mouth, probe the area gently and hook the object quickly.
3. Let the patient be examined by a physician.
Fainting
Fainting is slowly reducing consciousness due to reduced supply of oxygen.

First Aid Applied to Fainting

1. When a person who is sitting verbalizes he or she feels like fainting, assist
him or her to bend all the way forward with head between his or her knees.
This allows oxygen carrying blood to flow up the head.
2. If the patient is lying down, put the patient on his or her back. Keep the
patient head low while his or her legs are raised with support.
3. Observe the patient.
4. As the patient recovers, give him or her a cold water to drink, remain in
position for 5 minutes and assist the patient to slowly sit up.

Check – Up
A. Matching Type: Match column A with column B. write the letter of your
answer in the space before each number.

A B
_____1. A wound that has severe bleeding is serious. a. sprain
_____2. Is an injury caused by overstretching of b. dislocation
muscles and tendons.
_____3. Occurs when a joint is forced beyond its c. burns
natural movement limit.
_____4. Are injuries to the skin caused by exposure to d. strain
hot liquids and gases.
_____5. Is the displacement of a joint from its normal e. bleeding
position and is caused by an external force
stretching the ligaments beyond their elastic
limit.
_____6. Are injuries to body tissues, including skin, f. scalds
caused by exposure to heat, chemicals, and
radiation.
_____7. Is slowly reducing consciousness due to g. internal bleeding
 reduced supply of oxygen.
_____8. Loss of blood from an external wound where h. arterial bleeding
blood can be seen escaping.
_____9. Loss of blood into the body cavity from a i. fainting
wound with no obvious sign of blood.
_____10. It is always a severe bleeding and can j. external bleeding
definitely life threatening.

B. Identify if the following intervention is correct or not. Write A if you agree

and D if you disagree.
________ 1. Mang Julian who is suffering from chest pain was transported to
the hospital by a car.
________2. Dona has a punctured wound on her left leg. Her classmate Roy
placed a doughnut bandage around it and brings her immediately to the clinic.
________3. The victims of a vehicular accident were suspected to have a back
injury. You noticed that the first aider responding to them moved their neck
while assessing them.
________4. Sally acquired an abdominal injury due to an accident. You saw her
intestines are protruding. You were told by a friend to return her intestines in
place.
________5. Classmate of yours has accidentally ingested a chemical you are
using in your experiments at the science laboratory. The teacher advised your
classmate to not induce vomiting.
Answer Key: Basic First Aid Techniques
A. Essay
B. 1.R
2.C
3.D
4.A
5.B
C. 1. Breathing
2. Brain
3. 4 to 6 minutes
4. Increase
5. Quickly
Answer key: Administering First Aid Treatment to Emergency Situations
A. Matching type:
1.E
2.D
3.A
4.F
5.B
6.C
7.I
8.J
9.G
10.H

B. Identify
1.D
2.A
3.D
4.D
5.D

Managing An Accident Scene

Basic steps in Accident Investigation
1. Treat the Injured
2. Control the Remaining Hazards
3. Isolate the Site to Protect People
4. Preserve the Evidence
Taking the Casualty’s Vital Sign and Monitoring the Condition
1. Gather the casualty’s key information. Get the patient’s name, gender, and
age. If the patient is unconscious, look for any identification. Ask and take
note of the patient’s chief complaint (sign and symptoms).
Look for some signs that you may see, hear, feel, and smell aside from the
patient’s complaint such as swollen feet, fractured arm, among others.
2. When gathering the patient’s history, SAMPLE history format can be used.
This is to assess the patient further for an effective intervention.

S – Sign and Symptoms

What signs and symptoms occurred at onset?

A – Allergies
Is the patient allergic to medications, food, or other?

M – Medications
What medications is the patient taking?

P – Pertinent past history

Does the patient have any medical history?

L – Last oral intake

When did the patient last eat or drink?

E – Events leading to injury or illness

What events led to this incident?

Questions: Essay
1. What is the importance of history taking, when assessing a casualty?
2. How important is vital signs in monitoring a patient’s condition?
 Modes of Communication
5. Verbal communication – the use of sounds and language to relay a message
is referred to as verbal communication.

MAINTAIN HIGH STANDARD OF PATIENT SERVICES (MS)

LO 1. Communicate appropriately with patients TLE_HECGMS9-12-IIa-10
High Standard of patient services happen when there is a healthy collaborative
effort between the caregiver and the patient. To lay the foundation of quality
health care, good communication between the caregiver and the patient must be
established. The caregiver must be sensitive to what the patient wants to convey
by listening carefully and speaking clearly.

