TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Algebra
SET THEORY AND POLYNOMIALS PROBLEM 3
A survey of 500 students at a college, it was found that 49% liked
Set Theory watching football, 53% liked watching hockey and 62% liked watching
A set is a gathering together into a whole of definite, distinct objects basketball. Also, 27% liked watching football and hockey both, 29%
of our perception or of our thought – which are called elements of liked watching basketball and hockey both and 28% liked watching
the set. football and basketball both. 5% liked watching none of these games.
How many students like watching all the three games?
Cardinality of a Set – “the number of member of ‘S’” usually
denoted as |S| or n(S) THEORY OF EQUATIONS

Special Sets Synthetic Division

{} or Ø – Null Set or empty set
{x} or x – unit set, which contains exactly one element PROBLEM 4
Perform the operation shown using synthetic division:
P – set of all prime numbers
2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
Z – the set of all integers
R – the set of all real numbers 2𝑥 + 3
H – denoted the set of all quaternions Factoring Method
N – the set of all natural numbers
Q – the set of all rational numbers PROBLEM 5
C – the set of all complex numbers Factor completely 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8?

Union Integral Upper Bound and Lower Bound Test

The union of A and B denoted as A ꓴ B is the set of all things
that are members of A or B. PROBLEM 6
Predict on what integral does all possible real roots of the equation
Intersection 10𝑥 4 − 29𝑥 3 + 80𝑥 2 − 119𝑥 − 78 = 0 using the integral upper bound
and lower bound test.
The intersection of A and B denoted by A ꓵ B is the set of all
things.
DESCARTES RULE OF SIGNS
PROBLEM 1 Positive Roots
For the Venn Diagram as shown below. List all the elements that The rule states that if the terms of a single-variable polynomial with
belongs to sets below. real coefficients are ordered with descending variable exponents then
the number of positive roots of the polynomial is either equal to the
number of the sign differences between consecutive non-zero
coefficients or is less than it by an even number. Multiple roots of the
same value are counted.

Negative Roots
As a corollary of the rule, the number of negative roots is the number
of sign changes after multiplying the coefficients of odd-power terms
a) U by −1, or fewer than it by an even number. This procedure is
b) P equivalent to substituting the negation of the variable for the variable
c) P ꓵ R itself.
d) R ꓴ Q
PROBLEM 7
e) Q’ Determine the possible number of positive roots and negative roots of
f) P ꓵ Q ꓵ R the equation 10𝑥 4 − 29𝑥 3 + 80𝑥 2 − 119𝑥 − 78 = 0.

PRINCINCIPLE OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION PROBLEM 8

Provides an organized method to find the number of elements in For the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥 4 − 29𝑥 3 + 80𝑥 2 − 119𝑥 − 78,
the union of a given group of sets, the size of each set, and the size determine all the four roots of the polynomial.
of all possible intersections among the sets.

𝑛 𝑛 WORDED PROBLEMS INVOLVING POLYNOMIALS

|⋃ 𝐴1 | = ∑|𝐴1 | − ∑|𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 | + ∑ |𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘 | PROBLEM 9

𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖<𝑗<𝑘 An oil tank is in the shape of a right circular cylinder with a
hemisphere at each end. The cylinder is 55 inches long, and the
− ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−1 |𝐴𝑖 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝐴𝑛 | volume of the tank is 20 cubic ft. Determine the radius of the cylinder.
PROBLEM 2 PROBLEM 10
In a college, 200 students are randomly selected. 140 like tea, 120 A rectangular storage unit has dimensions 1 by 2 by 3 feet. If each
like coffee and 80 like both tea and coffee. dimension is increased by the same amount, how much should this
a) How many students like only tea? amount be to create a new storage unit with volume 10 times the old?
b) How many students like only coffee?
c) How many students like neither tea nor coffee?
d) How many students like tea or coffee?
e) How many students like only one of tea or coffee?
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Algebra

PROBLEM 11 PROBLEM 22
𝑥 2 −36
Mrs. West has decided to take her fifth-grade class to a play. The Solve for ≥0
𝑥 2 −1
manager of the theater agreed to discount the regular 40php price
of the ticket by 0.20Php for each ticket sold. The cost of the bus, PROBLEM 23
500Php, will be split equally among each of the students. How √𝑥 2 −4
many students must attend to keep the cost per student at or Solve for ≤0
𝑥−8
below 40php?
PROBLEM 24
PROBLEM 12 Solve for |2𝑥 + 4| ≥ 6
The profit of a company is governed by the polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 −
13𝑥 2 + 47𝑥 − 35, where x is the number of units sold in thousands. PROBLEM 25
How many units does the company have to sell to break even? Solve for |2𝑥 + 4| ≤ 6

