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Transducer Unit 1

A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. It has two main parts - a sensing element that detects physical changes, and a transduction element that converts the sensor output to an electrical signal. Transducers are characterized by their sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, resolution, repeatability, dynamic range, response time, and robustness. They can be classified by the transduction method used, whether they require external power, if their output is analog or digital, and other criteria. The type of measurement, required accuracy, measurement range, environmental conditions, physical constraints, and cost all factor into choosing the appropriate transducer for an application.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
98 views10 pages

Transducer Unit 1

A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. It has two main parts - a sensing element that detects physical changes, and a transduction element that converts the sensor output to an electrical signal. Transducers are characterized by their sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, resolution, repeatability, dynamic range, response time, and robustness. They can be classified by the transduction method used, whether they require external power, if their output is analog or digital, and other criteria. The type of measurement, required accuracy, measurement range, environmental conditions, physical constraints, and cost all factor into choosing the appropriate transducer for an application.

Uploaded by

SARDAR PATEL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transducer

A transducer is a device that convert one form of energy to other form. It


converts the measurand to a usable electrical signal. In other word it is a
device that is capable of converting the physical quantity into a
proportional electrical quantity such as voltage or current.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSDUCERS


Transducer contains two parts that are closely related to each other i.e.,
the sensing element and transduction element. The sensing element is
called as the sensor. It is device producing measurable response to
change in physical conditions. The transduction element converts the
sensor output to suitable electrical form.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSDUCER-

Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy to another.


Some common characteristics of transducers include:

1. Sensitivity: Transducers must be able to detect even the smallest


changes in the input signal and convert them accurately into an
output signal.
2. Linearity: The output of the transducer should be proportional to
the input signal over a wide range of values.
3. Accuracy: The transducer should produce accurate output signals
that are consistent with the input signal.

4. Precision: The transducer should be able to provide precise


measurements, even for small changes in the input signal.

5. Resolution: The transducer should be able to detect and measure


small changes in the input signal with high accuracy.
6. Repeatability: The transducer should be able to produce
consistent output signals when the same input signal is applied
repeatedly.
7. Dynamic range: The transducer should be able to handle a wide
range of input signal values without saturation or distortion.
8. Response time: The transducer should have a fast response time,
which means it can detect and convert changes in the input signal
quickly.

9. Robustness: The transducer should be able to withstand harsh


environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and
humidity changes.
10. Cost-effectiveness: The transducer should be reasonably
priced and cost-effective compared to other available options.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCER-

The transducer is of many types, and they can be classified by the


following criteria.

1. By transduction used.

2. as a primary and secondary transducer


3. as a passive and active transducer

4. as analogue and digital transducer


5. as the transducer and inverse transducer
The transducer receives the measurand and gives a proportional amount
of output signal. The output signal is sent to the conditioning device
where the signal is attenuated, filtered, and modulated.

The input quantity is the non-electrical quantity, and the output electrical
signal is in the form of the current, voltage or frequency.

1. Classification based on the Principle of Transduction


The transducer is classified by the transduction medium. The
transduction medium may be resistive, inductive or capacitive depends
on the conversion process that how input transducer converts the input
signal into resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively.

2. Primary and Secondary Transducer

Primary Transducer – The transducer consists the mechanical as well as


the electrical devices. The mechanical devices of the transducer change
the physical input quantities into a mechanical signal. This mechanical
device is known as the primary transducers.
Secondary Transducer – The secondary transducer converts the
mechanical signal into an electrical signal. The magnitude of the output
signal depends on the input mechanical signal.
Example of Primary and Secondary Transducer
Consider the Bourdon’s Tube shown in the figure below. The tube act as
a primary transducer. It detects the pressure and converts it into a
displacement from its free end. The displacement of the free ends moves
the core of the linear variable displacement transformer. The movement
of the core induces the output voltage which is directly proportional to
the displacement of the tube free end.
Thus, the two types of transductions occur in the Bourdon’s tube. First,
the pressure is converted into a displacement and then it is converted
into the voltage by the help of the L.V.D.T.

The Bourdon’s Tube is the primary transducer, and the L.V.D.T is called
the secondary transducer.

3. Passive and Active Transducer


The transducer is classified as the active and passive transducer.

Passive Transducer – The transducer which requires the power from an


external supply source is known as the passive transducer. They are also
known as the external power transducer. The capacitive, resistive and
inductive transducers are the example of the passive transducer.
Active Transducer – The transducer which does not require the external
power source is known as the active transducer. Such type of transducer
develops theirs owns voltage or current, hence known as a self-
generating transducer. The output signal is obtained from the physical
input quantity.