Roles and Responsibilities of Health Care Providers

A health care provider or professional is an individual who provides preventive,
curative, promotional or rehabilitative health care services in a systematic way to
people, families, or communities.
Health professionals may also be public or community health experts working for
the common good of the society. They can be found in different health care
settings. They often work in hospitals, health care centers, and other service
delivery points, but also in academic training, research, and administration.
Following are some of our health care providers:
 1. Medical Specialist – A Doctor who has completed advanced education and
clinical training in a specific area of medicine. Examples are Cardiologist,
Pediatrician, Surgeon, Obstetrician, Nephrologist, among others.
2. Nurse – performs a number of functions, depending on what the situation
or the patient requires such as caregiver, decision maker, communicator,
teacher, client advocate, counselor, change agent, leader, and manager.
3. Social Workers – help individuals do everything from finding medical care
to helping pay for medical care to recover from an illness or injury.
4. Dieticians – help in planning on what food to eat to promote wellness and
achieve your goals depending on a client’s need. They work individually
with a client to assess his or her nutritional needs.
5. Therapist – such as physical therapists are health care professionals who
diagnose and treat individuals of all ages, from newborns to the very oldest,
who have medical problems or other health-related conditions that limit
their abilities to move and perform functional activities in their daily lives.
6. Volunteers – can assist with mealtimes in hospitals. They provide support
for bereaved families and befriending older people in care homes. In
community, volunteers can play an important role in delivering health
messages and changing unhealthy behaviours.

Maintaining Patient’s Confidentiality and Privacy

Privacy is the right of individuals to keep information about themselves from
being disclosed; that is, your patients are in control of others access to
themselves or information about themselves.
Maintaining Client’s Confidentiality
 Make sure that confidentiality conversations cannot be overheard.
 Do not discuss clients or care-related events on a social networking
website.
 Do not collect information without consent or an inappropriate purpose.
 Store client records in your custody or control safely and securely.
 Keep client information confidential when transmitting information
electronically.
 Do not access personal and health information for any purpose that is
inconsistent with your professional responsibilities.
 Ensure that you have consent from the client or substitute decision-
maker before sharing information with family or friends of the client.

Maintaining Patient’s Privacy

  Never talk about protected health information in any public area which
include hallways, elevators, stairways, waiting areas, and restrooms.
 Don’t walk away from your computer screen and leave patient information
exposed.
 Never use your facility’s computers for personal use, such as social
networking, surfing the internet, or chatting online.
 Never share your employee badge or computer log-in information with a
co-worker or vendor.
 When someone ask about a patient’s, verify that person’s identity to be
sure you can discuss the patient’s condition before releasing any
information.
 If a staff member resigns or terminated, notify the IT personnel
immediately to prevent that staff member from continuing to access
protected health information.
 Access information only when you need to know to provide patient care
and keep that information to yourself.
CHECK – UP

A. Identify the health care provider described in the following statement s.

_______1. Helps in delivering health care services for free or sometimes with no fixed salary.

_______2. Helps in preparing a meal plan.

_______3. Promotes the ability to move, reduce pain, restore function and prevent disability by
developing treatment plans.

______4. Finds fund sourcing in times when a patient is not capable of settling his or her financial
obligations in a health care institution.

______5. Acts as caregiver, advocate, and leader.

B. Given the following scenarios below, analyze and determine whether a breach of confidentiality
occurs. Write (X) if a breach of confidentiality is present and (√) if privacy and/ or confidentiality
is maintained.

____1. Maria is overwhelmed with too many reports to accomplish. And during this time, Paul needs to
access her computer because he needs to print the file he previously typed. When Paul asked Maria, she
gave him or her desktop password.

____2. All the client’s records in clinic apple are placed in a cabinet where they are secured and safe.

____3. While Joana is taking care of Jorge, his parent visited him. The parents asked Joana on Jorge’s
present health status and his treatments. Next step, Joana asked permission from Jorge if she can share
his treatment information with his parents.

____4. A woman not familiar to Kiana visited her in the clinic and asks information about her purpose,
she immediately gives all the information.

____5. Sara and Amy are discussing about their patient who has a challenging behavior. They kept on
laughing at it and their discussion is loud enough to be heard by others.