PARTIAL FRACTIONS DOMAIN AND RANGE

𝑛(𝑥)
Rules in writing a rational expression as sum of partial PROBLEM 26
𝑑(𝑥)
fractions. Determine if the rational expression is proper or improper. Get the domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10

Proper – the degree of 𝑛(𝑥) < 𝑑(𝑥) PROBLEM 27

Improper – the degree of 𝑛(𝑥) ≥ 𝑑(𝑥)
Determine the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − sin⁡(𝑥)
If Proper, proceed to 4 cases of proper partial fraction:
Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) BINOMIAL EXPANSION
Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors of (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
Case 3: Distinct Irreducible Quadratic Factors PROBLEM 28
Case 4: Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factors Determine the fourth term of (2𝑥 + 4𝑦)6

If Improper, divide 𝑛(𝑥) by 𝑑(𝑥) by long division and PROBLEM 29

express it as Find the term involving 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 in the expansion of (4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧)5
𝑛(𝑥) 𝑅
= 𝑄(𝑥) + PROBLEM 30
𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥)
And the resolve
𝑅
as usual proper partial fraction. Find the term involving 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 in the expansion of (4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧)5
𝑑(𝑥)

SUM OF COEFFICIENTS
PROBLEM 13
3𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4
Resolve into partial fractions. PROBLEM 31
(𝑥+3)(8𝑥 2+28𝑥+24)
Solve for the sum of coefficients of (2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧)5
PROBLEM 14
6𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +4𝑥+9 PROBLEM 32
Resolve into partial fractions.
(𝑥 2 )(3𝑥−6)2 Solve for the sum of coefficients of (2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3)5

PROBLEM 15
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+6
Resolve (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 into partial fractions.
+3𝑥+4)

PROBLEM 16
𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4
Resolve (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
into partial fractions.

PROBLEM 17
6𝑥 3 −7𝑥 2 −16𝑥+27
Resolve into partial fractions.
6𝑥 2 −7𝑥−5

INEQUALITIES

PROBLEM 18
Solve for 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ≥ −48

PROBLEM 19
Solve for √𝑥 − 2 ≤ 4

PROBLEM 20
Solve for 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6 < 0

PROBLEM 21
Solve for 𝑥 4 + 2 > 0
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Trigonometry
MEASUREMENT SITUATION 6
1 revolution = 2π radians (r) = 360 degrees (º) 14. If the sin θ = ¼, then what is tan (θ/2)?
= 400 grads (g) = 6400 mils (m)
1 degree (º) = 60 minutes (‘) 15. Angle β is on QIII while angle α is on QI. If cosβ = -4/9 and tan
1 minute (‘) = 60 seconds (“) α = ¼, what is the value of cos(α+β)?

SITUATION 1 16. Simplify 2sin2x – 1 using one trigonometric function

An irregular shaped lot consist of a circular sector. Based on the
cadastral surveys, the lot has an average radius of 15 m with an 80 17. Simplify sin(3y) cos(3y) using one trigonometric function
gradian corner.
1. Determine the length of curved side
2. Determine the area of the lot Plane Triangles
3. Determine the perimeter of the lot
18. A man finds the angle of elevation of the top of a tower to be 30
SITUATION 2 degrees. He walks 85 m nearer the tower and find its angle of
A bicycle has a pedal gear of radius of 4 ½” and three gang wheel elevation to be 60 degrees. What is the height of the tower?
gears of radius 1”, 2” and 3”. A gear chain connects efficiently the
pedal and wheel gear. If a bicycle rider uses the bike and rides at
the speed of 2 ft/s, 19. An engineer is trying to
4. Determine the angular speed of the pedal gear. determine width of the lake AB
5. Determine the angular speed of the smallest wheel gear when the while in a hot air balloon 200m
chain is transferred to it. directly above the lake as shown.
6. Determine the angular speed of the largest wheel gear when the The engineer noticed that the
chain is transferred to it. angle of depression to one side of
a lake is 43º12’; while, the angle
Trigonometric Functions of depression to the opposite side
of the lake is 27º07’ Find the width
7. If the sinβ = 3/5 but the cosβ <0, what quadrant is the angle β of the lake.
located?
20. From the top of a hill 720 ft. high, the angles of depression of
8. If tan α = 3/7 and angle α is on the QIII, determine the other the top and the base of a tower are, respectively, 38° 30' and 51 °
trigonometric vales of the given angle α. 25'. Find the height of the tower.

