Lesson 1: Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency of Ungrouped Data

• Measures of Central Tendency – summary measure that describe a whole set of data with a single quantity
that is represent the middle or center of its distribution. The way of which group of data that cluster
around a central value. This is the measure that tells where the center of a data set is located. Most common
used measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode.

Mean

• It speaks about average; commonly used measure of central tendency.

∑X
• Formula: x̅ =
N

Example 1: Six friends in a biology class of 20 students receives test grades of 92, 84, 65, 76, 88, and 90. Find the
mean of these test scores.
∑X 495
x̅ = =
N 6
92 + 84 + 65 + 76 + 88 + 90 𝐱̅ = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟓
=
6
Example 2: The ages of five contestants in a Statistics Quiz Bee are the following: 18, 17, 18, 19, and 18.
∑X 90
x̅ = =
N 5
18 + 17 + 18 + 19 + 18 𝐱̅ = 𝟏𝟖
=
5

Median

• Midpoint of the data array

• Before finding this value, data must be arranged in order, from least to greatest or vice versa.
• Either be specific value or will fall between two values

Example 1 (Odd)

x̃ = X1, X2, 𝐗𝟑, X4, X5,

Example 2 (Even):

x̃ = X1, X2, 𝐗𝟑, 𝐗 𝟒, X5, X6, X3 + X4

x̃ =
2

Example 3: Seven mothers were selected and given a blood pressure check. Their blood pleasure were recorded:
135, 121, 119, 130, 121, 131,

116, 119, 121, 121, 130, 131, 135

Example 4: Eight novels were randomly selected and the number of pages were recorded: 415, 398, 402, 420, 415,
407, 425
398, 400, 402, 407, 415, 415, 420, 425
407+415
x̃ =
2

𝐱̃ = 𝟒𝟏𝟏
Mode

• Value that occurs most often in data set

Example 1: Find the mode of the data set: 15, 28, 25, 48, 22, 43, 39, 44, 43, 49, 34, 22, 33, 27, 25, 22, and 30
15, 22, 22, 22, 25, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 39, 43, 43, 44, 48, 49 (Unimodal)

Example 2: The speed of ten stenographers in typing per minutes are as follows: 121, 110, 120, 119, 112, 121, 118,
115, 107, 115

107, 110, 112, 115, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 121 (Bimodal)

Example 3: Find the mode of the given data: 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23

None

Weighted mean

• The weighted mean of the n numbers X1, X2, X3, … , Xn with the respective assigned weights W1, W2, W3, … , Wn
∑(𝐱 ×𝐰)
• Weighted Mean = ∑𝐰
• ∑( x × w) - is the sum of the products formed by multiplying each number by its assigned weight
• ∑ w - is the sum of all the weights
Example 1: Many colleges use the 4-point grading system: A = 4, B = 3, C =2, D =1, F =
Course Grade Units
0. Find the grade point average of Dillon’s grades in the given semester course grade.
English B 4
∑(x ×w) 35
= = History A 3
∑w 14
Chemistry D 3
(3 × 4) + (4 × 3) +(1 × 3) + (2 × 4) = 15 Algebra C 4
=
14

Frequency Distribution
• It lists observed events and frequency occurrence of each observed event
• Often used to organized raw data

Example 1: Number of computers per household.

2 0 3 1 2 1 0 4
2 1 1 7 2 0 1 1
0 2 2 1 3 2 2 1
1 4 2 5 2 3 1 2
2 1 2 1 5 0 2 5

Frequency Distribution
Number of computers Number of households
x f
0 5
1 12
2 14
3 3
4 2
5 3
 6 0
8 1
N = 40

Find the mean of the data

∑X
x̅ =
N
(0 × 5) + (1 × 12) + (2 × 14) + (3 × 3) + (4 × 2) + (5 × 3) + (6 × 0) + (7 × 1)
x̅ =
40
79 𝐱̅ = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝐨𝐫 𝟐
x̅ =
40

Lesson 1: Measure of Central Tendency: Grouped Data

Mean: • 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑐 = lower boundaries of median class

∑ 𝐟𝐱 • 𝑓𝑚𝑐 = frequency of median class
𝐱̅ = • 𝑐𝑤 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝐍
• cf -= cumulative frequency before/preceding the
where:
median class
• fx = product of frequency and class mark
• N = total frequencies
Mode:
𝐃𝟏
Median: 𝐱̂ = 𝐥𝐛𝐦𝐨 + [ ] 𝐜𝐰
𝐃𝟏 + 𝐃𝟐