The physical quantity like velocity, temperature, force and the intensity of
light is induced with the help of the transducer. The piezoelectric crystal,
photo-voltaic cell, tacho generator, thermocouples, photovoltaic cell are
the examples of the active transducers.
Examples – Consider the examples of a piezoelectric crystal. The crystal
is sandwiched between the two metallic electrodes, and the entire
sandwiched is fastened to the base. The mass is placed on the top of the
sandwiched.
The piezo crystal has the special property because of which when the
force is applied to the crystal, they induce the voltage. The base provides
the acceleration due to which the voltage is generated. The mass applies
on the crystals induces an output voltage. The output voltage is
proportional to the acceleration.

The above mention transducer is known as the accelerometer which


converts the acceleration into an electric voltage. This transducer does
not require any auxiliary power source for the conversion of physical
quantity into an electrical signal.
4. Analog and Digital Transducer

The transducer can also be classified by their output signals. The output
signal of the transducer may be continuous or discrete.

Analog Transducer – The Analog transducer changes the input quantity


into a continuous function. The strain gauge, L.V.D.T,
thermocouple, thermistor are the examples of the analogue transducer.
Digital Transducer – These transducers convert an input quantity into a
digital signal or in the form of the pulse. The digital signals work on high
or low power.
5. Transducer and Inverse Transducer
Transducer – The device which converts the non-electrical quantity into
an electric quantity is known as the transducer.

Inverse Transducer – The transducer which converts the electric


quantity into a physical quantity, such type of transducers is known as
the inverse transducer. The transducer has high electrical input and low
non-electrical output.

FACTOR AFFECTING CHOICE OF TRANSDUCER


There are several factors that can influence the choice of transducer for a
particular application, including:
1. Type of measurement: The type of measurement that needs to be
taken will determine the type of transducer that is required. For
example, temperature measurements require different types of
transducers than pressure measurements.
2. Accuracy requirements: The accuracy requirements of the
measurement will determine the level of accuracy needed from the
transducer. High-precision measurements may require more
expensive transducers.
3. Range of measurement: The range of measurement required will
determine the range of the transducer needed. If the measurement
range is too narrow, the transducer may not be able to accurately
measure the desired value.

4. Environmental conditions: The environmental conditions in which


the transducer will be used must be taken into account. Factors
such as temperature, pressure, and humidity can affect the
performance of the transducer.
5. Physical size and mounting requirements: The physical size and
mounting requirements of the transducer must be considered to
ensure that it fits in the space available and can be installed
correctly.

6. Electrical interface: The electrical interface of the transducer must


be compatible with the rest of the system in which it will be used.
7. Cost: The cost of the transducer is an important factor in the
decision-making process. It is important to balance the cost of the
transducer with its performance and suitability for the application.
Strain gauge

A resistance strain gauge is a type of transducer that is used to measure


the strain (deformation) of an object. It works on the principle that when
an object is deformed, its electrical resistance changes.

The basic operating principle of a resistance strain gauge can be


explained as follows:

The strain gauge is a small rectangular piece of metal foil or wire


that is attached to the surface of the object being measured. The
object is deformed, the strain gauge is also deformed, and its
length and width change slightly. Change in dimensions of the
strain gauge leads to a change in its electrical resistance, which can
be measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit. A Wheatstone
bridge circuit consists of four resistors connected in a diamond-
shaped configuration. The strain gauge is connected as one of the
resistors in the bridge circuit. When a voltage is applied to the
Wheatstone bridge circuit, a current flow through the circuit, and
the voltage at the output of the circuit is measured. The output
voltage of the circuit changes when the resistance of the strain
gauge changes due to deformation, which can be used to calculate
the amount of strain in the object being measured. The amount of
strain can be calculated using the formula: Strain = Change in
resistance/Initial resistance x Gauge factor.

Types of Strain Gauge

Based on the position and arrangement of the strain gauge, it is


classified into the following types.

• Linear strain gauge

• Rosette strain gauge

• Diaphragm strain gauge


• Shear strain gauge

• Double parallel strain gauge

Based on the type of resistance material, it is classified into the following


four types.

• Fine wire strain gauge


• Metal foil strain gauge
• Semiconductor strain gauge

• Photo-electric strain gauge

Based on the construction method, it is classified into the following two


types.
• Unbonded type

• Bonded type

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