Patterns and functions – recursive number patterns

Look around you, can you see a pattern? A pattern is an arrangement of shapes, numbers or
objects formed according to a rule. Patterns are everywhere, you can find them in nature, art,
music and even in dance!
In this topic, we are looking at number patterns. A number pattern is a sequence or list of numbers
that is formed according to a rule.
Number patterns can use any of the four operations (+, –, ×, ÷) or even a combination.
In the example below, if we follow this instruction: “starting at 1 add 5 each time” we get this
number pattern:
1 6 11 16 21

+5 +5 +5 +5

1 Write the next 3 numbers in each sequence by following the rule:

a Rule: add 6 5  11  17   

b Rule: subtract 10 100  90  80   

c Rule: multiply by 2 2  4  8   

2 Figure out the missing numbers in each pattern and write the rule. Circle the ascending patterns.

a 14 21 35 42 b 17 37 57 c 75 30 15

Rule ____________________ Rule ____________________ Rule ____________________

d 16 24 40 e 63 54 36 27 f 63 56 42 35

Rule ____________________ Rule ____________________ Rule ____________________

3 Complete these grid patterns. Look closely at the numbers in the grid and follow the patterns.

a b c
66 3

32 76 17

40 42 84 23 25

50 52 96

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Patterns and functions – recursive number patterns

Some number patterns can be formed with 2 operations each time. For example:

2 ×2+3 7 ×2+3 17 ×2+3 37

The rule is multiply by 2 and add 3 each time.

4 With these number patterns, write the rule as 2 operations in the diamond shapes and describe it underneath.

a 1 ×2+ 4 10 22

The rule is ______________________

b 2 ×3+ 7 22 67

The rule is ______________________

5 Lena and Max were asked to show a number pattern for different rules. Check each sequence and put
a circle around any errors. You may use a calculator.
a Start at 2, add 1 and multiply by 2

Lena 2 6 14 30 62 126 254 510 1022

b Start at 3, add 1 and multiply by 2

Max 3 8 18 38 78 158 320 640 1280

6 Look at each pattern of shapes and see if you can predict the following:
a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

What will shape number 20 look like? Draw it here:

What will shape number 33 look like? Draw it here:

b
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

What will shape number 15 look like? Draw it here:

What will shape number 26 look like? Draw it here:

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Patterns and functions – function number patterns

There are 2 different types of rules that a number pattern can be based upon:
1 A recursive rule – used to continue the sequence by doing something to the number before it.
2 A function rule – used to predict any number by applying the rule to the position of the number.
A function rule is a rule based on the position of a number.
Consider this. Lucia was given this number pattern: 5 10 15 20 25
Her teacher asked her to work out what the 20th number would be without continuing the sequence.
Lucia used a table to work out the rule between the position of a number and the number in the
pattern. She worked out the rule to be × 5.

Position of number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Function rule ×5 ×5 ×5 ×5 ×5 ×5
Number pattern 5 10 15 20 25 100

So, following the rule based on the position of a number, the 20th number is 100.
This is a function rule.

1 Use the function rule and then apply the rule to position 20.

a
Position of number 1 2 3 4 5 20

Function rule

Number pattern 6 12 18 24 30

b
Position of number 1 2 3 4 5 20

Function rule HINT: In the

last pattern,
Number pattern 4 8 12 16 20 the rule has
2 operations.

c
Position of number 1 2 3 4 5 20

Function rule

Number pattern 8 16 24 32 40

d
Position of number 1 2 3 4 5 20

Function rule ×4+

Number pattern 7 11 15 19 23

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Patterns and functions – function number patterns

Function rules with 2 operations are easy to work out when we look at how they are linked to
the multiplication tables.

Position of number 1 2 3 4 5
2 times table + 3 2+3 4+3 6+3 8+3 10 + 3
Number pattern 5 7 9 11 13
Function rule Multiply by 2 and then add 3

This table shows that the number pattern is the same as the 2 times table with 3 added to
each answer.

