One Love. One Future.

Fundamentals of
Intrumentation
A s s o c. P r o f. B U I D a n g T h a n h
T h a n h . b u i d a n g @ h u s t. e d u . v n
September
2020
 Hanoi University of Science and
Technology

E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c Va r i a b l e s
Measurement-
Power and Energy Measurement

One Love. One Future.

References
1) Micheal Grout, Patrick Salaun, “Instrumentation Industrielle”, L'uisine nouvelle, 2015
2) Prof. Dr. Murat Aşkar, “EEE342:Lecture 1 - Fundamentals of Measurement”, İzmir
University of Economics,
3) CRCnetBase, “Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook”, CRC Press LLC,
1999
4) Jon Willson, “Sensor Technology Handbook”, Elsevier Inc, 2005
5) BE Noltingk, “Instrumentation Reference Book”, BE Noltingk, Butter Worth
Heinemann , 1994
6) “Electronic instrumentation”, P.P.L. Regtien, VSSD.
7) “Fundamental of Instrumentation and Measurement”, Dominique Placko, Published in
Great Britain and the United States in 2007 by ISTE Ltd.
3
Contents
Power Measurement

• Definition
• Power in DC Circuits
• Power in AC Circuits

Energy Measurement

• Definition
• Energy Instrumentation
• Energy Meter
• Single Phase
• Three phase
4
Power Measurement

 Definition:
Power can be defined as the time rate of energy transfer or energy dissipation in
a load.
Power is the rate of using or supplying energy.
The rate at which work is done to maintain an electric current in a circuit is
termed ELECTRIC POWER.
 Unit:
The SI unit of power is the watt (W), where W = 1 J/s.
The kilowatt is a commonly used unit where 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts.
5
Power Measurement

 Electric power formula:

ELECTRIC POWER equals the product of the current I and the potential difference V.

Power = Current x Voltage Difference

P (Watts) = I (Amperes) x V (Volts)

 If P is positive, the component absorb power.

 If P is negative, the component produces power.

6
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
The POWER in DC circuit is equal to the product of voltage and current:
 Power = Current × Voltage
When the system voltage is constant, ammeter readings are almost a sufficient
indication of the POWER taken.
The POWER is calculated by using voltmeter and ammeter or wattmeter.
P = I × V = I² × R = V² / R
 where:
• P = power in watts (W)
• I = current in amps (A)
• R = resistance in ohms (Ω)
• V = voltage in volts (V) 7
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Examples:
 How much power is used in a circuit which is 110 volts and has a current of 1.36
amps?
 Solution:

8
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Examples:
 The work done by a heater is 100 joules for time 4 seconds. Find out the electric
power of the heater.
 Solution:

9
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Examples:
 The electric power of the electrical bulb is 50 watt. Then at how much time required
to the electrical bulb to performed the work of 150 joules.
 Solution:

10
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Use Volmeters and Ammeters: Simplest method

a) Ammeter measures current which flow into the voltmeter and load.
b) Voltmeter measures voltage drop across the ammeter in addition to that
dropping across the load. 11
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Structure 1 - Volmeter before ammeter:
 Ammeter measures load current IL
 Volmeter measures voltage: VL=V – VA
 PDC= VLIL = (V – VA)IL = VIL – VAIL
However:
[Power measured by meters] = [Power consumed by load] + [Power loss in ammeter]
The results of ammeter and voltmeter do not give the correct power consumed by
load.

