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Chapter 2

The document discusses cell structure and organization. It describes that cells are the basic units of life and contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. The nucleus contains genetic material and controls cell activities. The cytoplasm contains organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles that carry out specialized functions. Plant and animal cells differ in structures like the presence of a cell wall and chloroplasts. Cells specialize through differentiation to perform specific functions.

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46 views32 pages

Chapter 2

The document discusses cell structure and organization. It describes that cells are the basic units of life and contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. The nucleus contains genetic material and controls cell activities. The cytoplasm contains organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles that carry out specialized functions. Plant and animal cells differ in structures like the presence of a cell wall and chloroplasts. Cells specialize through differentiation to perform specific functions.

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HC Gamer
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CELL

CELL STRUCTURE
CELLS

•Cells are the building blocks of life.


•They are the simplest units that
have all the characteristics of life.
PROTOPLASM
• Each living cell consist of living material called protoplasm.
• Protoplasm is a jelly-like substance.
• Made up of about 70% water.
• Contains other substances like protein, carbohydrates and fats.
PARTS OF THE CELL
• A cell has three basic parts:
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Surface Membrane/ Cell Plasma Membrane
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
• NUCLEUS
•One or more per cell
•Spherical shape
•Denser than surrounding cytoplasm
NUCLEUS
• Consists of a small round mass of denser protoplasm called
nucleoplasm, surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear
envelope.
• Functions:
• Controls cell activities such as cell growth
• Is essential for cell division.
CHROMATIN
• Network of long thread-like structure found within the
nucleus.
• Each chromatin thread is made up of proteins and a
compound called DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid.
Hereditary information is stored in the DNA.
• When a cell is dividing, the chromatin threads become
highly coiled structures called CHROMOSOMES.
CHROMOSOMES
- Usually in the form of
chromatin
- Contains genetic
information
- Composed of DNA
- Thicken for cellular division
- Set number per species
(i.e. 23 pairs for human)
Nuclear membrane

- Surrounds
nucleus
- Composed of
two layers
- Numerous
openings for
nuclear traffic
Nucleolus
- Spherical shape
- Visible when cell
is not dividing
- Contains RNA for
protein
manufacture
CYTOPLASM
Collective term for cytosol and organelles
contained within
Colloidal suspension
Cytosol mainly composed of water with free-
floating molecules
Viscosity constantly changes
Centrioles
- Paired cylindrical
organelles near nucleus
- Composed of nine tubes,
each with three tubules
- Involved in cellular
division (formation of
spindle fibres)
- Lie at right angles to each
other
Chloroplasts
- Usually found in
plant cells
- Contain green
pigment,
chlorophyll
- Where
photosynthesis
takes place
Endoplasmic reticulum
- Tubular network connected to
the nuclear membrane
- Goes through cytoplasm onto
cell membrane
- Stores, separates, and serves
as cell's transport system
- Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
- Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
Functions of the SER
• Synthesizes
substances such as
fat and steroids.
• Converts harmful
substances into
harmless materials.
This process is called
detoxification.
Golgi apparatus
- Protein 'packaging plant‘
- A membrane structure found near nucleus
- Composed of numerous layers forming a sac
Functions of the Golgi Apparatus
• Stores and
modifies
substances made
by the ER.
• Packages these
substances in
vesicles for
secretion out of
the cell.
Lysosome
- Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
- Transports undigested material to cell membrane for
removal
- Vary in shape depending on process being carried out
- Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
Mitochondria
- Second largest organelle
with unique genetic
structure
- Double-layered outer
membrane with inner folds
called cristae
- Energy-producing chemical
reactions take place on
cristae
- Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
- Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates, and forms
urea
Ribosomes
- Each cell contains thousands
- Miniature 'protein factories‘
- Composes 25% of cell's mass
- Stationary type: embedded in
rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Mobile type: injects proteins
directly into cytoplasm
Vacuoles
- Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion, and
waste removal
- Contains water solution
- Contractile vacuoles for
water removal (in
unicellular organisms)
Cell wall
- Most commonly found in
plant cells
- Controls turgidity
- Extracellular structure
surrounding plasma
membrane
- Made from cellulose (a
polysaccharide)
- Fully permeable
Plasma membrane
- Outer membrane of cell that
controls cellular traffic
- Allow passage of materials
- Made from a phospholipid
bi-layer.
- Is partially permeable
Differences between plant and animal cells.
• PLANT CELL • ANIMAL CELL
• Cell wall present • Cell wall absent
• Chloroplast present • Chloroplast absent
• Centrioles absent • Centrioles present
• A large central vacuole • Vacuoles are small and many
Differentiation
• Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised for
a specific function.

• Levels of organization
Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
SPECIALISED CELLS
RED BLOOD CELL
• Has a red pigment called
haemoglobin. Haemoglobin
transports oxygen.
• Has no nucleus, enabling it to
carry more haemoglobin and
hence more oxygen.
• Has a circular biconcave shape.
This increases the surface area
to volume ratio of the cell. As
a result, oxygen can diffuse at
a faster rate.
XYLEM VESSEL
• Long hollow tubes able to
conduct water and mineral
salts from the roots up.
• Do not have cross-walls or
protoplasm enabling water to
move easily through the
lumen.
• Lignin is deposited on the
walls. Lignin strengthens the
walls and prevents the vessels
from collapsing.
ROOT HAIR CELL
• Being long and narrow increases the surface area to
volume ratio of the cell, making absorption faster.
• Is a living cell, capable to active transport.
• One-cell thick making diffusion faster.
• Highly concentrated cell sap maintains concentration
gradient.

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