Trigonometric Properties Oblique Triangles

SINE Law
y = A sin B ( x − C )  + D a b c
= =
SINUSOIDAL sin A sin B sin C
y = A cos B ( x − C )  + D
y = A tan B ( x − C )  + D COSINE Law
y = A cot B ( x − C )  + D a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
ASYMPTOTIC
y = A sec B ( x − C )  + D b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
y = A csc B ( x − C )  + D c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C

A = amplitude B = angular frequency 21. The angle of elevation of the tower from A is 25 degrees. From
C = phase shift D = vertical shift another point B, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 56°.
if the distance between A and B is 300 m and on the same horizontal
plane as the foot of the tower. The horizontal angle subtended by A
SITUATION 3 and B at the foot of the tower is 70°. What is the height of the tower?
Given the function y = 5cos (3x + 5π) + 2, identify the following
9. Amplitude 10. Period 11. Frequency
12. Phase shift 13. Vertical shift 22. Two ranger stations are on a east-west line 110 mi apart. A
forest is located on a bearing of N 42º E from the western station at
Trigonometric Identities A and a bearing of N 15º E from the eastern station at B. How far is
Pythagorean Identities the fire from the western station?
cos2  + sin2  = 1 1 + tan2  = sec 2  cot 2  + 1 = csc 2 
Sum and Difference Identities 23. A ship leaves its home port and sails on a bearing of S 5 1º20'
sin ( A  B ) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B cos ( A  B ) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B E. Another ship leaves the same port at the same time and sails on
tan A  tan B a bearing of N 28º10' E. if the first ship sails at 24 mph and the
tan ( A  B ) = second sails at 28 mph, find the distance between the two ships
1m tan A tan B
after 4 hrs.
Double Angle Identities
2 tan
sin2 = 2sin cos cos2 = cos2  − sin2  tan2 =
1 − tan2 
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Trigonometry

Triangle inequality and ambiguity

SITUATION 7
Given triangle ABC, how many possible triangles can be formed for
the following conditions:
24. BC = 15cm, AC = 7cm, AB = 8cm

25. BC = 17cm, AC = 12cm, AB = 7cm

26. BC = 16cm, AC = 26cm, angle A = 42.3°

27. AB = 37cm, AC = 26cm, angle B = 32.5°

Polar And Rectangular Coordinates

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

28. The rectangular coordinates of a point having the polar

coordinate (7, 38°) is?
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid Geometry

CIRCLES
PLANE GEOMETRY (Key Points)
Circumference (or perimeter),
𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝅𝒅
GENERAL POLYGON (N-SIDES)
Sum of the interior angles S = 180(n-2) degrees
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟑)⁄ Area,
Number of Diagonals 𝒅 = 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏⁄𝟒 𝝅𝑫𝟐
Regular Polygons (equal sides and equal interior angles)

Theorems on Circles
TRIANGLES (n=3) Central Angle Theorem Thales’ Theorem
Perimeter, P = a + b + c
Semi perimeter, s = P/2

Given all sides: Heron’s Formula ϴ

𝑨 = √𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄); 𝒔 = 𝑷⁄𝟐

Given two sides and an included angle:

𝑨 = 𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝜃 = 2𝛼
Given a side and a perpendicular distance from the opposite vertex:
𝑨 = 𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒃𝒉
Power Theorem
Cross-Chord Theorem

Lines Of The Triangle

D
Medians: Centroid B
𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
Angle Bisector: Incenter A
A
Altitude: Orthocenter
Perpendicular Bisectors: Circumcenter C
E
Radius of an inscribed circle, Secant-Secant Theorem
𝒓𝒊 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂⁄𝒔

Radius of a circumscribing circle:

𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝒓𝒄 = = = = 𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
𝟒𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
Radius of an escribed circle: 𝒓 =
(𝒔−𝒂)

Secant-Tangent: 𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑥 𝐴𝐷
QUADRILATERALS (n=4)

General Quadrilaterals
𝑷 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅
(𝐴𝐵)2 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
Given the lengths of diagonals and the angle between them:
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟐
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
Given all sides and sum of opposite angles(E):
𝑬 𝟐 General Polygons
𝑨 = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) − 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 )
𝟐
Situation:
A circle is inscribed in a regular polygon whose sum of its interior angles equal
Cyclic Quadrilaterals to 540 degrees. If the radius of the circle is 5m,
(a) find the area between the circle and the polygon.
Sum of opposite angles, E = 180 degrees (b) Find the area of the circle that circumscribes the polygon
Area,
𝑨 = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) Triangles

