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retrofitting of reinforced concrete slab

Article · July 2021

DOI: 10.1409/182

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 retrofitting of reinforced concrete slab
ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim mahmoud badran1 , Ahmed mohamed
gaafer mohamed elsayed1, Ahmed mohamed abo el maati mohamed1,
𝐴ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙2

(1. Students And 2 Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University)

Abstract

In this research we will talk about retrofitting of reinforced concrete slab

what is the reason of the problem and how deal with this problem and in
this research it will show different ways to retrofit the slab by chemical
materials and other things like steel in different shapes like bars or sheets
of steel we will talk about kinds of problems that may happen in the slap.

This research is a summary of previous researchers work done in this area

Introduction

in slabs there cracks happen because of high load that happen when
we change usage of the building and cracks because of chemical in
concrete and use water has a lot of obstacle or another problem like
shrinkage of concrete that happen in some zones that have bad
weather

The creation of openings in the slabs after construction is typical to

pass the new services that satisfy the occupants' desires, such as
water or gas piping, ventilation, electricity, elevator, and staircase
The possibility of punching shear failure increases by creating
openings next to the columns due to removing a substantial amount
of concrete from the critical section around columns, which is
responsible for resisting the punching force and several flexural bars
are also cut. This undesirable impact of openings gets more severe
when they are not taken into account during the design, or they are
installed after the construction of slabs. The opening influence could
be minimized when they are positioned away from the columns, or
the slab depth is increased. Nevertheless, the decline in slabs'
strength owing to openings is inevitable, and therefore, an accurate
evaluation of the opening effect is essential .
 1- MohammedJ.HusseinHussainA.JabirThaarS.Al-Gasham

Al-Esraa University College, IraqbCivil Engineering Department,

College of Engineering, University of Wasit, Iraq

We will focus in this research in how retrofitting of the slab applied for
retrofitting the concrete slab are patching, injection of epoxy and
lamination of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP). The concrete
slabs are tested under the four point flexural bending test. The test is
conducted in the Heavy Structures. The design for the sample is in
accordance to the code of practiceThe size of the slab specimens are
designed to be 1000 mm of length, 500 mm of width and with 75 mm
thickness. The Figure 1 shows the sketch of slab sample dimension that
laid with concrete reinforcement wire mesh (BRC) of 7 mm diameter size
with cross-sectional area of 200 mm x 100 mm. This experiment is
carried out by preparing four samples of slab concrete. The first sample
used is taken as the control specimen, while the other three samples are
used for the retrofitting and strengthening methods. The first sample of
slab also known as the control sample was applied with preliminary load
until it reached a failure mode. While the rest of the samples were tested
under the same load until it achieved the required crack width of range
from 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm opening .
The samples of the slab are grinded for a smoother surface before
laminating CFRP. After the grinding process, the surface of the sample is
cleaned using an air compressor. Then the surface of the slab was patched
using Sikadur 31and the Epo Bond Primer was applied onto the slab to
make the surface of slab free from the dust before laminating the CFRP.
The proportion ratio of Epo Bond Primer for part A and part B is 2:1. In
this experiment, two sheets of CFRP mat were measured in 500 mm x
500 mm per sheet. Epo Bond CF was used to laminate the CFRP mat on
the surface of slab and between the two sheets of CFRP itself. The
characteristic of CFRP is shown in Table 1 .

2-Norliyati Mohd Amin* , Nur Aqilah Aziz, Ilya Joohari, Anizahyati Alisibramulisi Institut
Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management (IIESM), Faculty of Civil Engineering
(FCE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Shape of cracks in slab .

Solving these problem

1-retrofitting with carbon sheet

The cosmetic layer, oil, dirt etc. Of concrete surface should be chiseled off and then rubbed
off 1 ~2 mm thick surface layer with the angle grinder, concrete components should be
handled by chamfering on the corner, dust was blew out with compressed air after the
completion Of polishing, and finally the surface was wiped by cotton cloth dipped in acetone,
and kept dry for use. If the concrete needed to strengthen existed cracks, first choose HM-
120M perfusion adhesive or HM-120L pouring crack adhesive to perfuse according to the
size of crack, and then strengthen.

>>Primer construction

When construction, two components of HM-180 primer were weighed according to the
stipulated proportion of preparing glue, and dumped into a clean container and stirred to
uniformity (when mixing, best mix along the same direction to avoid the air from form
ingair bubbles.) Brush or roller brush was used to evenly brush on the concrete surface,
after the glue surface layer dried, it should be brushed several times depending on the
particular circumstances, but the coating thickness did not exceed 0.4 mm, and it should not
be missed out to brush, or have flowing or bubbles, waiting for glue curing (curing time was
depended on the site temperature, it was appropriate when finger felt dry, generally not less
than 2 hours), then the next process was proceeded. The glue prepared every time should be
used up one time during the applicable period of the glue.