∑𝐟 where:
− 𝐜𝐟
𝐱̃ = 𝐥𝐛𝐦𝐜 +[ 𝟐 ] 𝐜𝐰
𝐟𝐦𝐜 • 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜 = lower boundaries of modal class
• 𝐷1 = difference of the modal class and the class
where: preceding it
• 𝐷2 = difference of the modal class and the class
• ∑ 𝑓 = total frequencies succeeding it

Lower fx
Class Mark (x) Cumulative
boundaries (lb) (multiply
Scores Frequency (add both scores frequency (cf)
(unang given sa frequency and
then divide by 2)
score - .5) class mark)
11 – 15 1 10.5 13 13 1
16 – 20 2 15.5 18 36 3
21 – 25 5 20.5 23 115 8
26 – 30 11 25.5 28 308 19
31 – 35 12 30.5 33 396 31
36 – 40 11 35.5 38 418 42
 41 - 45 5 40.5 43 215 47
46 - 50 1 45.5 48 48 48
N = 48 fx = 1549
Example: Compute the mean, median, and mode of the scores of the students in a basic statistic test

∑ 𝐟𝐱
Mean: 𝐱̅ =
𝐍

Lower boundaries
Scores Frequency Class Mark (x) fx
(lb)
11 – 15 1 10.5 13 13
16 – 20 2 15.5 18 36
21 – 25 5 20.5 23 115
26 – 30 11 25.5 28 308
31 – 35 12 30.5 33 396
36 – 40 11 35.5 38 418
41 - 45 5 40.5 43 215
46 - 50 1 45.5 48 48
N = 48 fx = 1549

• ∑ fx = 1549 • N = 48
1549 𝐱̅ = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐𝟕
x̅ =
48

∑𝐟
−𝐜𝐟
Median: 𝐱̃ = 𝐥𝐛𝐦𝐜 + [ 𝟐 ]𝐜𝐰
𝐟𝐦𝐜

•
∑f
=
48
= • fmc = 12
2 2
24 (will tell what column is the median class) • cf = 19 (before median class)
• lbmc = 30.5 • cw = 5 (31 to 35)

Cumulative
Scores Frequency Lower boundaries (lb)
frequency (cf)
11 – 15 1 10.5 1
16 – 20 2 15.5 3
21 – 25 5 20.5 8
26 – 30 11 25.5 19
31 – 35 12 30.5 31 Median
36 – 40 11 35.5 42 Class
41 - 45 5 40.5 47
46 - 50 1 45.5 48
∑ 𝒇 = 48

Solution:
24 − 19 𝑥̃ = 30.5 + 2.08
𝑥̃ = 30.5 + [ ]5
12 ̃ = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟖
𝒙
5
𝑥̃ = 30.5 + [ ] 5
12
 𝐃𝟏
Mode: 𝐱̂ = 𝐥𝐛𝐦𝐨 + [ ] 𝐜𝐰
𝐃𝟏 + 𝐃𝟐

Scores Frequency Lower boundaries (lb)

11 – 15 1 10.5
16 – 20 2 15.5
21 – 25 5 20.5
26 – 30 11 25.5
Modal Class
31 – 35 12 30.5
36 – 40 11 35.5
41 - 45 5 40.5
46 - 50 1 45.5
• lbmo = 303.5 • D1 = 1
• cw = 5 (12 – 11)
• D2 = 1 (12 – 11)

Solution:
D1 1
x̂ = lbmo + [ ] cw x̂ = 30.5 + [ ] 5
D1 + D2 2
1 x̂ = 30.5 + 2.5
x̂ = 30.5 + [ ]5
1+1
𝐱̂ = 𝟑𝟑

Lesson 2: Measures of Position for Ungrouped Data

Measures of Position

• It tells where the score stands relative to the others in a set of data
• Measure whether a value is about the average, or whether its unusually high or low
• Used for quantitative data that falls on some numerical scale
• Can be applied to other variables
• General Method, Linear Interpolation, Mendenhall and Sincich Methos

Quartiles of Ungrouped Data

• Score points which divide a distribution into four equal parts

Interquartile Range = The

difference between 𝑄3 and 𝑄1

Example 1: The owner of a coffee shop recorded the number of customers who into his café each hour in a day. The
results were: 14, 10, 12, 9, 17, 5, 8, 9, 14, 10, and 11. Find the lower quartile and upper quartile of the data.
Arrange the scores in ascending order:

5, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 14, 17

• Lower quartile = 9 • Middle value = 10 • Upper quartile = 14

Compute for interquartile range:

IQR = 𝑄3 - 𝑄1 IQR = 14 – 9 IQR = 5

Example 2: Consider the set of scores in a quiz in Math 10 of Section Rizal: 11, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16, 19, 19, 20. Find
𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , and 𝑄3

Arrange the scores in ascending order:

11, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16, 19, 19, 20

• Lower quartile = 13.5

• Middle value = 15
• Upper quartile = 19

Compute for interquartile range:

IQR = 𝑄3 - 𝑄1 IQR = 19 – 13.5 IQR = 5.5

Deciles of Ungrouped Data:

• Score point which divides a distribution into ten equal

parts
𝐤𝐧
• 𝐃𝐤 =
𝟏𝟎
• If the quotient obtained is not a whole number, round to
the next larger whole number
• If the quotient is a whole number, use the value halfway
kn kn
between the th + ( + 1) th
10 10

Example 1: Find the 3 rd decile of the following test scores of a random sample of ten students: 35, 42, 40, 28, 15, 23,
33, 20, 18, and 28

Arrange the scores in ascending order: n = 10

15, 18, 20, 23, 28, 28, 33, 35, 40, 42

Solution:
kn 30
Dk = D3 =
10 10
3(10) D3 = 3
D3 =
10
If whole number:
3rd + 4th 43
D3 = D3 =
2 2
20 + 23 𝐃𝟑 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓
D3 =
2

Example 2: Mrs. Rogon is a Mathematics teacher, she gives a 60-item test for remedial class. The scores of 15
students are 20, 35, 55, 28, 46, 32, 25, 56, 55, 28, 37, 60, 47, 52, 17. Find the value of 2 nd decile, 7 th decile, and 8 th
decile

Arrange the scores in ascending order: n = 15

17, 20, 25, 28, 28, 32, 35, 37, 46, 47, 52, 55, 55, 56, 60
Solution: 2 nd Decile
kn 30
Dk = D2 =
10 10
2(15) D2 = 3
D2 =
10
If whole number: 2nd Decile
3rd + 4th 53
D2 = D2 =
2 2
25 + 28 𝐃𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓
D2 =
2

Solution: 7 th Decile
7(15) D7 = 10.5 to (11th)
D7 =
10 𝐃𝟕 = 𝟓𝟐
105
D7 =
10

Solution: 8 th Decile
8(15) 125 = 0 D7 = 12
D7 = D7 =
10 10
If whole number: 8 th Decile
12th + 13th 110
D8 = D8 =
2 2
55 + 55 𝐃𝟖 = 𝟓𝟓
D8 =
2
Percentiles

• Score point which divides a distribution into

one hundred equal parts
𝐤𝐧
• 𝐏𝐤 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
• If the quotient obtained dis not a whole
number, round to the next larger whole
number
• If the quotient is a whole number, use the
kn kn
value halfway between the th + ( + 1) th
100 100

Example 1: The list shows the number of bottles of strawberry jam sold in a day by 14 different vendors: 9, 6, 10,
12, 15, 13, 9, 11, 17, 15, 18, 20. Solve for P43, P60, and P75

Arrange the scores in ascending order: n = 12

9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Solution: 43rd Percentile
3(12) Pk = 5.16 𝑡𝑜 (6𝑡ℎ)
Pk =
100 𝐏𝐤 = 𝟏𝟓
516
Pk =
100

Solution: 60 th Percentile
60(12) Pk = 7.2 to (8th)
Pk =
100 𝐏𝐤 = 𝟏𝟔
720
Pk =
100

Solution: 75 th Percentile
75(12) 900 Pk = 9
Pk = Pk =
100 100

If whole number: 75th Percentile

9th + 10th 35
Pk = Pk =
100 2
17 + 18 𝐏𝐤 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓
Pk =
100
Percentile Rank

• Corresponding to a given value x is computed using the formula:

(𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐱) + 𝟎. 𝟓
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐤 𝐨𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐧
Example: Find the percentile rank of a test score of 38 in the data set. 42, 33, 38, 30, 27, 20, 49.
Arrange the scores in ascending order:

27, 30, 33, 38, 40, 42, 49

3 + 0.5
Percentile rank of 38 = x 100
7
= 50 th percentile

Lesson 3: Measures of Dispersion and Variation: Ungrouped Data

Measures of Dispersion

• Measure of variability of a set of data is a number that conveys the idea of spread for the data set
• Range, standard deviation, and variation

