PLAN 323

Planning 01:
Site Planning and Landscape Architecture
The artistic and functional arrangement of buildings, open spaces, service areas, circulation
and other external areas; techniques in the enhancement and design of exterior environments.

AR. PAULA BARBARA GUECO - OCAMPO, uap

COURSE FACILITATOR

pbtgueco@dhvsu.edu.ph

Image sources: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/604749056195123559/

MODULE 06:

MOVEMENT
SYSTEMS

Image sources: https://lib.znate.ru/pars_docs/refs/245/244247/244247_html_154900a.png

MOVEMENT SYSTEMS

PEDESTRIAN
VEHICULAR
ROAD LAYOUTS
 In the field of architecture,
circulation refers to the way
people move through and
interact with a building. In
public buildings, circulation is
of high importance; Structures
MOVEMENTS such as elevators, escalators,
and staircases are often
SYSTEMS referred to as circulation
elements, as they are
positioned and designed to
optimize the flow of people
through a building, sometimes
through the use of a core.
 1. Pedestrian
In some situations,
2. Vehicular
one-way circulation is
3. Public Transit
desirable. Circulation
Movement Systems
access includes: (Road layouts)
 MOVEMENT = CIRCULATION
INSIDE OUTSIDE

HALLWAY / CORRIDOR ROADS / STREETS

PARTITION SIDEWALK
LOBBY WALKWAY / PATHWAY
AISLE RAMP
STAIRS STAIRS
RAMPS
Sustainable design planning attempts to design
infrastructure and utilities that work with the
natural ecosystem. Locating them in locations that
complement existing conditions through
sympathetic solutions which reflect the local
topography, climate and vegetation.
Five key principles define mobility-friendly circulation:
• Connectivity: Create interconnected street networks with frequently
spaced intersections, and interconnected pedestrian pathways and
bicycle networks.
• Multi-use Streets: Design “complete streets” and intersections that
serve pedestrians, persons with disabilities, bicyclists, transit vehicles,
and trucks as well as motorists.
• Legibility: Provide a legible environment that helps users orient
themselves, navigate, and understand their surroundings.
• Safety by Design: Encourage safe and predictable behavior by all road
users. Road features should enforce desired speeds, accommodate
safe use by senior drivers and encourage shared use by motorists,
bicyclists, and pedestrians.
• Sensitivity to Surroundings: Design roads and bridges in context,
with respect for the surrounding environment.
 a person walking along a road or in a
developed area.

A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot,

whether walking or running. In modern
times, the term usually refers to someone
PEDESTRIAN walking on a road or pavement, but this
was not the case historically.

The meaning of pedestrian is displayed

with the morphemes ped- ('foot') and -ian
('characteristic of’). This word is derived
from the Latin term pedester ('going on
foot') and was first used (in English
language) during the 18th century.
DESIGN FOR PEOPLE
• The human scale of site design is a primary interest for site developers.
• Site designs reflect the values of the society at that time through the work of designers.
• The “Ideal City,” a painting by Piero della Francesca (Fig. 5.1), reflects the values of the
Renaissance: civic order, intellect, and beauty as found in the works of society. “The Ideal
City” is presented on a flat plain, its avenues uninterrupted by inconvenient topography
or natural features. With the exception of a few clouds in the sky, nature is completely
absent. Although the ideal might have been a sterile projection of society over nature,
the reality was quite different.
• Figure 5.2 of an actual village shows its accommodation to the topography, the use of
aspect to collect the sun, the use of local materials, and so forth.
• Sites often support multiple uses and users with different needs and expectations, and
accommodating those needs and expectations has led to a variety of approaches to
design.
• Early accommodations were usually in the form of some sort of conspicuous add-on,
even in new construction. Access ramps, for example, were often reluctantly added to an
entrance because the need for accommodation was not addressed early in the design.
• Universal design principles have become more widely recognized and accepted in recent
years.
• These principles go beyond site and building concerns to include product and industrial
design.
• In essence the precepts of universal design are intended to provide equity and simplicity
in access and use of all products of design.
• A site designed using these precepts avoids segregating one set of users from another
whenever possible.
• Multiple but equal points of access to accommodate people with accessibility issues are
planned to avoid stigmatizing some users.
• Signage is designed to be useful regardless of one’s language.
• Understanding the limitations of site users who range from toddlers to the elderly
requires more than the common human factors and range of motion charts established
for the “average person.”
General Site Design Guidelines for Pedestrians
• It remains the responsibility of the design professional to select and specify the materials
appropriate to the site.
• A working knowledge of human dimensions and behavior is necessary.
• Figures 5.3 through 5.8 provide an outline of human dimensions and design conventions.
Pedestrian Walkways
• A fundamental element of design for the pedestrian is the pathway or sidewalk (Fig. 5.9).
• The peak time for walking is midday (countercyclical to vehicle traffic), and sidewalks should be designed
to account for this peak time.
• The sidewalk width must provide the level of service suited to the user.
• The parameters of sidewalk width are the anticipated volume of foot traffic, how quickly pedestrians will
be walking, and the desired density of traffic.
• Walking speeds vary greatly among people, but an average walking speed of 4 ft per
second is usually assumed. A number of factors influence this speed, and the needs of
particular users should be considered.
• People tend to walk faster in the middle of a block and slow down at intersections.
• To determine the appropriate level of service, designers should weigh the designated
site use, the user, and the character of the final design (Table 5.1).
• Grades also affect walking speed, level of service, and safety.
• Sidewalks should be designed with a minimum cross slope of 1 percent to allow for
drainage, but the cross slope should not exceed 3 percent. A longitudinal slope of up to
3 percent is desirable, but slopes greater than 5 percent should be avoided in areas
where freezing may be an issue.
• Where climate is a consideration, any sidewalk with a slope in excess of 5 percent
should be treated as a ramp with associated handrails. Changes in sidewalk width may
be appropriate to maintain walking pace where notable changes of grade occur.
• When incorporating stairs into an outdoor design, local standards often need to be
considered (Table 5.2; Figs. 5.10 and 5.11). When such regulations are not in place, use
this equation to determine tread width: 2R + T = 26 to 27 in.
STAIR DESIGN
RAMP DESIGN
RAMP DESIGN
RAMP DESIGN
ROAD DESIGN
Paving Materials and Design
• The choice of paving materials is
broad and generally is determined by
the nature of the project and the
preferences of the designer and the
client (Table 5.4).
• Areas of concern for paving include
installation and lifecycle costs,
durability, slip resistance, and
appearance.
Signage
• Designing signs is a specialty itself, and many types of signs are available
commercially.
• For common signs identifying designated handicapped parking or
restroom facilities, it is best to rely on signs that are familiar and in
common use.
• The key elements for signs are readability and effective reading distance.
• To determine readability, it is necessary to understand the purpose of
the sign.
 END OF PRESENTATION
MODULE 06

AR. PAULA BARBARA GUECO - OCAMPO, uap

COURSE FACILITATOR

pbtgueco@dhvsu.edu.ph