PNLE 2023

NURSING RESEARCH
Post Test
1. Which of the following is the foundation of Evidence -Based Nursing Practice?
a. Research
b. Nursing Process
c. Scientific Method
d. Caring

2. Research is anchored on objective reality. This is:

a. Control
b. Empiricism
c. Systematic and orderly
d. Objectivity

3. Which of the following is an ethical applied research?

a. Gain -of-function research by Dr. Fauci in Wuhan laboratory
b. Clinical trials by Pfizer for COVID-19 delta variant vaccine
c. Lobbying for the use of Ivermectin in the management of covid cases
d. A study on the relationship of smoking and covid-19 mortality

4. A University explores the students data for better understanding of the results of the
different admission packages and which admission package is most successful among
all packages is an example of:
a. Descriptive Research
b. Exploratory Research
c. Explanatory Research
d. Ex-post Facto

5. In this study, the investigators conceive and design the study, recruit subjects, and
collect baseline exposure data on all subjects, before any of the subjects have
developed any of the outcomes of interest. The subjects are then followed into the
future in order to record the development of any of the outcomes of interest.
a. Retrospective Cohort
b. Prospective Cohort
c. Ex-post Facto
d. Correlational Study

6.  This is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed

originally in 1964 for the medical community by World Medical Association. It is widely
regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics:
 a. Declaration of Geneva
b. Declaration of Tokyo
c. Declaration of Helsinki
d. Ottawa Charter

7. This principle removes the suspicion that something of relevance to objectivity is being
hidden and allows readers to form their own opinions on whether a financial conflict of
interest exists and what relevance it may have to the study:
a. Cost – benefit ratio
b. Confidentiality
c. Anonymity
d. Full Disclosure

8. The research process follows these steps:

1. Problem Identification
2. Theoretical Framework
3. Related literature review
4. Design
5. Sampling
6. Data Presentation
7. Data Collection
8. Data analysis
9. Conclusion and Recommendation
10. Dissemination of findings
a. 1,3,2,4,5,7,6,8,9,10
b. 1,3,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
c. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
d. 1,3,2,4,5,7,8,6,9,10

9. Which of the following is a well-stated research problem?

a. Coping Strategies of ADMG Nursing Reviewees in the Bicol Region.
b. What are the coping strategies of ADMG nursing reviewees in in the Bicol
Region?
c. The study sought to find out the coping strategies of ADMG nursing reviewees in
the Bicol Region.
d. There is no significant relationship between the coping strategies of ADMG nursing
reviewees and their anxiety level before and during the PNLE.

10. Criteria of a good research problem, except:

a. Novel
b. Cost and returns
c. Value-laden
d. Hazards and handicaps

11. Which of the following can be considered research limitation?

 a. Available subjects
b. Admin support
c. Researcher knowledgeable to research topic
d. Data saturation

12. “Stress is a non – specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.” – Hans
Selye.
What type of definition is this?
a. Lexical
b. Operational
c. Denotative
d. Empirical

13. What is the independent variable in this hypothesis: “There is no significant relationship
between the coping strategies of ADMG nursing reviewees and their anxiety level
before and during the PNLE. “
a. Anxiety level
b. Coping strategies
c. There is no significant relationship
d. PNLE

14. In the hypothesis: “There is no significant relationship between the coping strategies of
ADMG nursing reviewees and their anxiety level before and during the PNLE “, the
extraneous variable (co-variate) is:
a. Anxiety level
b. Coping strategies
c. ADMG nursing reviewees
d. Holistic review preparation

15. What does it mean when you reject the Null Hypothesis?
a. The explanatory variables are not related
b. The explanatory variables are related
c. There is no significant relationship between the IV and Dv
d. Your research is useless and invalid

16. When the researcher mistakenly rejects a null hypothesis that should be accepted,
what type of error is that?
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type X
d. Not my type

17. “All human beings need love” is an example of what type of assumption?
 a. Universal assumption
b. Study assumption
c. Theory-based assumption
d. Study assumption

18. The nurse researcher is aware that the number purpose of reviewing related literature
is:
a. To assist the researcher in developing theoretical framework
b. To provide the researcher opportunity to broaden his knowledge in the topic being
studied.
c. To avoid duplication in the subject being studied
d. To reveal difficulties encountered by previous researchers in the same topics.

