“TRANSISTORS: THE PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE”

The Development of Transistors (1990-2000)

Archana K (4NI21EC019) C Sai prerana - 4NI21EC030 Meghana P - 4NI21EC060

Electronics and communication Electronics and communication Electronics and communication
Engineering Engineering Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering The National Institute of Engineering The National Institute of Engineering
Mysore, India Mysore, India Mysore, India
2021ec_archanak_a@nie.ac.in 2021ec_csaiprerana_a@nie.ac.in 2021ec_meghanap_a@nie.ac.in

Anagha.M.A – Chethan K C - 4NI21EC036 Farzan Fayaz Ganai - 4NI21EC123

4NI21EC011Electronics and Electronics and communication Electronics and communication
communication Engineering Engineering Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering The National Institute of Engineering The National Institute of Engineering
Mysore, India Mysore, India Mysore, India
2021ec_anaghama_a@nie.ac.in 2021ec_chethankc_a@nie.ac.in 2021ec_farzanfayazganai_a@nie.ac.in

Arnav Krishna Prasad – 4NI21EC020 Devyani Gondavale – 4NI21EC040 Nisar Ahmad Reshi - 2022LEC001
Electronics and communication Electronics and communication Electronics and communication
Engineering Engineering Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering The National Institute of Engineering The National Institute of Engineering
Mysore, India Mysore, India Mysore, India
2021ec_arnavkrishnaprasad_a@nie.ac.i 2021ec_devyanigondavale_a@nie.ac.in 2022lece_nisarahmadreshi_a@nie.ac.in
n

Bipin Kumar – 4NII21EC029 Manish K P - 4NI21EC056

Electronics and communication Electronics and communication
Engineering Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering The National Institute of Engineering
Mysore, India Mysore, India
2021ec_bipinkumar_a@nie.ac.in 2021ec_manishkp_a@nie.ac.in

