M(usic)APEH Reviewer

What brought a strong desire for new beginnings in music?

 In 1963 and the years to follow, several social influences changed what popular music was and gave birth to the diversity that we
experience with music today. 
 The assassination of President Kennedy, the escalation of the war in Vietnam and the forward-progress of the Civil Rights Movement
all greatly impacted the mood of American culture, and the music began to reflect that change. 
POPULAR MUSIC OF THE 60’s TO THE PRESENT
 Rock Music
 Used as an instrumental for different cultural and social movements.
 It originated and evolved during the late 40’s to early 50’s.
 It is a genre of popular music which originated from the term “Rock ‘n Roll.”
 It evolved into a more encompassing musical style in the 60’s and was simply called “Rock Music.”
 Its style was heavily influenced by rhythm and blues and country music.
 It also drew on several genres such as blues and folk and incorporated influences from jazz, classical, and other musical
sources.
 Folk Rock
 Musical genre that combines the elements of folk music and rock music.
 Identified with progressive or labor politics and was first pioneered by figures such as Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger.
 Psychedelic Rock
 Rock music style inspired by psychedelic culture that imitates and improves the effect of mind-altering of psychedelic drugs.
 Some of its features are the use of electric guitars that are often with feedbacks and fuzz boxes.
 Having elaborate studio effects such as backwards tapes, long delay loops, and reverb.
 Use of exotic instrumentation with a specific fondness for the sitar and tabla.
 Use of keyboards especially organs and harpsichords.
 Have extended solo instrumentals or jams.
 Psychedelic stars include 13th Floor Elevators, The Beetles, and Jefferson Airplane.
 Blues Music
 Musical form originated from African-American music.
 A song with simple structures, usually one linear that is repeated and having interesting rhythms.
 It was sung by most West African tribes while working in the fields, as their way of expressing their sufferings, thereby
acquiring the name “blues.”
 It uses a five-note scale called the pentatonic scale.
 Charley Patton was the first great Delta bluesman.
 Other known singers were Robert Johnson, Son House, Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, and B.B. King.
 Country Music
 A genre played by the poor people who were like orphans, who suffered hardships while farming in the South of
Appalachian Mountains and was not recognized as a musical form until 1920s.
 Started with old-time and raw sound and was called “hillbilly,” which consists of country dance instrumentals played by
string bands, featuring banjos ang fiddle
 Sung by one voice or sometimes two in high, close harmony.
 John Carson was known to be the first person to record a country music.
 It became more popular by 1940s-50s, where Bing Crosby became one of the top performers who recorded “You
are my Sunshine.”
 Dolly Parton became one of the most successful female country singers from the late 60’s to 90s. Her hit songs
include “Jolene” and “Coat of Many Colors.”
 Bossa Nova
 Bossa Nova literarily means “new trend or new style.”
  It is a Brazilian music evolved from the Samba and Jazz music.
 Its core rhythm is based on samba
 It is more sophisticated harmonically than samba but with less percussive sound.
 Popularized in the 50s-60s
 Singers produce a brassy sound that is almost operatic while others have nasal sound.
 The theme Bossa Nova Music mostly talk about women, love, and easy life of the middle to upper class and
working class.
 Popular bossa nova singer includes Joao Gilberto, Tom Jobim, Bebel Gilberto, and our very own Sofia and Sitti
Navarro.
 Salsa
 Refers to the Puerto Rican dance music.
 The word means “sauce” in Spanish that connotes the spiciness of Latin cuisine.
 In music, it implies hot, furious, and wild musical experience.
 Common instruments used in salsa music are congas, bongos, bass, pianos, maracas, trumpets, and trombones.
 Celia Cruz, one of the famous salsa artists, known as the Queen of Salsa.
 Tito Puente, a Latin Jazz, and Salsa musician
 Hector Lavoe, salsa singer
 Pacheco and Ruben Blades
 Rhythm and Blues
 Popularly known as R&B, was first used to describe recordings for urban African-Americans.
 Eventually used to refer to gospel and soul music and made by and for black Americans.
 Usually composed of singers and instruments such as bass, saxophone, piano, two guitars, and drums.
 In the early part of the 60’s, R&B was called “soul music.”
 Some of the artists who recorded R&B were Elvis Presley, Big Joe Turner, Bobby Womack, and Bill Withers.
 For the band, it was the Rolling Stones.
 Solomon Burke was considered as one of the key soul music performers.
 Reggae
 The term means “ragged”.
 A Jamaican music genre which originated from ska and rocksteady (music genre that has calypso, American jazz, and R&B
styles).
 It has an offbeat rhythm, syncopated, and staccato chords.
 Instruments used are guitar, bass guitar, piano, snare drums, and tom-tom drums.
 Horns are also used like saxophone, trumpet, and trombone.
 Some reggae lyrics talk about love, while some are simply to give praise to God.
 It was also used to raise consciousness in political issues and national racism
 “Long Shot Kick the Buckets” by the Pioneers is one of the earliest recorded music of this genre.
 Other recordings were “Roots Rock Reggae” and “The Harder They Come” performed by Bob Marley and Jimmy
Cliff.
 Punk Rock
 Punk means beginner or novice.
 A rock music developed during the 70s.
 It was originated from the garage rock (a perception of amateur singers who practice in garage) and protopunk music
(another form of rock music).
 Use simple melody and chords.
 Lyrics oftentimes pertains to political and social issues.
 Instruments used were guitars, piano, and drums.
  Sample punk music include “Blitzkrieg Bop,” “London Calling,” and “Basket Case” performed by The Ramones,
The Clash, and Green Day.
 Disco
 A music genre derived from the word “discotheque,” a French word for a “library of phonograph records.” Later the term
was used for nightclubs.