Ptolemy’s Theorem, A triangle has its two sides 6 m and 20 m. The perimeter may be
𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅 = 𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 a.) 54 c.) 51
b.) 53 d.) 52
Radius of the circumscribing circle:
√(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒄𝒅)(𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅)(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄) Situation:
𝒓𝒄 = Given a triangle ABC with sides AB= 25 cm, BC=30cm and AC=42 cm. Find the
𝟒 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
following:
a. Distance of the point of intersection of the angle bisector from the vertex C
b. Distance of the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors to side BC.
c. Area of the excircle to side AB.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid Geometry

Quadrilaterals

1. The sides of a quadrilateral are 10m, 8m, 16m and 20m, respectively. Two
opposite interior angles have a sum of 225degrees. Find the area of the
quadrilateral in sq.m.

2. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a semicircle with side AD coinciding with

the diameter of the circle. Side AB=8cm, BC=10cm, and CD=12cm. Determine
the diameter of the circle, length of the diagonal BD and area of the quadrilateral.

Regular polyhedrons are those which have identical faces. There are only five
Circles known regular polyhedrons, namely tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron,
dodecahedron, icosahedron. These solids are known as Platonic Solids.
1. A goat is tied outside a triangular fenced garden at point A. Sides of the
fence are AB=7m, BC = 11m and CA = 13 m. The length of the rope which the
goat is tied is 15m, find the area over which the goat can graze outside the
fence.

2. A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the road and 12miles from the point
of tangency, another road opens towards the lake. From the intersection of the
two roads to the periphery of the lake, the length of the new road is 11miles. If
the new road will be prolonged across the lake, find the length of the bridge to be TYPE OF
constructed. POLYHEDRA FACES VOLUME
FACES(SIDES)
Tetrahedron 4 Triangle √2 3
3. In the figure shown, EA = 20 cm, AC = 15 cm, BD = 18 cm, and Angle CED = 𝑎
20 degrees. 12
Hexahedron (Cube) 6 Square 𝑎 3
Determine the following:
a. The length of segment ED Octahedron 8 Triangle √2 3
𝑎
b. Find the area of quadrilateral ACBD. 3
c. Radius of the circumscribing circle Dodecahedron 12 Pentagon 7.66𝑎3
Icosahedron 20 Triangle 2.18𝑎3

C SOLIDS WITH CONSTANT CROSS SECTION

Volume: Cross Sectional Area x Average Longitudinal Length
A Polygonal Prism
Right and Inclined Prism
Truncated Prism

E SOLIDS WITH SIMILAR CROSS SECTION

General Prismoidal Formula:
𝑳
𝑽 = (𝑨𝟏 + 𝟒𝑨𝑴 + 𝑨𝟐 )
B 𝟔
D Cone, Frustum of a Cone
Pyramid, Frustum of a Pyramid
Sphere, Frustum of a Sphere

SOLID GEOMETRY — Notes SOLID GEOMETRY — Problems

SIMILAR SOLIDS Similar Solids

SITUATION. For a given solid, given the surface area increases by 25
𝟏 𝟏 percent. Solve the following:
𝑺𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑨 𝑽 1. The percentage change in the diameter
= = ( 𝟏 )𝟐 = ( 𝟏 )𝟑 2. The percentage change in the volume.
𝑺𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐
S-side
P-perimeter 3. A prototype of a machine weighing 50N is to be designed by an
A-area engineering student at a scale of 1:50. Assuming the same type of material
V-volume is being used, determine the weight of the real machine.

POLYHEDRONS Polyhedrons (Platonic Solids and Euler’s Characteristic Formula)

Polyhedrons are solids whose faces are plane polygons. 4. The faces of a solid figure are all triangles. The figure has nine vertices.
Let At each of six of these vertices, four faces meet, and each of the other three
m= number of polygons meeting at a vertex vertices, six faces meet. How many faces does the figure have?
n= number of vertices of each polygon
f= number of faces of the polyhedron
e= number of edges of polyhedron, and Solids with Constant Cross-section
v= number of vertices of the polyhedron SITUATION. A prism has a base in the shape of an octagon with each side
For any polyhedron: measuring 5 cm. The bases are 10 cm apart.
Number of edges, e=nf/2 5. What is the volume of the right prism?
Number of vertices, v=nf/m 6. What is the lateral surface area of the prism?
Euler’s Polyhedron Theorem for all Convex Polyehedra: f=2+e-v
7. A truncated prism has a triangular base with sides 10 cm, 12, cm and 15
cm. The vertical edges of the two corners are 20 cm and 25 cm,
respectively. If the volume of the solid is 1495.292 cm3, determine the
length of the third vertical edge.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid Geometry

Solids with Similar Cross-section

8. A solid has a circular base of diameter 20cm. Find the volume of the
solid if every cutting plane perpendicular to the base along a given diameter
is an equilateral triangle.