Abstract— The development of the transistor is undoubtedly

one of the most significant contributions in the field of electronic II. REMARKABLE EVENTS HAPPENED IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR
components. Many organizations have established extensive INDUSTRY BETWEEN 1990-2000
projects for the development of transistor circuits, and the
practical applications will be certainly reported in increasing
numbers in the near future. This document includes various Carbon Nanotube: - Carbon nanotube was discovered in 1991
aspects of evolution of transistor during the period of 1990s. It by sumio ijima which was a pivotal event in semiconductor
includes the remarkable events, its impact in different industry. This led to many advancements in nanotechnology.
applications, technical advancements and challenges faced. First nanotube single electron transistors were demonstrated
by groups at delft university and UC Berkeley.
I. INTRODUCTION
Practical blue Led: - It’s been used in hubble telescope. It's
A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or basically used in plant growth in outer space and to determine
controls current or voltage flow in addition amplifying and life in outer space.
generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate
for them. Typically, transistors consist of three layers, or Carbon nanatube in space field: - It is used in space elevator,
terminals, of a semiconductor material, each of which can space suits and in satellite coatings.
carry a current. Generally, there are three types of translators:
compilers, interpreters and assemblers. Carbon nanotube in other fields: - It is used in drug delivery,
electronics and optics.
Transistors are mainly used for the amplification of the
electronic signals. Transistor comes with three terminals Microprocessor: -
called emitter, base, and collector which are used for the R4000 - It was developed by MIPS Computer Systems on
external connection with electronic circuits. Transistors were October 1, 1991. It was one of the first 64bit microprocessor.
created with the intention of providing cheap electronics. #It is used in spacecraft, satellites etc.
Pentium - is a fifth generation, 32-bit x86 microprocessor that
The basic idea behind a transistor is that it lets you control the was introduced by intel on March 22, 1993, as the very first
flow of current through one channel by varying the intensity CPU in pentium brand. It was used in military satellites, and
of a much smaller current that's flowing through a second space exploration.
channel. A transistor is a semiconductor device with three
terminals, capable of amplification and rectification.
 AMD K5 - The K5 is AMD's first x86 processor to be
developed entirely in house. Introduced in March 1996. It is They achieved stimulated emission from the GaN firstly at
used in superscalar methods in space explorations. room temperature in 1990,[20] and developed in 1995 the
Pentium II- Intel’s sixth-generation microarchitecture ("P6") stimulated emission at 388 nm with pulsed current injection
and x86-compatible microprocessors introduced on May 7, from high-quality AlGaN/GaN/GaInN quantum well device.
1997. They verified quantum size effect (1991) and quantum
NASA To Have Access to Radiation-Hardened Pentium Chip confined Stark effect (1997) in nitride system, and in 2000
Date: December 9, 1998 showed theoretically the orientation dependence of
piezoelectric field and the existence of non-/semi-polar GaN
Source: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory crystals,which have triggered today's worldwide efforts to
grow those crystals for application to more efficient light
Summary: NASA and other federal agencies will soon have emitters.
access to the technology for a radiation-hardened version of
Intel’s Pentium chip for use in future missions. IV. EVOLUTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY IN
AMD K6- The K6 microprocessor was launched by AMD in 1990’S
1997. The main advantage of this microprocessor is that it
was designed to fit into existing desktop designs for Pentium- In the 1990s, the semiconductor market experienced
branded CPUs substantial expansion and advancement. The industry
experienced the advent of new technologies throughout this
decade, including the internet and mobile phones, which
III. SCIENTISTS INVOLVED raised demand for semiconductor devices. Additionally, the
industry witnessed a significant amount of consolidation as
1. SUMIO LIJIMA bigger corporations bought out smaller ones.
The increasing shrinking of devices was one significant trend
He is a Japanese physicist and inventor, often cited as the in the semiconductor industry in the 1990s. Gordon Moore, a
inventor of carbon nanotubes. Although carbon nanotubes co-founder of Intel, predicted in 1965 that the number of
had been observed prior to his "invention", Iijima's 1991 transistors on a microchip would double every two years,
paper generated unprecedented interest in the carbon resulting in exponential gains in computing power and
nanostructures and has since fueled intense research in the
decreases in cost. This phenomenon is known as "Moore's
area of nanotechnology. Law," and it was named after Moore. This forecast came true
He worked for the Research Development Corporation of during the 1990s and beyond, and the semiconductor
Japan from 1982 to 1987, studying ultra-fine particles, after industry's expansion and advancement during this decade
which he joined NEC Corporation where he is still employed. were significantly influenced by the growing shrinking of
He discovered carbon nanotubes in 1991. When he devices.
discovered carbon nanotubes, he not only took pictures of New materials and production methods were introduced in
them, but he put two together and explained what they really the 1990s, which was another big advancement in transistor
are. Afterwards, he was credited with the discovery. He is technology. For instance, the speed and efficiency of
also a University Professor at Meijo University since 1999. transistors increased thanks to the usage of silicongermanium
Furthermore, he is the Honorary AIST Fellow of the National (SiGe) alloys in their manufacturing. Similar to this, the
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, fabrication of smaller and more precise transistors was made
Distinguished Invited University Professor of Nagoya possible by the employment of ion implantation and chemical
University vapour deposition (CVD) processes in the manufacturing
Research fields: Nano Science, Crystallography, Electron process.
Microscopy, Solid-State Physics, Materials Science
The growing globalisation of the industry was another
significant trend in the semiconductor sector in the 1990s.
2. ISAMU AKASAKI The United States, Japan, and Europe accounted for a sizable
He was a Japanese engineer and physicist, specializing in the amount of semiconductor manufacture in the early 1990s, but
field of semiconductor technology and Nobel Prize laureate, as the decade went on, production started to move to other
best known for inventing the bright gallium nitride (GaN) p- nations, mainly in Asia. Lower labour costs and rising
n junction blue LED in 1990 and subsequently the high- demand for semiconductor devices in these countries were
brightness GaN blue LED as well. two variables that contributed to this development.

