Transport of Substances in Humans (Marking Scheme)

1991 CE Q.1a
(i) Any TWO of the following : 2
- Cell A has no cell wall but cell C has cell wall. (1)
- Cell A is round shape while cell C is angular shape. (1)
- Cell A has large nucleus while cell C has small nucleus. (1)
- Cell A has no vacuole but cell C has vacuole. (1)

(ii) (1) The cell is a biconcave disc. 1

The central part contains less cytoplasm. 1

(2) This provides a large surface area to volume ratio 1

to facilitate diffusion of gases. 1

(iii) to kill / engulf germs 1

(iv) The cell will shrink 1

because water move out of the cells by osmosis. 1

(v) drawing showing plasmolysed condition 1

quality of drawing 1
labels: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole (any two) 1

1991 CE Q.4b
(i) 60 / 0.8 = 75 beats per minute 1

(ii) (1) X 1

(2) X can produce a greater pressure/force to pump blood to all parts of the body (except the
lungs). 1

(iii) (1) To prevent the backflow of blood into the atria 1

while the ventricles are contracting. 1
OR
To prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles (1)
while the ventricles are relaxing. (1)

(2) (I) closed 1

(II) At time A, the ventricular pressure is increasing 1

thus forcing the valves to close. 1

(iv) From left ventricle : aorta 1

From right ventricle : pulmonary artery 1
Blood in aorta contains more oxygen than that in the pulmonary artery. 1

1
1992 CE Q.1b
(i) vessel Y 1
Its thick/elastic wall 1
helps resisting the high blood pressure. 1

(ii) vessel X → vena cava → heart → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein →
heart → aorta → vessel Y 4
(0.5 mark for each correct spelling of the organs in the correct sequence. 0.5 mark for the flow chart
/ direction of blood flow.)

(iii) Vessel X contains less carbon dioxide than vessel Y. 1

Vessel X contains less glucose than vessel Y. 1

1993 CE Q.2a
(i) (1) simple sugar / glucose 1

(2) oil / fat / lipid 1

(ii) vena cava → heart → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → heart
→ aorta → hepatic artery → organ M ½×8

(iii) Lymphocytes produce antibodies 1

to act against antigens / germs. 1
Phagocytes engulf germs. 1

1994 CE Q.3a
(i) (1) oxygen 1
(2) glucose / amino acids / mineral salts / vitamins / water 1

(ii) With a rich supply of blood capillaries, substances absorbed can be transported away 1
so as to maintain a steep concentration gradient across the wall of the air sacs / villus. 1
The capillary network provides a large surface area. 1
As a result, the rate of diffusion of substances increases. 1

(iii) A → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → B ½×4

(iv) The blood carbon dioxide content increases 1

because carbon dioxide is produced by respiration 1
by the cells in the villus (small intestine). 1

2
1996 CE Q.1b
(i) (1) artery 1

(2) capillary 1

(ii) Any ONE of the following : 2

- Blood vessel A has thick wall (1)
to withstand a high blood pressure. (1)
- Blood vessel A has elastic wall (1)
to withstand/maintain a high blood pressure. (1)
- Blood vessel A has muscular wall (1)
to control the blood flow / the diameter of the blood vessel. (1)
The wall of blood vessel B is very thin (one-cell thick) 1
so as to facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and the tissue cells. 1

(iii) To provide a large surface area to volume ratio 1

to facilitate the diffusion of gases. 1

(iv) The blood supply to the heart muscle is reduced. 1

There is less food and oxygen supply to the heart muscle cells. 1
The heart muscle cells would die/heart attack would occur. 1

1997 CE Q.2c
(i) left ventricle 1

(ii) The pressure increases sharply 1

because the muscles of chamber Q is contracting. 1

(iii) (1) closed 1

(2) The pressure in the left ventricle (Q) is greater than that in the left atrium (P). 1
The heart tendons prevent valve A from turning into the left atrium. 1

(iv) The unidirectional flow of the blood through the heart cannot be maintained. /
Backflow of blood in heart would occur. 1
Thus, less blood is pumped out of the heart. 1

(v) (1) chamber P 1

(2) chamber S

3
1998 CE Q.3a
(i) The capillary network has a large total cross-sectional area 1
so reduces the rate of blood flow / more time is allowed fro the exchange of substances. 1
The numerous branches provide a large surface area 1
for rapid exchange of substances between the blood and the tissue cells. 1