2 Complete each table to show how function rules with 2 operations can be linked to multiplication tables.

a Position of number 1 2 3 4 5

3 times table + ______ 3 + ______ 6 + ______ 9 + ______ 12 + ______ 15 + ______

Number pattern 7 10 13 16 19

Function rule Multiply by 3 and then add ______

b Position of number 1 2 3 4 5

6 times table + ______ 6 + ______ 12 + ______ 18 + ______ 24 + ______ 30 + ______

Number pattern 8 14 20 26 32

Function rule Multiply by 6 and then add ______

c Position of number 1 2 3 4 5

____ times table + ____

Number pattern 11 19 27 35 43

Function rule

3 Complete this table to show the 4 times tables with 2 added.

a Position of number 1 2 3 4 5

4 times table + 2

Number pattern

Function rule

b What would the number in the 20th position be? ____________________________________________

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Patterns and functions – matchstick patterns

Use the function rule to predict geometric patterns with matchsticks. Here is an example.
Mia made this sequence of shapes with matchsticks:
Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3 Shape 4

If Mia followed this sequence, how many matchsticks will she need for shape 20?

Shape number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Number of matchsticks 3 6 9 12 15 60

Function rule Number of matchsticks = Shape number × ________

3

1 Complete the table for each sequence of matchstick shapes. Use the function rule for finding the number
of matchsticks needed for the shape in the 20th position.
a Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3

Shape number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Number of matchsticks 4 8 12

Function rule Number of matchsticks = Shape number × ___________

b Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3

Shape number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Number of matchsticks 6 12 18

Function rule Number of matchsticks = Shape number × ___________

c Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3

Shape number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Number of matchsticks 7 14 21

Function rule Number of matchsticks = Shape number × ___________

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Patterns and functions – matchstick patterns

This time the rule for this matchstick pattern has 2 operations. Can you see why?
Look for a multiplication pattern and how many extra there are in each shape.

Look for a repeating element. Then look to see what is added.

These are circled in the sequence below.
Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3 Shape 1 has 3 matchsticks 1 × 2 + 1 = 3
Shape 2 has 5 matchsticks 2 × 2 + 1 = 5
Shape 3 has 7 matchsticks 3 × 2 + 1 = 7

Shape number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Number of matchsticks 3 5 7 9 11 41
Function rule Number of matchsticks = Shape number × 2 + 1

2 In each of these patterns, look for the repeating element and then what is added each time:
a Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3

Shape number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Number of matchsticks 4 7 10

Function rule Number of matchsticks = Shape number × _____ + _____

b Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3

Shape number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Number of matchsticks

Function rule Number of matchsticks = Shape number × _____ + _____

c Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3

Shape number 1 2 3 4 5 20
Number of matchsticks

Function rule Number of matchsticks = Shape number × _____ + _____

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Patterns and functions – function machines

This is a function machine.

Numbers go in, have the rule applied,
and come out again.

IN RULE: OUT
2 6
×3
8 24
10 30

1 Look carefully at the numbers going in these function machines and the numbers coming out.
What rule are they following each time?
a b

IN RULE: OUT IN RULE: OUT

2 7 3 15

8 13 9 45

15 20 7 35

2 What numbers will come out of these function machines?

a b

IN RULE: OUT IN RULE: OUT

2
×6 24
÷8
11 48

9 72

3 What numbers go in to these number function machines?

a b

IN RULE: OUT IN RULE: OUT

– 12 24
+ 22 50

15 34

32 70

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Patterns and functions – function machines
4 Write the rule in each double function machine. Each rule is made up of 2 operations (× then +).
a b

IN RULE: OUT IN RULE: OUT

2 10 6 31

8 34 10 51

10 42 7 36

c d

IN RULE: OUT IN RULE: OUT

3 20 5 50

20 122 4 41

11 68 3 32

5 Which function machine will win this game of bingo? Write the numbers that come out and colour each
machine’s numbers in a different colour. Check which machine has 3 numbers in a line in any direction.

IN OUT
1

3 × 2 + 12
27 16 45 12 17 4

42 32 22 18 23

47 68 FREE
SPACE 18 29 IN OUT
1

2
15 20 37 15 32
3 × 5 + 22
4
14 30 43 16 35
5

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Patterns and functions – function tables with addition and subtraction

The function machines showed us that when a number goes in, it comes out changed by the rule
or the function. There are many function patterns in real life.
Look at this example:
At their Christmas fair, Middle Street Primary School charges $1.50 for a gift wrapping service.
This table shows the total cost of each wrapped gift and shows the rule.

Cost of unwrapped gift $7 $10 $15 $18

Cost of wrapped gift $8.50 $11.50 $16.50 $19.50

Rule Cost of unwrapped gift + $1.50 = Cost of wrapped gift

1 Complete the function table for the total cost of a day out at a fun park. You must pay an entry fee of $12
and purchase a wrist band for the amount of rides that you want to go on.