○This high-quality GaN enabled them to discover p-type The following are some of the major advancements in
GaN by doping with magnesium (Mg) and subsequent semiconductor technology over the past ten years:
activation by electron irradiation (1989), to produce the first
GaN p-n junction blue/UV LED (1989), and to achieve 1. Displays: With the debut of active-matrix liquid crystal
conductivity control of n-type GaN (1990)[18] and related displays (LCDs) for laptops and other portable devices,
alloys (1991) by doping with silicon (Si), enabling the use of displays also witnessed substantial development in the
hetero structures and multiple quantum wells in the design 1990s.
and structure of more efficient p-n junction light emitting 2. Optoelectronic devices: New optoelectronic devices, like
structures. lasers and lightemitting diodes (LEDs), were also
 developed in the 1990s. These devices have a variety of • 1997: First meeting of the World Semiconductor Council
uses, including telecommunication, data storage, and (WSC)
illumination. • Based on a suggestion in the joint agreement between the
3. Sensors: In the 1990s, new sensors were also developed U.S. and Japanese semiconductor industries that was
for a number of uses, including gyroscopes for video signed in Vancouver, the first meeting of the WSC was
game controllers and aircraft navigation and held in Hawaii.
accelerometers for automobile airbags and medical • The aims of the WSC are to solve problems in the
equipment semiconductor market and to examine how to maintain
Overall, the semiconductor industry experienced substantial the healthy growth of the semiconductor industry while
technological growth in the 1990s, with the creation of adhering to WTO rules. The WSC summarizes its results
numerous innovative devices that have had a lasting influence as proposals to Governments/Authorities Meetings on
on a variety of industries. Semiconductors (GAMS; the membership consists of the
relevant governments and authorities) to prompt talks
between governments leading to improvements in their
Ⅴ. Driving force/necessity that resulted in the new
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES systems and policies.
• In 1990, there was a great deal of excitement in the world
• South Korea reorganized its semiconductor industry and communities of condensed matter physics, chemistry
actively encouraged development and investment after and materials science caused by two discoveries. One
the financial crisis of the late 1990s, rapidly raising its was the discovery of high-Tc oxides in superconductivity
status in the field of DRAMs. and the other was the discovery of the mass production
• Personal computers, peripheral equipment, and office of fullerene molecules and their crystallization, which
equipment were the major forces boosting demand for showed superconductivity shortly thereafter.
semiconductor products. In particular, a cycle of demand • These great movements attracted many researchers to the
for semiconductor products alternating between rising MRS meeting held in Boston in early December of that
and falling greatly affected the semiconductor demand; year.
rising with purchases of new PCs every time Windows • Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World
OS was upgraded and falling as the reaction to the boost. Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, while working at CERN.
Furthermore, demand in the global semiconductor • As 1994 progressed, stories about the Web hit the media.
market shifted to PCs and peripheral equipment A second conference, attended by 1300 people, was held
produced in the U.S. and Asia rather than for consumer in the US in October, organized by the NCSA and the
electronics, where Japanese manufacturers held the newly formed International WWW Conference
initiative. For this reason, regional demand for Committee (IW3C2). By the end of 1994, the Web had
semiconductor products dramatically increased in Asia. 10 000 servers - 2000 of which were commercial - and
• From 1993 to 1996: The global semiconductor market 10 million users.
maintains 30% growth per annum in the Windows-PC • Traffic was equivalent to shipping the entire collected
boom works of Shakespeare every second. The technology was
• In 1993, Intel released the Pentium series and Microsoft continually extended to cater for new needs.
released Windows 3.1. Significant improvement in video
processing further increased the demand for PCs and Ⅵ.THE IMPACT IN THE DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES
peripheral equipment such as printers. This led to more
Agriculture is and has always been the mainstay of
demand for MPUs, DRAMs, and semiconductor
India's economy, and the sector employs nearly half of the
products for use in peripheral equipment’s. The release
country's population. In the mid-1990s, it provided
of Windows 95 in 1995 and the general trend towards
approximately one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP)
office automation (initially started by American financial
and employed roughly two-thirds of the population.
corporations) also accelerated demand.
• 1994: Semiconductor Mid-term Vision Committee
Field-effect transistors form the core of all modern
reports the results of surveys.
electronics. They use organic semiconductors as the active
• In response to the suggestion from the Semiconductor
material for device operation. They have significantly high
Mid-term Vision Committee, the Semiconductor
charge-carrier mobility, of up to 20 units, and a very thin
Industry Research Institute Japan (SIRIJ) was founded as
organic film. This was achieved through the use of
a permanent think-tank by ten semiconductor
biocompatible salts, which could make these devices
manufacturers as a voluntary organization in April.
significantly more cost-effective as well as environment
friendly. The resulting biosensors may offer enhanced
detection performance with advantages of lightweight, especially field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors are used
portability, and low cost, which could enable farmers to as they have ability to monitor plants continuously with
enhanced selectivity and at the same time possibility to use
improve the quality and minimize the loss in their farm
bio-compatible materials.
produce.
Application of transistors in Agriculture 4.0:
(a) Application of ion sensitive field effect transistor-based • Practical and smart farming and thus enhancing
sensors for soil analysis. agricultural practices and production.
Standard methods to measure nutrient levels in soil are • Understand the composition of soil.
complex and time consuming due to the extraction and pre-
treatment processes involved. Besides, the instrumentation • Manage complete agriculture supply chain.
used for these measurements is also expensive. Therefore, • Measure soil nutrition, temperature, and other variables.
chemical sensors are used since they can be placed directly in
the soil and results can be provided in real time at a moderate • Reduce environmental impact.
cost. High performance organic field-effect transistors • Reduce resource consumption.
(OFETs) can be used in low-cost biosensors to measure the
levels of pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals in the soil • Combat crop disease
and groundwater, and also for early detection of plant • Precise tracking and prediction of weather
diseases. The control of nutrients with sensors will permit an
optimization of irrigation and fertilization management • Spray for locusts
systems and thus will be useful for reducing the
• Improve crop productivity and management.
environmental impact caused by the runoff of nutrients into
surface and ground waters. • Monitor water tank level & water consumption.