19. This type of experimental study involves 2 or more groups placed under observation,
where only one of the groups is subjected to some treatment while the other groups are
held static. All the groups are post-tested, and the observed differences between the
groups are assumed to be a result of the treatment:
a. One-shot Case Study Design
b. One-group Pretest-posttest Design
c. Static group Comparison Design
d. Posttest only Control group

20. In this experimental design, the research participants are not randomly assigned, and
as such, they are used in settings where randomization is difficult or impossible:
a. True Experimental
b. Quasi-experimental
c. Pre-Experimental
d. Solomon 4-Group

21. In this study, the researcher wants to know the “meaning” of the event or phenomenon
being studied?
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Qualitative
d. Grounded Theory

22. If the researcher wanted to know the degree of relationship between the reviewees’
level and anxiety and their performance in the PNLE, she will have to use which of the
following designs?
a. Experimental
b. Correlational
c. Descriptive
d. Retrospective
 23. A study is conducted to determine the relationship between the size of the husband’s
penis and the wife’s intensity of orgasm. If the finding is affirmative, which of the
following is correct:
1. Design: Correlational
2. Design: Experimental
3. Design: Observation
4. Null Hypothesis: Rejected
5. Null Hypothesis: Accepted
6. Null Hypothesis: Type 1 Error
a. 1 and 4
b. 1 and 5
c. 2 and 5
d. 3 and 4
e. 3 and 6

24. This longitudinal study involves a sample of people from a more significant population
and is conducted at specified intervals for a more extended period:
a. Cohort study
b. Panel study
c. Retrospective study
d. Cross-sectional study

25. A group of people who typically experience the same event at a given point in time is
called:
a. Population
b. Samples
c. Cohort
d. Universe

26. Which of the following characteristics do NOT describe scientific investigation?

A. Empirical data are gathered directly or indirectly through human senses.
B. It is planed and conducted in a systemic and orderly manner
C. External factors which may influence the relationship among phenomena are
not necessarily controlled.
D. They are conducted to test or develop theories and study advance knowledge.

27. In which of the following types of research does a researcher control the independent
variable, but subjects cannot be randomly assigned to treatment conditions?
A. Descriptive C. Exploratory
B. Quasi-experimental D. Experimental
28. When a nurse prepares a research report to a captive group, which of the following is NOT
included?
A. Summary of other research studies with the same result
B. The researcher’s interpretation of the results of the study.
C. A summary of the literature used to identify the research problem.
D. A description of methods used to conduct the study.

29. Which of the following characteristics of a clinical nursing problem is NOT a potential for
research?
A. It has the potential to change how nursing care is delivered in the unit.
B. It is value-laden and involves feelings and perceptions.
C. It reflects something that could be improved in clinical practice.
D. It is a problem that occurs frequently in a particular client group.

30. Which of the following is true in an experimental study?

A. Clients most likely to perform the best are assigned to the experimental group.
B. Subjects are randomly assigned to both experimental and controlled groups
C. Conditions affecting the subjects are left uncontrolled to allow generalization of
findings.
D. The group receives the therapy being studied.

31. This type of sampling uses the technique whereby the population is subdivided into areas
or sections and then taking a random sample from each section.
A. Systematic sampling C. Cluster sampling
B. Stratified sampling D. Purposive sampling

32. In this type of sampling, data are collected from anyone available such as those who are
present in the coffee shop or those who are present in the CR at one time or another.
A. Systematic sampling C. Simple random sampling
B. Incidental sampling D. Cross-sectional sampling

33. In this type of sampling, selection of units in the sample is done by some sort of chance.
 A. Sequential sampling C. Stratified sampling
B. Simple random sampling D. Cluster sampling

34. A new public health nurse would like to collect data on common problems encountered by
diabetic patients in the community. In this survey, she selects only the diabetic patients in the
community. In this survey, she selects only the diabetics residing in the different barangays of
the community where she was assigned. This is an example of what type of sampling?
A. Purposive C. Systematic
B. Cluster D. Stratified

35. One nurse is interested to get the effects of having foods with fortified Vit. A and D in the
development of children from pre-school to age level. This type of sampling when a given
group of subject is studied for an extended period of time is called:
A. Cross-sectional C. Purposive
B. Longitudinal D. Cross-Cultural