9. A right circular cone is to be made from a circular sector of radius 18 cm

and central angle of 100 degrees. Find the volume of the cone formed.

SITUATION. A sphere whose surface area is 64π cm2

10. Calculate the volume of the sphere.
11. Calculate the volume and the total surface area of the spherical
wedge if it has a subtended angle of 50°.
12. Calculate the volume of the smaller solid formed if a cutting plane is
passed 2 cm from the center.
13. If two parallel cutting planes are passed through the sphere (within
the same hemisphere), such that they are 1 cm and 2 cm from the center
of the circle, determine the volume between the two planes.
14. Determine the area of the zone for the previous item.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Analytic Geometry

~ Distance between two points and division of line segment ~

~~ Parabola ~~
It is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point
1. Find the distance between (3, -2) and (7,4)
and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called the focus and the
2. Find the midpoint between (3, -2) and (7,4) fixed line is called the directrix.
3. Determine the point of division of the line A(5,6) to B(-3, -2) that
divides this line segment starting from A into two parts in the 15. Given the parabola, 2y = x2 + 6x + 4, determine the following:
ratio of 1:4 a. Vertex
4. The segment (-1, 4) to (2, -2) is extended three times its own b. Focus
length. Find the terminal point c. Equation of directrix
d. Ends of latus rectum
e. Eccentricity
~ Equation of a Line ~
5. Find the equation of a line that passes through (3, -3) and (2,
16. A cross-section of a design for a travel-sized solar fire starter
4).
is 4.5in wide. The sun’s rays reflect off the parabolic mirror
6. Find the equation of a line with a slope of 5 and contains the
toward an object attached to the igniter. Because the igniter is
point
located at the focus of the parabola which is 1.7in from the
(2, -3)
bottom, the reflected rays cause the object to burn in just
7. Find the equation of the line that passes through (4, -1) and is
seconds. Determine the depth of the fire starter. (0.74)
a. Parallel to 2x – 3y = 9
b. Perpendicular to 2x -3y = 9
~~ Ellipse ~~
It is the set of all points P in a plane whose sum of the distance from
~ Distance from a point to a line and between two lines ~
two fixed points is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis.
8. Find the distance of the point (5, 1) to the line y = 3x + 1
9. Find the distance between y = 2x + 4 and y = 2x – 1 17. Given the ellipse 4x2 + y2 + 24x – 4y + 36 = 0
Determine the following:
~ Locus of Points ~
a. Center
Find the equation of the locus of the following conditions:
b. Vertices and co-vertices
10. Equidistant from (5,3) and (2,1)
c. Foci
11. Its distance from (4,0) is twice its distance from (1,0) d. Eccentricity
12. Equidistant from the line y = 10 and the origin. e. Distance from center to directrix

~ Conic Section ~ 18. The entrance of the zoo has a shape of a semi – ellipse. The
It is a figure formed by the intersection of a plane and a right circular said entrance is 5m high and 8m wide. If a 3m long horizontal
cone. Depending on the angle of the plane with respect to the cone, a
member will be installed at the center for the lighting, what is
conic section may be a circle, an ellipse, a parabola, or a hyperbola.
the vertical clearance of the zoo entrance?

~~ Hyperbola ~~
It is the set of points in a plane such that the difference of the distance
of each point of the set from two fixed points (foci) in the plane is
constant.
(𝑦−1)2 (𝑥−1)2
1. Given the hyperbola − = 1 Determine the
16 9
following:
a. Center
b. Eccentricity
c. Equation of Asymptotes
d. Length of latus rectum

General Form 2. The co-ordinates of the vertices of a hyperbola are (9, 2) and
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (1, 2) and the distance between its two foci is 10. Find its
~~ Circle ~~ equation.
It is the set of points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on
the plane. The fixed point is called the center, and the distance from the ~ Polar Coordinates ~
center to any point of the circle is called the radius. 1. Determine the polar form of the point (6 ,2)

13. Find an equation of a circle that is formed by three points (3,

0), (4, 2), and (0, 1). 2. Transform the polar form point (5, 35°) into rectangular form.
14. Determine the length of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x –
5 = 0 from (4,6). 3. Find the polar form of the equation 5x + 2y = 4.