(ii) The pressure of fluid A near the arterial end is higher than that of fluid B. 1
Some of the plasma except large proteins /
Some of the blood except large proteins, red blood cells and platelets 1
are forced through the thin wall of the blood capillary / P to form fluid B. 1

(iii) (1) right atrium 1

(2) The contraction of skeletal muscles helps to push fluid C along the lymph vessels. 1
The valves of the lymph vessels prevent the backflow of the lymph. 1

2000 CE Q.3a
(i) (1) blood capillary 1

(2) Its wall is very thin / one-cell thick. /

The diameter of the lumen is slightly greater than or similar to that of a red blood cell. 1

(ii) The pressure of blood in A is higher than the pressure of the fluid surrounding the muscle cells. 1
This forces the plasma except the plasma protein out of A. 1

(iii) clear and accurate diagram, double line for capillary wall, biconcave red blood cell 1½
label any three of the following labels and title 1½

(iv) (small intestine) → hepatic portal vein → liver → hepatic vein → vena cava → heart
→ pulmonary artery → (lung) ½×6
(deduct ½ mark if there is no arrow sign)

4
2001 CE Q.3b
(i) The barbecue contains fat. 1
The digested products are absorbed into the lacteal. 1
There will be numerous fat / oil droplets in the lymph in X. 1

(ii) Contraction of skeletal muscles around vessel Y forces the lymph to flow upward. 1
The valves in vessel Y help to prevent the backflow of the lymph. 1

(iii) As the lymph vessels are blocked, tissue fluid in the leg cannot be transported away. 1
Meanwhile it is continuously formed in the leg. 1

(iv) The pathogen that causes sore throat 1

stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes / white blood cells in structure Z. 1

2002 CE Q.4b
(i) The blood pressure in the vein is much lower than that in the artery. 1
The blood in the artery is directly under the pumping action of the heart, while that in the vein is
not. 1
The blood in the vein has overcome great friction / resistance after traveling over a long distance.
OR
There is a loss of fluid from the blood during the formation of tissue fluid. 1

(ii) To allow more time 1

for the exchange of materials between the blood and the tissue cells. 1

(iii) The volume of blood flow through each section of the circulation per unit time is the same. 1
From the capillary to the vein, the total cross-sectional area decreases, so the velocity of blood flow
increases. 1
OR
Contraction of skeletal muscle adjacent to the vein helps to force the blood to flow / inspiration
helps to draw blood toward the thorax. (1)
At the same time, valves are present in the veins to prevent the backflow of the blood. (1)

(iv) Title 1
Shape of the curve showing
the drop in O2 content at the capillary. 1
Correct axis labels: oxygen content,
heart-heart / artery–vein /
aorta–vena cava / arteriole-venule 1

Change in oxygen content of the blood

in its circulation between the heart and the leg

5
2003 CE Q.4b
(i) Chamber B 1
The wall of B is thicker / more muscular than that of A 1
showing that it is the left ventricle / it can generate a greater force for pumping blood. 1

(ii) (1) bicuspid valve 1

(2) If X does not close properly, oxygenated blood in the left ventricle will flow back to the left
atrium when the ventricle contracts. 1
This reduces the amount of oxygenated blood pumped out of the heart in each beat. 1
During vigorous exercise, the oxygen consumption of the skeletal muscles is very high. 1
This increases the risk of insufficient oxygen supply to the brain. 1

(iii) The deposition of fatty substances on the inner wall of vessel Y would block the vessel. 1
This would reduce the oxygen supply to the heart muscle. 1

2004 CE Q.3c
(i) To withstand the high blood pressure. 1
To regulate the blood flow to the organ / control the diameter of the vessel lumen. 1

(ii) The blood pressure in vessel type II is lower. 1

The larger lumen would have a smaller resistance, thus facilitating the blood flow. 1

(iii) lung 1

(iv) (1) Vessel type II of organ A has a lower carbon dioxide content than vessel type I. 1
As blood flows from vessel type I to the lung, then to vessel type II, 1
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood to the air sac in the lungs. 1

(2) Blood in vessel type I of organ A comes from the veins / the right side of the heart, 1
which collect blood from the body tissues 1
where oxygen is consumed in aerobic respiration. 1