BUILD: The response mechanism of ISFETs is based on • Detect agricultural dangers.

their semiconductor nature as an electronic field effect device
and on the electrochemical phenomena that occur in the (c) Bio-FET:
chemically sensitive membrane (electrolyte–insulator
interface) placed on the gate of the transistor. ISFETs have a In this context, the standard methods currently used in these
gate layer that is sensitive to pH variations. The materials fields represent a sub-optimal solution, being expensive,
making these layers include SiO2, Si3N4 and Al2O3. The laboratory-based techniques, and typically requiring trained
presence of ions in the solution results in a gate voltage (VGS) personnel with high expertise. Recent advances in both
shift and consequently a drain current shift (ID). This current, biotechnology and material science have led to the emergence
which is flowing between the drain and the source of the of new sensing (and biosensing) technologies, enabling low-
transistor, can be modulated by the gate voltage so that the cost, precise, and real-time detection. An especially
voltage between drain and source (VDS) is amplified. interesting category of biosensors is represented by field-
CONCLUSION: The results obtained from the evaluation of effect transistor-based biosensors (bio-FETs), which enable
the ISFET sensors demonstrate the feasibility of this the possibility of performing in continuous, selective, and
technology for sensor construction and the robustness of the sensitive measurements of a wide palette of different
photocurable membrane. parameters of interest.