Wrist band 5 rides for $20 6 rides for $25 7 rides for $30 8 rides for $35

Total admission

Rule Wrist band + $12 = Total cost

2 Complete the function table for the total cost of lunch at a school canteen. Students pay $2.40 for a
sandwich and then choose what else they would like. Work out the total cost of lunch for each option.

Lunch option Drink: 80¢ Fruit: 95¢ Yoghurt: $1.10 Ice block: $1.50

Total cost of lunch

Rule Lunch option + $2.40 = Total cost of lunch

3 5F have fitness every Thursday afternoon for 30 minutes. Each week they complete a fitness activity and
then play running games. Work out how much time is left for games after each activity.

Skipping Star jumps Push ups Sit ups

Activity
10 minutes 12 minutes 15 minutes 16 minutes

Time left for games

Rule 30 minutes – length of time of activity = Time left for games

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Patterns and functions – function tables with multiplication

Let’s look at more real life function tables, this time based on multiplication.
By working out the function, you can extend the pattern to find out unknowns.
For example:
A bakery makes 10 cupcakes an hour.
The rule to work out the number of cupcakes this bakery produces within a certain amount of time is:
Number of hours × 10 = Number of cupcakes

Hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cupcakes 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

How many cupcakes will it make in 1 day?

This table only goes up to 8 hours but we can use the function to answer this question:
24 hours × 10 cupcakes = 240 cupcakes

1 Complete the function tables, write the rule and answer the question.

a A dry cleaner charges $2 to iron a shirt.

Number of shirts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cost $2 $4 $6
Write the rule for finding out the cost of ironing
shirts when you know how many shirts:
How much does it cost to have 12 shirts ironed?

b Monica and Anna have a lemonade stand outside their house. For every litre of lemonade they make
4 cups to sell.
Litres 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cups 4 8
Write the rule for finding out how
many cups are needed when you know
how many litres have been made:
How many cups will be needed if they have
enough to make 12 litres of lemonade?

c At a cinema, the lollies are sold by weight. 1 scoop costs 50¢.

Scoops of lollies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cost 50¢ $1
Write the rule to find out the cost of the
lollies when you know how many scoops:
How many scoops of lollies can I get for $10?

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Rows and columns apply

Getting
ready This is a game for 2 players. For this game you will need 2 dice, this page
and 12 counters each, in 2 different colours. A calculator is optional.

What Roll both dice, add them together and put this value in the function rule.
to do
For example, if I roll 3 and 5, I add these and get 8. I put 8 into the first rule and get
8 × 7 – 3 = 53. I place one of my counters on 53.
If the answer is already taken, you lose a turn.
The winner is the player with the most counters in any row or column after 3 rounds
of each function rule. (The numbers do not have to be next to each other, although
you could play like that if you wanted a longer game.)

Function Rule 1 Function Rule 2 Function Rule 3

×7–3 6× (8 × ) – 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

What to Change the object of the game. For example, the winner might be the person who
do next
has their counters on the most even numbers.

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 Pizza Pizzazz solve

Getting
ready Pizza Pizzazz is the name of a pizza delivery company
that you work for on the weekends. You drive all around
town delivering hot and tasty pizzas in record time.
To encourage you to uphold the company guarantee
of delivering pizzas in record time, your boss has
given you a choice of bonus scheme.

What Which scheme pays the best bonus?

to do
Use the tables below to work out which payment system is best.

Payment System 1 Payment System 2

For each pizza that you deliver, For each pizza that you deliver, your
you will get $2. bonus will double, starting at 50¢.

Number of pizzas Bonus Number of pizzas Bonus

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

Which bonus scheme would you choose and why?

What to Can you think of when the other bonus scheme would be better?
do next

Which bonus scheme do you think your boss would prefer you to choose?

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Equations and equivalence – understanding equivalence

An equation is like a set of balanced scales. Both sides are equal.

Look at the scale on the right.
On one side are 4 black triangles and 3 grey triangles. 4 + 3
On the other side is the problem 4 + 3.
Is this a balanced equation?
Yes, because they both represent 7.
4 + 3 = 7
Sometimes, we haven’t been given all the information and
we have to work it out. This is what algebra is – solving missing number puzzles.