4. Determine the rectangular form of the equation r = 4cosθ –

18sinθ
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Vector Analysis

VECTOR-a quantity that has magnitude and direction and that is 3. Determine the Area of the Parallelogram, formed by two vectors if
commonly represented by a directed line segment whose length both of their tail is at point (1,3,5) and their heads are located at point
represents the magnitude and whose orientation in space represents at (5,6,7) and (2,5,8) respectively.
the direction
4. Find the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the vectors 3i + 2j
INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR AND OPERATION INVOLVING + 1k, 5i – j – 3k, 3j – k.
VECTORS
5. Find the value of m that makes the vectors A=< 1 1 -1 >,
1. Determine the component and Magnitude of Vector B=< 2 -1 1 > and C= <m -1 m > coplanar
A=6i-9j+4k
2. Determine a vector whose coordinate of Head is (3,9,-1) and tail (-
3,8,9) ANALYTIC GEOMETRY IN THREE-DIMENSION
3. If A=i+j-8k, B=2i+9j-5k and C=3i-4j+k 1. Find the distance from the plane 2x – 3y + z + 7 = 0 and the point
a. Determine the Resultant of vectors A, B and C. (5, 0, -1)
b. Determine the Magnitude of the resultant
4. If A=i-j+k and B=i-8j+k. 2. What is the center and radius of the sphere:
a. Determine 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 and 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴 x2 + y2 + z2 + 8x – 2y + 1=0
b. Determine the angle between A and B
c. Determine the angle that vector A makes with the positive x,y and 3. Find the equation of the plane determined by the points A, B and C.
z axis A (1,2,7), B(5,3,2), C(7,8,12)
d. Determine A2
5. Vectors A and B are perpendicular to each other. Determine 𝐴∙𝐵. 4. Find the area of the triangle ABC.
6. If A= 3i+5j-9k and B= 2i+3j+k. Determine A x B., and its magnitude?
Determine also B x A and its magnitude 5. Find the equation of a plane such that Vector A=<2 3 7>
That passes through origin, lies on it ,and contains the point (-3,5,8)

UNIT VECTOR AND DIRECTION COSINES 6. Find the equation of the plane through the point P (1, 2, −1) and
parallel to the plane 2x − 3y + 4z + 6 =0.
1. Determine the unit vector of A= 3i-8j+k
2. Determine the Direction cosine of vector A 7.Find the equation of the plane through P (4, 3, 6) and perpendicular
to the line joining P (4, 3, 6) to the point Q (2, 3, 1).
APPLICATION OF VECTORS TO CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM
8. Find the equation of a plane tangent to sphere
1. Resolve into component if a force of 1800 KN passes through point x2 + y2 + z2 -x – y – 6z-39=0 at point (5,4,7)
A (4,-1,7) to B (7,5,9).
2. Determine the resultant of three concurrent forces: F1= 2000 KN, 9. Find the volume of tetrahedron in the first octant formed by xy plane,
passing through (2,1,1) to (4,2,7); F2= 300 KN passing through (2,1,1) xz plane, yz, plane and the equation of a plane
to (8,2,6); F3= 1000 KN passing through (2,1,1) to (-1,2,5). 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 48 = 0

APPLICATION OF VECTORS TO WORK AND MOMENT 10. Given the points A (1,3,4) and B (3, 7, 10)
a) The symmetric form of AB is
1.Determine the work done by a Force 𝐹 = 〈12 23 45〉, along a b) The parametric form of equation AB is
line from point A(1,3,5) and B(2,5,9), all force components are in c) The vector parametric form of AB
Newton Units, and coordinates are in meters. d) Determine the coordinate at which the line intersects the xy plane.
2. Determine the moment of force 𝐹 =< −22 12 10 >, about a
point (2,4,5)

APPLICATION OF VECTORS IN GEOMETRY

1. What is the perpendicular distance of the line AB that passes from

A (1,1,1) to B (3, 4,7) from the origin?
2. Find the value of c so that 2i + 4j + 5k and 2ci + cj – k
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Differential Calculus

LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS ASYMPTOTES

Suppose that f and g are functions such that the two limits: Suppose that f and g are functions such that the two limits:
Definition 1. The line x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) f(x) if lim f(x) = ∞.
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 x→a
Definition 2. The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of the
exist, suppose that k is a constant and suppose that n is a graph of f(x) if lim f(x) = b.
x→∞
positive integer. Then the following are accepted theorems
of limits: PROBLEMS:
Determine the equation of the vertical, horizontal, or inclined
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 = 𝒌 asymptote(s) of the following:
𝒙→𝒂 2𝑥 3𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 6. 𝑦=
𝑥 2 −1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒂
𝒙→𝒂 2𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
7. 𝑦 =
𝑥−1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 ∗ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 ∗ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 BASIC DIFFERENTIATION
𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) PROBLEMS: Determine dy/dx for the following:
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 2
8. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 4)2 (𝑥 − 5)3 10. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
If f is a polynomial: 9. 𝑦 = 𝑒sec 𝑥
1 4 sin 𝑥
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) 11. 𝑦 = 4 tan−1 (3+5 cos 𝑥)
𝒙→𝒂
cos 𝑥 1
a. tan x b. c. d. 4x
The limit 3+5 cos 𝑥 5+3 cos 𝑥

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑴
𝒙→𝒂 DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS AT SPECIFIC VALUES
PROBLEMS: Find dy/dx for the given value of x.
if and only if the right-hand limits and left-hand limits exist 1
and are equal to M: 12. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −2; 𝑥 = −2 13. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 2

𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑴 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 PROBLEM: Determine dy/dx
14. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
Suppose that f and g are two functions such that
HIGHER DERIVATIVES
PROBLEM: Determine y’’ for the given value of x.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
15. 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑥 = −1
then the limit MAXIMA-MINIMA
𝒇(𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙)

does not exist.

PROBLEMS:
Evaluate the limit of the following functions: Fermat’s Theorem:
𝑧2 +5𝑧+6 1 If 𝑓(𝑥) has a local extremum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and f is differentiable at a,
1. Lim 3. Lim then 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 0.
𝑧→1 𝑧+1 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥2 −4 3𝑥3 −2𝑥+4 Steps in solving maxima minima problems:

2. Lim 𝑥2+2𝑥−8 4. Lim
𝑥→2 𝑥→∞ 2−3𝑥2 −2𝑥3 1. Express the quantity to be maximized in terms of a single
variable function.
2. Differentiate the function determined in 1 and set the derivative
equal to zero.
3. Solve 2 for values of the variable and check if they maximize or
minimize the quantity.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Differential Calculus

PROBLEM:
PROBLEMS:
1. The cost C of a product is a function of the quantity x of the
1. Find the radius of curvature and the center of curvature
product is given by the equation: 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4000𝑥 + 50. of 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at (2, 1)
Determine the quantity for which the cost is a minimum.
2. Two Cities are 8 km and 12 km respectively north of a river
that runs due east. The second city is 15 km east of the first.
CURVILINEAR MOTION
A pumping station is to be constructed (along the river) to
supply water to the two cities. Where should the station be
located so that the piping material is minimum?
3. A cylindrical steam boiler is to be constructed having a
capacity of 1000 cu. m. The material to be used for the sides
cost P2000 per square meter and for the ends P3000 per
square meter. Find the radius so that the cost is least.

TIME RELATED RATES

If a quantity 𝒙 is a function of time, 𝒕, the time rate of change of this
variable 𝒙 is given by 𝒅𝒙/𝒅𝒕.

Steps in solving time related rate problems:

1. Get the relationship of the variables in the problem and write
them in equation form. For a particle traveling a curved path, the velocity and
2. Differentiate the function determined in 1 in terms of time. accelerations are defined as:
3. Determine the value of the variables at specified time of the
problem and solve for the unknown. 𝒅𝒔
= 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑽)
𝒅𝒕
PROBLEMS:
1. A balloon is rising vertically over a point on the ground at the 𝒅𝑽 𝑽𝟐
rate 15 cm/s. A second point on the ground is level with and 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒂𝒏 =
30 cm from the first point. When the balloon is 40 cm from the 𝒅𝒕 𝑹
first point, at what rate is the distance from the second point
changing? PROBLEM:
1
1. A particle moves along the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 with a
2. There is a constant inflow of liquid into a conical vessel 15 ft 2
deep and 7.5 ft in diameter at the top. Water is rising at the constant speed of 5 feet per second. Find the tangential
rate of 2 ft per minute when the water is 4 ft deep. What is the and normal components of acceleration as the particle
rate of inflow in cubic ft per minute? 4 8
passes through the point ( , ).
3 9
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
PROBLEMS: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
1. Given the parametric equations: PROBLEM:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 6𝑡 2 + 5 1. Given that z = x2 + 3xy – 4y2, determine and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Find the slope of the curve at t = 2. Some Applications of Partial Derivatives