36. Your nursing unit plans to conduct a study on the use of structured preoperative preparation in
lessening the demand for post-operative pain medications. Which of the following research
activities should you initially do?
A. find out from interview how many patients are willing to participate
B. get the permission from the hospital director
C. review literature on the topic
D. prepare the tool for collecting data

37. Which of the following statements do NOT contribute to the researchabilty of your
proposed problem?
A. potential use of findings C. well-defined problem statement
B. readability of findings D. measurability of variables

38. A study /research table should NOT contain which of the following ?
A. categories of data collected C. specific title of table
B. relevant rows and columns D. names and sample of the selected
39. Which of the following procedures ensures that the investigator has fully described to
prospective subjects the nature of the study and the subject's rights?
A. Debriefing
B. Full disclosure
C. Informed consent
D. Cover data collection

40. Kevin is a member of the Nursing Research Council of the hospital. His first assignment is
to determine the level of patient satisfaction on the care they received from the hospital. He
plans to include all adult patients admitted from April to May, with average length of stay of 3-4
days, first admission, and with no complications. Which of the following is an extraneous
variable of the study?
A. Date of admission
B. Length of stay
C. Age of patients
D. Absence of complications

41. The researcher checks if his instruments meet the criteria for evaluation. Which of the
following criteria refers to the consistency or the ability to yield the same response upon its
repeated administration?
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Sensitivity
D. Objectivity

42. The researcher decides to use judgmental sampling. Which of the following actions of
Raphael is correct?
A. Plans to include whoever is there during his study.
B. Determines the different nationality of patients frequently admitted and decides
to get representations samples from each.
C. Assigns numbers for each of the patients, place these in a fishbowl and draw 10 from
it.
D. Decides to get 20 samples from the admitted patients
43. The researcher knows that certain patients who are in a specialized research setting tend
to respond psychologically to the conditions of the study. This is referred to as
A. Bias
B. Hawthorne effect
C. Halo effect
D. Horns effect

44 Which of the following items refer to the sense of closure that the researcher experiences
when data collection ceases to yield any new information?
A. Saturation B. Precision C. Limitation D. Relevance

45. The researcher is interested to know the coping abilities of patients who are newly
diagnosed to have terminal cancer. Which of the following types of research is appropriate?
A. Phenomenological
B. Ethnographic
C. Grounded Theory
D. Case Study

46. After teaching maternal and child concepts for two years, Ms. Abrea wanted to find
out the knowledge of senior and junior students about contraceptive use and
conception. Which of the following is the BEST statement of a research problem
pertinent to the professor's goal?
A. "Knowledge about Contraceptive Use and Conception among Third and Fourth
Year Students of School X"
B. "Is there a Difference in the Knowledge of Third and Fourth Year Students of
School X on Contraceptive Use and Conception?"
C. "What do Third and Fourth Year Students of School X Know about
Contraceptive Use and Conception?"
D. "Improving the Knowledge of Third and Fourth Year Students of School X on
Contraceptive Use and Conception."

47. In the process of doing this and future studies, Ms. Abrea is very careful not to disclose
the name of her subjects and their scores. This is an application of which of the
following principle?
A. Protection of clients C. Confidentiality
B. Anonymity D. Informed consent
48. In the process of planning this research study, the statement of facts, age range of the
students, sex, marital status and initial course , if any, is BEST included in what part of
the study'?
A. Related literature C. Presentation and analysis of data
B. Introduction D. Scope and limitation of the study

49. Having more or less 300 students in the third and fourth year nursing students, the BEST
method of gathering desired information is which of the following?
A. Structured interview C. Interview
B. Checklist D. Questionnaire

50. Prediction of the outcome of the research are stated as:

a. Methodology b. Sample c. Hypothesis d. Chi
Square

52. Which of the following communicate the results of the research to the reader. They
facilitate the description of the data:
a. Hypothesis b. Statistic c. Research problems d.
Tables

53. Quantitative data, is defined as the distance in the scoring units of the variables from the
highest point achieved to the lowest:
a. Frequency b. Mean c. Standard d. Range