Traditional methods to monitor environmental and

(b) Agriculture 4.0: agricultural plant samples are well established; however, they
often involve bulky equipment typically available in
Agriculture 4.0 represents the fourth agriculture centralized laboratories far from remote areas, involve a long
revolution which uses digital technologies and moves toward processing time, require an expert operator, and, in some
a smarter, more efficient, environmentally responsible cases, are invasive and expensive. For example, the standard
agriculture sector. Sensing technologies are the basic
methods used to analyze water and plants require collecting
perception layer of the "Agriculture 4.0" for enhancing
sustainable farming. Among the different types of sensing the samples, processing them, and then conducting the
locations for "Agriculture 4.0", sensors positioned on the analysis using physical (e.g., chromatography), chemical
surface of plants or inserted directly in the plants are very (e.g., ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), or
important as they enable an early detection of both biotic and biological (e.g., PCR, Polymerase chain reaction) approaches
abiotic stresses, allowing an early-stage intervention and In some cases, the combination of two or more of these
thereby leading to a possible yield increase. This is why approaches is required, such as for the detection of pesticides,
efficient real-time plant sensing technologies enabling which is carried out using gas/liquid chromatography
continuous measurements of plant health are extremely combined with mass spectroscopy.
needed. Common plant measurement approaches are based on
non-electrical methods, such as imaging and spectroscopy. One of the most promising classes of biosensors that uses
Nevertheless, these methods present several drawbacks, e.g., electrochemical transduction devices are field-effect
weak specificity, expensive equipment or non-continuous transistor-based biosensors (bio-FETs), which are vastly used
monitoring, which do not make them the ideal choice for this and able to combine the favorable electronic characteristics of
application. In this context, electrical-based approaches and field-effect transistors (i.e., the signal amplification implied
by the working principle of the transistors) with the high channel material selection is presented and arguments on the
selectivity towards the analyte of interest, guaranteed by the four selected 2Dsemiconductors are provided, which can
presence of a suitable recognition element. Furthermore, bio- possibly meet the needs of future transistors, including WS2,
FETs can be fabricated in small sizes (for example, a 7 × 10 SnSe, PtSe2, and InSe
mm device) and thus present the possibility of being integrated
into portable devices. Recent advancements in micro-
Ⅶ. TIMESTAMP OF EVOLUTION:
fabrication and printing technologies have made bio-FETs
very appealing for a wide range of different fields, spanning • The 600-nanometer process is a level of semiconductor
from research to industry, clinical, diagnostics, food safety, process technology that was reached in the 1994-1995
environmental monitoring and plant sensing applications. timeframe, by most leading semiconductor companies,
like Intel and IBM.
Ⅶ. TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT IN PRODUCTS: • The 350-nanometer process is a level of semiconductor
process technology that was reached in the 1995-1996
timeframe by leading companies like Intel and IBM.
Transistors are the fundamental electronic
components present in any device. • The 250 nm process is a level of semiconductor process
1. Transistors are being developed to support the rapid technology that was reached by most manufacturers in
advancements in technology like wireless charging and the 1997- 1998 timeframe.
energy conversion. • The 180 nm is a MOSFET (CMOS) semiconductor
2.technology and innovation report offer insights on the
process technology that was commercialized around the
recent innovations in the transistor technology.
Example: The Wide Band Gap transistors which are opening 1998-2000 timeframe by leading semiconductor
new avenues in power electronics industry as a promising companies, starting with TSMC and Fujitsu, then
alternative for silicon transistors. followed by Sony, Toshiba, Intel, AMD. Texas
3.Coverage includes: Instruments and IBM.
-Technology landscape
-Applications assessment
-Factors influencing development and adoption–Key drivers
and challenges Ⅷ. CHALLENGES FACED BY SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY TO
-Global trends and innovation indicators ADAPT TO NEW TECHNOLOGY: -
-Breadth of applications impacted #Environmental hazards: -
-Technology and application roadmaps showing the future
prospect of Transistors The semiconductor industry uses large quantities of water and
-Strategic insights about market and emerging trends a wide range of heavy metals, acids, alkalis, and toxic and
hazardous organic and inorganic chemicals. Hence this
Technology landscape: industry is facing serious environmental problems. Recovery
The technology landscape process identifies emerging and reuse of water, acids, and other chemicals could solve
technologies that are relevant to an organization’s long-term many of its waste disposal problems, but the need for high
innovation goals. As a crucial component of innovation purity water and chemicals makes the industry hesitant to