12
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Structure 2 – Volmeter after ammeter:
 Volmeter measures load voltage VL
 Ammeter measures current: I = IL + IV
PDC= VLIL = VL(I-IV) = VLI – VLIV
However:
[Power measured by meters] = [Power consumed by load] + [Power loss in voltmeter]
Measured power is higher than power actually consumed by load.
 There is an error in this method – generally refered to as Insertion Error.
 Ammeter and Voltmeter is not sufficient to measure power in AC power because the measurement of
power consumption in circuit considering the effect of cos .
 To avoid that errors in power measurement, we need a device called Wattmeter which gives direct
reading of power. 13
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Wattmeter:
 Classification: Wattmeter

Digital Thermal Hall-power

Dynamometer
wattmeter wattmeter wattmeter

Suspended Pivoted coil

coil torsion direct
head indicating
14
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Wattmeter:
 Dynamometer features:
• Power (direct) measurement device for both DC and
AC systems
• Accuracy better than 0,25%.
• Two type of coils: Realistic picture

- Static:
 Made of a few turns of thick copper wire.
 Connected in series with the load to carry the
load current.
- Movable:
 Made of a very light wire several turns of fine Structural diagram
15
copper wire.
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
 Wattmeter:
 Dynamometer Operation:
• The fixed coils carry load current and create a flux in the
air gap between them.
• The moving coil carries another small current
proportional to load voltage and hence produces a flux
in the air gap.
• The circuit coil produces a flux in phase with the load
current.
• The flux produced by the moving coil is very nearly in
phase with the applied voltage.
• The magnetic fields of the fixed and moving coils react
on one another causing the moving coil to turn its axis
and a torque produced on the moving system. 16
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Wattmeter:
 Dynamometer Operation:
 Electrical energy
We= M12i1i2
M12 –is corelation induction

dM 12
 Torque : Mq  i 1i 2
d
 Balance forces of electrical torque and backward
torque: MC=D dM 12
 i 1i 2
Dd 17
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
 Wattmeter:
 Dynamometer :
• Advantages:
- Can be used to measure power in DC and AC circuits.
- Gives fairly accurate readings.
- The scale is uniform.
- Free from hysteresis and eddy current losses
• Disadvantages:
- The torque-weight ratio is small (even when the current and pressure coils are fully exicited)
- High cost
- Affected by external magnetic field
- The inductance of pressure coil tend to be large at low power factors introduces serious error.
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Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Wattmeter:
 Dynamometer application:
• Wattmeters are designed for lower power factor rating. This improves precision and reduces
error.
• As two different ranges of voltage and current are available for wattmeter to calculate actual
power, multiplying factor should be used:

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

19
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Wattmeter Examples:
1. Let FSD of wattmeter be 1250W. If potential coil is connected across 250V and
the current coil connected for a current range 5A, What is the multiplying
factor?

2. In a circuit power is measured with a wattmeter with 13A, 240V, 1500Watts

FSD. The measurement reading was 700Watts. What is the power consumed by
load?

20
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Digital wattmeter :
 Advantages:
• High-resolution
• Accuracy
 Several techniques (multiplication of
signals)
 Electronic multiplier is an analog system
which gives as its output a voltage
proportional to the power indication
required -> A/D conversion.
21
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Hall-power meter
 Coil generates magnetic field which is
proportional to load current.
 The sensor excitation current passes
through R1 and is proportional to the load
voltage.
Hall voltage is proportional to load power.
 Problems: offset and linearity

22
 Thermal Wattmeter Application Circuit
Power Measurement
 Power in DC Circuit:
Thermal Wattmeters
 Principle: based on a couple of twin
thermocouples whose output voltage is
proportional to the square of the rms value of
Working Characteristics
the currents flowing into the thermocouple
heaters.
 Allow high accuracy to be achieved in critical
cases of highly distorted wide-band spectrum
signals

23
 Excersice
Design a digital wattmeter. Know input voltage range from 0-220 VDC, current from 0-5ADC.
The 10-bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5VDC, the standard input is 0-4.5VDC. Assume the
instrument voltage transformer factor is 1000, the instrument current transformer with the
converter circuit for the output voltage from 0-35mV
 Calculate the amplification gain
 Calculate the resolution of the ADC
 Calculate the quantization error of the ADC
 Calculate the maximum measuring power of the device
 If the measured current and voltage are 210VDC and 4A respectively, what is the output
value of power after ADC. Let's represent it as this output binary.
 Draw the block diagram

24