Range

• It measures the distance between the largest and smallest values and, as such gives an idea of the spread of
data set
• Do not use the concept of deviation
• It is affected by outliers but does not consider all values in data set
• Least reliable; not very useful measure of variability
• Range (R) = highest value – lowest value

Example: Find the range

Machine 1: 10.07 is the highest value, 5.85 is the lowest value Machine 1 Machine 2
R = 10.07 – 5.85 R = 4.22 oz 9.52 8.01
6.41 7.99
Machine 2: 8.03 is the highest value, 7.95 is the lowest value 10.07 7.95
5.85 8.03
R = 8.03 – 7.95 R = 0.08 oz 8.15 8.02
x = 8.0 x = 8.0

Variance

• It is the square of the standard deviation of the data

• Variance of the population: • Variance of the sample:
∑(𝐱 − 𝛍)𝟐
∑(𝐱 − 𝛍)𝟐 𝐬𝟐 =
𝛔𝟐 = 𝐧 −𝟏
𝐧
Standard Deviation

• Measure of how spread-out numbers are

• Symbol is σ (the greek letter sigma)
• Standard deviation of the population: • Standard deviation of the sample:
∑(𝐱 − 𝛍)𝟐 ∑(𝐱 − 𝛍)𝟐
𝛔= √ 𝐬= √
𝐧 𝐧−𝟏

Procedures in computing the standard deviation

1. Determine the mean of the n numbers

2. For each number, calculate the deviation (difference) between the number and the mean of the numbers
3. Calculate the square of each deviation and find the sum of these squared deviations
4. If the data is a population, then divide the sum by n. If the data is sample, then divide the sum by n – 1.
5. Find the square root of the quotient in step 4

Find the variance and stand deviation: The following numbers were obtained by sampling a population: 2, 4, 7, 12,
15

1. Find the mean of the n numbers.

2 + 4 + 7 + 12 + 15 40 𝐱̅ = 𝟖
x̅ = x̅ =
5 5

2. Compute for the variance.

∑(x − μ)2
s2 = √
n− 1

(2 − 8)2 + (4 − 8)2 + (7 − 8)2 + (12 − 8)2 + (15 − 8)2

s2 = √
5−1

𝐬 𝟐 = 29.5
118
s2 = √
4

3. Compute for the standard deviation.

∑(x − μ)2 s = √29.5

s= √
n−1 𝐬 = 𝟓.𝟒𝟑

Example 2: A consumer group has tested a sample of 8 size – D batteries from each 3 companies. The results of the
tests are shown in the following table. According tot these tests, which company produces batteries for which the
values representing hours of constant use have the smallest standard deviation
 Company Hours of constant use per battery
EverSoBright 6.2, 6.4, 7.1, 5.9, 8.3, 5.3, 7.5, 9.3
Dependable 6.8, 6.2, 7.2, 5.9, 7.0, 7.4, 7.3, 8.2
Beacon 6.1, 6.6, 7.3, 5.7, 7.1, 7.6, 7.1, 8.5

Company Hours of constant use per battery

EverSoBright 6.2, 6.4, 7.1, 5.9, 8.3, 5.3, 7.5, 9.3

6.2 + 6.4 + 7.1 + 5.9 + 8.3 + 5.3 + 7.5 + 9.3 𝐱̅ = 𝟕

x̅ =
8

(6.2 − 7)2 + (6.4 − 7)2 + (7.1 − 7)2 + (5.9 − 7)2 + (8.3 − 7)2 + (5.3 − 7)2 + (7.5 − 7)2 + (9.3 − 7)2
s= √
7

𝐬 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝐡
12.34
s= √
7

Company Hours of constant use per battery

Dependable 6.8, 6.2, 7.2, 5.9, 7.0, 7.4, 7.3, 8.2

6.8 + 6.2 + 7.2 + 5.9 + 7.0 + 7.4 + 7.3 + 8.2 x̅ = 7

x̅ =
8
(6.8 − 7)2 + (6.2 − 7)2 + (7.2 − 7)2 + (5.9 − 7)2 + (7.0 − 7)2 + (7.4 − 7)2 + (7.3 − 7)2 + (8.2 − 7)2
s= √
7