>>Leveling construction

The pores and defects on concrete surface were filled by HM-180CE leveling adhesive. When
depression area was existed, the prepared leveling adhesive was used to repair and fill
through scraper embedding and scraping, the position emerging altitude difference such as
the joint of templates should be filled by leveling adhesive, which tried to minimize the
height difference. The treatment of corner was that it was repaired to smooth arc through
leveling adhesive, its radius was not more than 20mm. After the leveling adhesive cured
(curing time was depended on the site temperature, it was appropriate when finger felt dry,
generally not less than 2 hours), the next process should be proceeded further.

>>Paste of unidirectional carbon fiber sheet

HM-180C3P carbon fiber impregnated adhesive was smeared to the pasted area evenly, the
corner site was more smeared appropriately. Paste after hauling unidirectional
carbon fiber sheet tight and alignment, use a plastic scraper or roller (a paint roller that the
villus was removed outside) to roll repeatedly along the same direction, until the glue
compound exuded. And then smear impregnated adhesive to the outside surface of the
carbon fiber sheet evenly, and roll repeatedly that the impregnated adhesive can immerse
the carbon fiber sheet in two ways, if it is multi-paste, until your fingers touch dry, the next
layer of paste can be beginner. If the carbon fiber sheet needs overlapping.

>>Curing and conservation

Prevent rain or moisture 24 hours after the completion of construction, and pay attention to
protection against a hard Object bumping into the surface of the construction. When the
average air temperature is 20 , 25 ℃ , the curing time is not less than 3 days; when the
average air temperature is 10 ℃, the curing time is not less than 7 days.

3-Anuradha Silva
University of Melbourne | MSD · Department of Infrastructure
Engineering Master of Philosophy

USING IBEAM SEC

. create hole in Parallel beams -1

installing metal angles and fixing them with bolt connection-2

Placing the cross steel beams-3

Welding it with angles-4

Covering from the bottom with a net-5

works of whiteness-6

3-dr noha soliman –menofia university

Adding new steel net in the slab

Make the surface rough-1

growth piles-2

put adhesive mortar -3

put steel strip-4

installing the strips with additional adhesive material-5

paints for steel to prevent rusting-6

Increasing depth of the slab

Make the surface rough-1

growth piles-2

put adhesive mortar -3

put steel strip-4

installing the strips with additional adhesive material-5

paints for steel to prevent rusting-6

Add sheet of steel

Make the surface rough-1

growth piles-2

put adhesive mortar -3

put steel strip-4

installing the strips with additional adhesive material-5

paints for steel to prevent rusting-6

Using atie in cantliver

Using post in cantliver

The slabs were reinforced identically at the top and bottom. In the top
and bottom meshes, bars of 8 mm and 10 mm diameters with yield
strengths of 310 MPa and 414 MPa, respectively, were used at spacings
of 200 mm center-to-center, as depicted in . In slabs with openings, bars
were scissored throughout the openings, and no special reinforcement
around openings was supplied to give a convincing idealization for
openings created after the construction.

The reinforcement meshes were placed into wooden forms and set with
a clear cover of 15 mm from the top and bottom faces. The specimens
were then cast from one concrete batch to exclude the unrequired
difference in the concrete grade; the target strength of concrete at 28
days was 35 MPa. Ordinary Portland cement, sand, gravel with a 10 mm
maximum size were used in the adopted mix. The water to cement
ratio was set as 0.46, and a high-range water reducer (HRWR) named
BETONAC-BVF was utilized to improve the strength, quality, and
workability of the mixture

. Table 2

lists the quantities of the constitutive materials required for 1 m3 of

concrete. For each slab, three standard cubes of 150 mm side length
were poured. After hardening, specimens with their cubes were kept in
basins full of water at room temperature for 28 days for curing, and they
 were then removed from basins and dried for the purpose of
testing. Table 1 lists the compressive strength of each slab based on the
average values of associated cubes. In general, the average compressive
strength of six slabs was 39.5 MPa.

Table 2. Mixing quantites of concrete for one cubic meter (kg/m3).

Cement Sand Coarse aggregate Water w/c Super-plasticizer

380 650 1200 175 0.46 3.5

REFERENCES
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3. EL-Khouly, A. F., A. Nabil, and N. N. Meleka. "A State-Of-The-Art Review on

Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Openings."

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Concrete Columns Strengthened with Externally Bonded GFRP and Near Surface Mounted
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8. - MohammedJ.HusseinHussainA.JabirThaarS.Al-Gasham Al-Esraa University College,

IraqbCivil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Wasit, Iraq

9. Norliyati Mohd Amin* , Nur Aqilah Aziz, Ilya Joohari, Anizahyati Alisibramulisi Institut
Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management (IIESM), Faculty of Civil
Engineering (FCE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

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