intelligence, it allows companies to find disruptive, emerging reuse the recovered chemicals. Biofilters or bio trickling
technology trends. filters appear to be good technologies for treating vapors and
Technology road mapping: Technology Road mapping is a gaseous effluents from the semiconductor plant. Coagulation
flexible planning technique to enable strategic planning by followed by settling and filtration of the liquid effluent is
matching short-term and long-term goals with specific effective and cheap for removing the hazardous material from
technology solutions the effluent, but the disposal of the toxic sludge generated is
Layered Semiconducting 2D Materials for Future Transistor a serious problem that has not been solved, but chip
Applications: manufacturing also contributes to the climate crisis. It
1. Down-scaling of transistor size in the lateral dimensions requires huge amounts of energy and water – a chip
must be accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the fabrication plant, or fab, can use millions of gallons of water
channel thickness to ensure sufficient gate control to turn off a day – and creates hazardous waste
the transistor.
2.However, the carrier mobility of 3D bulk semiconductors #E-waste management: -
degrades rapidly as the body thickness thins down due to E-waste is the result of electronic products which have
more pronounced surface scattering. 3.Two-dimensional- outlived their usefulness. Waste electronics contain several
layered materials with perfect surface structures present a toxic additives or hazardous substances such as mercury,
unique opportunity as they naturally have atomically thin and brominated flame retardants (BFR), chlorofluorocarbons
smooth layers while maintaining high carrier mobility. (CFCs), or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Without safe
4.To benefit from continuous scaling, the performance of the disposal, this waste stream poses significant risks to the
scaled 2D transistors needs to outperform Si technology environment and to human health. In fact, the toxic nature of
nowadays. 5. It is believed that rigorous analysis based on E-waste has caused countries such as China to stop accepting
industrial perspectives is needed. Herein, an analysis on e-waste shipments from the west and prompted this Atlantic
article to ponder. Other locations for e-waste disposal have
included third-world countries such as Ghana and Pakistan. IX. REFERENCES
The e-waste problem is increasingly becoming visible in the ➢ Remarkable events happened in the semiconductor
popular consciousness industry between 1990-2000:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_II#:~:text=%22Product%20Ch
Solutions: -
ange%20Notification,11%2C%202007
The semiconductor industry must not only protect its
employees but must also protect the • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_K6#:~:text=p.%2048%2C%20%2
general public at large outside of the plant. In most 2AMD%203DNow!%20technology%3A%20architecture%20and%20i
semiconductor manufacturing facilities mplementations
there is a combined management organization responsible for
both worker health and safety and • https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018cosp...42E2725P/abstract#:~
protection of the environment. :text=Carbon%20Nanotubes%20are%20an%20advanced,studied%20
thoroughly%20for%2025%20years
The hierarchy of waste management for the semiconductor
• https://www.nec.com/en/global/rd/special/202007/index.html#:~:t
industry is:
ext=As%20one%20of%20the%20materials,his%20discovery%20of%2
• Waste Elimination - Change manufacturing techniques to 0this%20material
eliminate hazardous materials.
•Waste Reduction -Modify manufacturing techniques to ➢ Scientists involved :
reduce environmental emissions.
•Waste Treatment -Treat waste emissions to meet or exceed • "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon" Japanese Journal of
local and national environmental standards. Applied Physics

➢ Evolution of semiconductor industry in1990’s:

• https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=evolut
ion+of+transistor+in+1990s&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1673200881836&
u=%23p%3DrRXA55fRxL4J

• https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=evolut
ion+of+transistor+in+1990s&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1673200974935&
u=%23p%3DBgmD32t3ISEJ

➢ sige transistors in 1990s - Google Scholar

• https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q
=sige+transistors+in+1990s&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=16732010
14306&u=%23p%3DJEeyTXntLIAJ

➢ Driving force/necessity that resulted in the new

semiconductor devices:
• https://www.shmj.or.jp/english/trends/trd90s.html

• https://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/sumio-iijima/the-
discovery-of-carbon-nanotubes-basilea-22-11-2007/

➢ The impact in the different industries:

Application of ion sensitive field effect transistor-based sensors for
soil analysis:
• https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4178
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016816990
0001873

➢ Soil analysis:
• https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=isfet+for+soil+analysi
s&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart

➢ Agriculture 4.0
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9185402/

➢ Technology advancement in products:

▪ https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/5281665

▪ https://semiengineering.com/