𝐬 = 𝟎.𝟕𝟐 𝐡
3.62
s= √
7

Company Hours of constant use per battery

Beacon 6.1, 6.6, 7.3, 5.7, 7.1, 7.6, 7.1, 8.5

6.1 + 6.6 + 7.3 + 5.7 + 7.1 + 7.6 + 7.1 + 8.5

x̅ =
8
x̅ = 7

(6.1 − 7)2 + (6.6 − 7)2 + (7.3 − 7)2 + (5.7 − 7)2 + (7.1 − 7)2 + (7.6 − 7)2 + (7.1 − 7)2 + (8.5 − 7)2
s= √
7

5.38 𝐬 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟖 𝐡
s= √
7
 Company Hours of constant use per battery
EverSoBright s = 1.33h
Dependable s = 0.72h
Beacon s = 0.88h

The batteries from Dependable have the smallest standard deviation. According to these results, the dependable
company produces the most consistent batteries with regards to life expectancy constant use.

Lesson 3: Measures of Variation: Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

Range
Scores of 40 students in a 60-point quiz

Scores Frequency (f) Class Boundaries

53 - 58 3 52.5 – 58.5
47 – 52 4 46.5 – 52.5
41 – 46 1 40.5 – 46.5
35- 40 2 34.5 – 40.5
29 – 34 10 28.5 – 34.5
23 – 28 11 22.5 - 28.5
17 – 22 4 16.5 – 22.5
11 – 16 3 10.5 – 16.5
5 - 10 2 4.5 – 10.5

Range = Highest class boundaries – lowest class boundaries

R = 58.5 – 4.5 R = 54

Variance and Standard Deviation

Scores Frequency (f) Class Mark (x) fx (𝐱 − 𝐱̅)𝟐 𝐟(𝐱 − 𝐱̅)𝟐

53 - 58 3 55.5 166.5 635.04 1905.12
47 – 52 4 49.5 198 368.64 1474.56
41 – 46 1 43.5 43.5 174.24 174.24
35- 40 2 37.5 75 51.84 103.68
29 – 34 10 31.5 315 1.44 14.4
23 – 28 11 25.5 280.5 23.04 253.44
17 – 22 4 19.5 78 116.64 466.56
11 – 16 3 13.5 40.5 282.24 846.72
5 - 10 2 7.5 15 519.84 1039.68
N = 40 ∑fx = 1212 ∑𝐟(𝐱 − 𝐱̅)𝟐= 6278.4

∑ fx 1212 x̅ = 30.3
x̅ = x̅ =
N 40
Variance:

∑f(x − x̅)2 6278.4

s2 = √ s2 = √
n− 1 39
𝐬 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
6278.4
s2 = √
40 − 1

Standard Deviation:

s = √160.98 s = 12.69

Lesson 4: Relative Measure of Dispersion for Ungrouped Data

Example: A group of university students reveal the following current balance in their bank accounts: 3.4, 1.8, 1.4,
3.6, 1.8, 3.7, 3.4, 2.9, 4.2, 2.8
1. Coefficient of Range
max value − min value 𝐱𝐦 − 𝐱𝐧
× 100 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
max value + min value 𝐱𝐦 + 𝐱𝐧

Solution:
4.2 − 1.4 0.5 × 100 = 50%
= 0.5
4.2 + 1.4

2. Coefficient of Quartile Deviation

𝐐𝟑 − 𝐐𝟏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐐𝟑 + 𝐐𝟏
Solution:
𝑛+ 1 = 2.75 th value
Q1 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
4 =1.8
11
Q1 =
4

𝑛+1 = 8.25 th value

Q3 = 3 ×
4 =3.625
11
3×
4

So,
3.625 − 1.8 = 33.64%
× 100
3.625 + 1.8

3. Coefficient of Mean Deviation

About mean: About median:
𝐌. 𝐃(𝐱̅) 𝐌.𝐃(𝐱̃)
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐱̅ 𝐱̃
About mean:
 ∑|𝑥 − 𝑥̅ | 7.6
M. D(x̅) = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔
𝑛 10
𝑥̅ = 2.9

So,
M. D(x̅) 0.76 = 26.209%
× 100 × 100
x̅ 2.9

About median:
∑ |x−x̃ | 7.61
M. D(x̅) = = = 0.761
n 10
x̃ = 3.15

So,
M. D(x̃) 0.761 = 24.158%
× 100 × 100
x̃ 3.15

4. Coefficient of Variation
𝛔
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐱̅
σ = 0.894
∑ x2 ∑x 2 92.1
σ= √ −( ) σ= √ − (2.9)2
n 𝑛 10

So,
σ 0.894 = 30.287%
× 100 × 100
x̅ 2.9