1 Make these scales balance by adding the missing value:

a b
5 + 5 +

2 These scales have number problems on each side. One side has a complete problem. On the other side,
you need to work out the missing value. Write the value in the box so that the scales balance:

a b
5 × 19 + 11 18 + 50 – 14

c d
5 × 9 + 15 – 5 35 ÷ 7

e
9 × 100 – 19
It will help to
write the answers
next to each sum.

f
33 ÷ 3 22 –

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Equations and equivalence – understanding equivalence

If the sides are not balanced, we say the equation is unequal.

Look at these scales:
5 × 4 is greater than 5 + 4
So instead of an equals sign, we use the greater than sign:
5 × 4 > 5 + 4

3 Complete the following scales and inequalities by adding greater than (>) or less than (<):

a 12 + 13 b 3 × 8

8 × 7 12 × 4

8 × 7 12 + 13 3 × 8 12 × 4

4 In these problems, you have to add both the symbol and a value that would make the equation true.
Remember, just like with ordinary scales, the bigger value will be lower down.

a b
17 + ?
7 × 7
100 – ?
4 × 12 HINT: there are
many values
that would work
in the boxes!
4 × 12 > 17 + 7 × 7 100 –

c d
120 – ?
8 × 6
9 × ?
9 × 9

9 × 9 120 – 8 × 6 9 ×

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Equations and equivalence – using symbols

Symbols help us when we have more than one number to find.

A symbol can be any shape and stands for any unknown numbers.

1 Work out the value of the diamond in each question. Notice the same symbol is added 3 times.
Your 3 times tables will help here.

a
12
+ + = 12

b
36
+ + = 36

c
45
+ + = 45

2 Find the value of the symbols. Remember that if a symbol is used Guess, check and improve
more than once, it means it is the same value again. strategy will help here.

a  +  +  = 9 =
b  ×  = 36 =
c  ×  = 49 =

3 Find the value of the symbols and then check if you are right by using
the same value in the question alongside it.

a  ×  = 81  ×  = 36
 =
 =

b  +  +  = 29  ×  = 60
 =
 =

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Equations and equivalence – using symbols

Known values can help us work out the values of the secret symbols.
Your knowledge of inverse operations will also come in handy.

 = 12 By knowing the value of  we can work out 
 +  = 20 12 +  = 20, so  = 8
 +  = 13
By knowing the value of , we can work out 
 = _____
 = _____  + 8 = 13, so  = 5

4 Look carefully at the example above and follow the steps to find out the values of these secret symbols:

a  = 15 b  = 54
 +  = 40  ÷  = 9
 +  = 65  ÷  = 3

 = __________  = __________
 = __________  = __________

5 This time you must find the value of 3 different symbols    using the clues in each step:

a  ×  = 16 b  +  = 50 c  +  = 20
 +  = 100   = 5
÷  ×  = 72
 –  =   +  =  13 –  = 5

 =  =  =
 =  =  =
 =  =  =

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Equations and equivalence – keeping balance

We can work out how many counters are in each box by keeping balance.
Here is our equation. How do we work out how many counters
are in each box? We use a symbol to represent the unknown.
2 × + 2 = 10

If we take away 2 from each side, we maintain the balance

and make the problem easier. We now have to work out
the value of
2 × = 8
2 × 4 = 8

This works because 2 × 4 + 2 = 10

1 Find out how many counters are in each of the boxes. Remember to take away the same amount on both
sides so the balance is kept.

a I will take away from each side. This leaves me with:

3 × =

This works because 3 × + 2 = 11

b I will take away from each side. This leaves me with:

2 × =

This works because 2 × + =

c I will take away from each side. This leaves me with:

× =

This works because 2 × + =

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Equations and equivalence – keeping balance

In this activity you need to find out what each counter is worth.
Step 1 Make the number stand alone by keeping balance.
Step 2 Write an equation to solve.

24

24 = × 6
= 4

2 Look carefully at each balanced scale and work out what the symbols equal:

a b

18 49

18 = × 49 = ×

= =

c d
60 36

60 = × 36 = ×

= =

3 This time use guess, check and improve to work out what the value of the symbols could be. The symbols
have the same value on both scales.

=
  16  12
 =

=

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 Magician’s hat trick solve

Getting Mandana the magician is the master of optical illusions, magic tricks and
ready
disappearing acts.
One of his favourite tricks, is the disappearing act where he waves his wand
and things disappear … or do they?
Abrakazaam Work out what he has hidden under his top hat.
abrakazoo … Clue: It is only one thing – either a rabbit, a book or a pineapple.
look carefully at
these clues!
CLUE 1

CLUE 2

What
to do Underneath Mandana the magician’s hat is:

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