54. This expresses the variability of the data in reference to the mean. It provides us with a
numerical estimate of how far, on the average separate observations are from the mean:
a. Percentile b. Standard Deviation c. Mean d. Median

55. The mode is:

a. The score of measure with the highest frequency
b. A measure of central tendency limited to descriptive use
c. The center of gravity of the distribution of scores
d. The most stables measure of control tendency
56. An abstract is:
a. A brief introduction to the study
b. Another way to state the research problem
c. A brief summary of the contents of the entire report
d. A summary of the important findings

57. Describes the tools, devices, tests and measures used in data collection:
a. Questionnaire c. Research methods
b. Sampling d. Instruments

58. It provides explicit explanation why the problem under study exist by showing how the
variables are related to each other:
a. Conceptual Paradigm c. Construct
b. Proportion d. Conceptual Framework

59 . When you identify the scheme or plan of action for meeting the objectives of the study, you
are identifying your:
a. Sampling Method c. Data Collection tools
b. Research Design d. Data Analysis plan

60. This statistical tool compares the responses of two respondent groups in the study on the
phenomenon under investigation:
a. U-test b. F-test c. T-test d. Chi square

61. Which of these uses sample data to predict future occurrences?

a. Hypothesis b. Descriptive statistics c. Inferential statistics d. B and C only

62. In the review of literature, when the researcher restated the material read in his own
words,it is called:
a. Summarizing b. Quoting c. Paraphrasing d. Footnoting
63. The observer is involved with the subjects and has full knowledge and awareness of the
subject to be observed:

a. Covert participant observer c. Participant observer

b. Overt participant observer c. Overt Non-participant observer

64. The totality of elements to which research findings may apply:

a. Population b. Universe c. Target population d. All except A

65. Quantitative research involves numerical data. Which of the following is based on
quantitative research?
A. The effects of regular nurse visits to client's bedside on the number of client's
calls to the nurse
B. A study on the effects of the white uniform of hospital personnel on pediatric patients
C. A study on benefits of pre-operative health instructions to client's feeling of anxiety
D. A study on the effects of touch on the client's feelings of isolation

66. Before the nurse researcher starts her study, she analyzes how much time, money,
materials and people she will need to complete the research project. This analysis prior to
beginning the study is called:
A. Validity C. Feasibility
B. Researcheability D. Reliability

67. When the researcher uses results of experiences and observations rooted in objective
reality as sources of knowledge, this is:
a.Control b. Manipulation c. Empiricism d. Objectivity

68. There should be no undue pressure, such as threats of penalty for failing to participate nor
excessive rewards for agreeing to participate:
a. Informed consent
b. Right to full disclosure
c. Right self-determination
d. Autonomy

69. "Leadership Practices of Clinical Nurse Managers And Staff nurses' Clinical Performance in
Selected Tertiary Hospitals in Metro Manila", is an example of:
 a. research problem
b. title
c. hypothesis
d. assumption

70. “Father “- strong, provider, head of the family and disciplinarian, is what type of definition?
a. Lexican
b. Connotative
c. Textual/conceptual
d. Denotative

71. __________ are placed at the end of the sentence of an article, chapter, book or essay:
a. footnotes
b. endnotes
c. bibliography
d. references

72 This involves two control groups and two experimental groups. One control and
experimental group takes the pre-test before treatment while the other group does not.
However, both groups will get the post-test after the treatment, thereby segregating the effects
of pre-test measure and intervention before and after treatment:
a. pretest-post test design
b. time series design
c. Solomon four group
d. two group pretest- post test

73. Nurse Rock has established that he expected ratio of smokers in a group of male
nurses was at 40:60. To compare the actual ratio against expected norm, the data would
have to be analyzed using a:
a. ANOVA
b. T-Test
c. Chi square
d. Standard deviation
74. CHI SQUARE is the most widely used statistical study to determine the
plausibility of the hypothesis. The chi square 0.24, which of following is an
explanation to this finding?
a. The null hypothesis is correct
b. The null hypothesis is incorrect
c. The alternative hypothesis is correct
d. The null hypothesis is possibly rejected

75. In correlation co-efficient, what does it mean if the p-value is .02?

a. Low Positive Correlation
b. Low negative correlation
c. High Positive Correlation
d. Perfect Positive Correlation