Equation of Tangent Plane

𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 ) + 𝑚2 (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 ) + 𝑚3 (𝑧 − 𝑧𝑜 )

Equation of Normal Plane

𝑥−𝑥𝑜 𝑦−𝑦𝑜 𝑧−𝑧𝑜
2. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal of the
= =
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3
curve at the point indicated:
2. Find the equation of the tangent plane and normal line
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑡 at t = 0. to the ellipsoid 4x2 + y2 + z2 = 36 at the point (2, 2, 4).

CURVATURE (Radius and Center of Curvature)

\

CURVATURE
In rectangular form: In parametric form:
|𝒚′′| [𝒇′ 𝒈′′ −𝒇′′𝒈′]
𝑲= 𝟑 𝑲= 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
[𝟏+(𝒚′)𝟐 ]𝟐 (𝒇′ +𝒈′ )𝟐

In polar form:
𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝒓′𝟐 − 𝒓𝒓′′
𝑲= 𝟑
[𝒓𝟐 + (𝒓′ )𝟐 ]𝟐

Radius of Curvature: 𝝆 = 𝟏/𝑲

 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Integral Calculus

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 10. Find the total length of the curve r = 4(1 – sinθ).
1. ∫(x 6 + 4x)4 dx Surface Areas of Curves

2. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑆

DEFINITE INTEGRALS 11. Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the upper
3 2y portion of the curve x2 + y2 = 49 from x = 3 to x = 6 about the y –
3. Evaluate ∫ ∫ (x 2 + y 2 )dxdy. axis.
1 0
12. Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the upper
4. A curve passes through (1,9). If y’’ = 2 and the slope of the portion of the cardioid r = 2(1 + cosθ) about the x – axis.
curve at the given point y’ = 6, what is the equation of the curve?
Centroids
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
Plane Areas 𝐴𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴 𝐴𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴
Vertical Strip: Horizontal Strip: 13. Find the coordinates of the centroid of the area bounded by
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦 the parabola y2 = 16x and the line y = 4x – 8, on the first
quadrant.
5. Find the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the line 2x
– y = 12. 14. Given the curve described by the polar equation r = 2cosθ
from θ = 0 to θ = π/2.
6. Find the area enclosed by the curve r = 2sin2θ.
15. Determine the location of the centroid of the solid formed by
Volume of Solid of Revolution revolving about the y-axis, the area bounded by the curve y = x3,
Disk Method: the line y = 5 and the y-axis.
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑅 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑅 2 𝑑𝑦 Miscellaneous Volumes of Solids
Ring Method: 16.The base of the solid in the first quadrant is bounded by the
line 4x + 5y = 20 and the coordinate axes. Find the volume if
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 every plane section perpendicular to the x – axis is a semicircle.
Shell Method:
Work and Motion Problems
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 17. The force used in moving an object varies according to the
function F(x) = x2 + 2x + 1, where x is in meters and F(x) is in
7. Find the volume generated by the region bounded by y = x2, x
Newtons. What is the work required to move the object from x =
= 1, and the x – axis when it is revolved about the
2 to x = 4?
a. the line x – axis
b. the line y = –1 18. A spring of natural length 5 cm stretches to a length of 8 cm
c. the line y – axis when a force of 15 N is exerted. Find the work done in N-cm in
stretching the spring to a length of 10 cm.
Length of Curve
Parametric: 19. The motion of a particle moving in space from rest from t = 0
to t = 5 s is defined the following acceleration:
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡 ax = 5t ay = 5
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 a. Determine the velocity of the particle after 5 seconds.
Rectangular: b. Determine the total distance travelled by the particle after 5
seconds.
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦 c. Determine the total displacement of the particle after 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 seconds.
20. An open-top conical tank having a top radius of 1.2 m, and a
Polar:
height of 2 m full of water, is being drained by a vertical pipe
𝑑𝑟 2 whose exit end is 0.8 m above the top of the tank. How much
𝑆 = ∫ √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃 work is done in emptying the full content of the tank?
𝑑𝜃
8. Determine the arc length in the first quadrant of the function x2
+ y2 = 36 on [3,5].
9. Find the length of the curve described by its parametric
equations x = t2 and y = t3 – 1 from y = 0 to y = 7.