 It became popular in the 70s.
 Has the styles of funk, Latin, and soul.
 This kind of music has a soaring, reverberated, or echoed vocals.
 Used syncopated electric bass line.
 Lush background is created by electronic keyboard and guitar, strings, and horns.
 Donna Summer is considered the most popular disco artist in the 70s, and called the “Queen of Disco”.
 I Feel Love
 Last Dance
 ABBA (Dancing Queen)
 Bee Gees (Staying Alive)
 The Village People (YMCA)
 Carl Douglas (Kung Fu Fighting)
 The Jacksons (Shake Your Body Down the Ground)
 Cumbia
 A courtship dance of the Columbian natives (slaves brought to Columbia from Africa).
 Derived from the African word “cumbe” which means dance.
 Traditional form was performed only with drums like tambora and lamador (covered with animal skins), maracas, claves
(pair of hand percussion made if wood), gaita, and millo (flutes).
 Modern Cumbia is now in sophisticated arrangements using modern instruments.
 It was an instrumental at the beginning, but lyrics were added later.
 The basic rhythm is in duple meter (2/4-time signature).
 One of the traditional cumbia compositions is “La Pollera Colora.
 Hard Rock
 A genre with load and forceful music.
 Has touch of blues and rock ‘n’ roll styles but played with more intensity and harder sound.
 Vocalists growl, wail, scream, and execute falsetto voice.
 Electric guitar is highlighted.
 Glam Rock
 Also known as “glitter rock”.
 A musical style where performers wear glamorous and extravagant costumes, heavy makeup, and hairstyle.
 Influence came from rock ‘n roll, hard rock, and cabaret music.
 Performed with various styles ranging from Hollywood glamour, science fiction, and fantasy influences on mysticism and
mythology.
 David Bowie (“Starman” and “Life on Mars”)
 Garry Glitter (“Parts One and Two” and “I Love You, Love Me Love”)
 The Sweet (“Blockbuster”)
 The Slade (“Coz I love You” and “Take Me Back Home”)
 Progressive Rock
 Also known as “prog” and is referred to as classical rock.
 Originated from UK and was developed from psychedelic rock to greater weight and importance to rock music.
 Give emphasis to instrumentation and to compositional techniques connected with jazz or classical music to have the same
level of sophistication and critical respect.
  It does not follow the formal popular format of verse-chorus-verse type of composition.
 Artists show high skills in instrumentation, improvisation, and variations in their pieces
 Became popular during the 70s.
 Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, The Moody Blues, and Emerson, Lake, and Palmer
 Heavy Metal
 Genre of rock music that developed during the late 60s to early 70s.
 Roots from blues and psychedelic rock.
 Produce massive, thick, and characterized by highly amplified distortion, emphatic rhythm, and generally loud sounds.
 Lyrics are often associated with masculinity and aggression.
 Led Zeppelin for “Stairway to Heaven”.
 Deep Purple for “Smoke on Water”.
 Metallica for “Battle and Fuel.”
 Hip Hop and Rock
 Began in the 70s when block parties or street parties became popular in NYC among African-American youths.
 Also called “Rap Music”.
 Had the influences from R&B, reggae, funk, and even disco music.
 Music used to accompany rapping, a rhythmic speech with rhyme that is being chanted.
 Elements like scratching, beat boxing, and DJing are also integrated.
 Not all hip hop music has rap vocals.
 DJ Kool Herc began the vocal style of rapping by providing simple lyrics or poetic lines over punk music break.
 “That’s the Joint” by Funky 4 + 1 (the first group with female rapper)
 “Rapper’s Delight” by Sugar Hill Gang
 “Fight the Power” by Public Enemy
 Alternative Rock
 A genre of rock music with the music of punk, new wave, and hard-core punk in its stylistic origin.
 Emerged from independent music underground of the 80s (any song that is not legally commercialized).
 It has distorted guitar sound, transgressive lyrics (offensive lyrics, defiant/rebellious attitude)
 Artists express social ideals, environmentalism, artistry, and individuality.
 Does not follow traditional norms of music.
 Later in the 80s, it became popular, and some bands went on concert tours.
 “Automatic for the People” by R.E.M. was the first popular alternative rock band’s music of the 80s
 “Siamese Dream” by Smashing Pumpkins
 “What’s the Story, Morning Glory” by Oasis
 “OK Computer” by Radiohead
 Indie Rock
 Derived from “independent”.
 A diverse and described as the low-budget labels released by the bands themselves.
 Arctic Monkeys
 Foster the People
 The Faint
 Grunge
 Inspired by indie, hardcore punk, and heavy metal.
 Characterized by heavily distorted guitars sound, contrasting dynamics, wailing and loud vocals, and intense lyrics. It
focuses on social issues, apathy, and desire for freedom.
 Pearl Jam
 Fastbacks
  Temple of the Dog
 Contemporary R&B
 At present, it frequently refers to the African-American music during the 80s.
 Vocals use a melisma style (singing single syllable to several notes in succession) and was popularized by artists like
Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston.
 George Michael (“One More Try”) is one of the contemporary R&B artists of the 80s
 In the 90s, Mariah Carey’s “Vison of Love” was one of many that became popular
 Beyonce
 Alicia Keys
 Jennifer Hudson
 Electronic Music
 Any composition recorded or played using all electronic musical instruments and make use of electronic technology.
 Instruments like electric guitar, Hammond organ, teleharmonium, and electronic device like synthesizer, computer and
theremin are being used.
 Teleharmonium – also known as Dynamophone, it is an early electronic organ
 Hammond Organ – electric organs which was originally sold to churches to replace the pipe organs because of its
cheaper price. It was invented by Laurens Hammond.
 Electric Guitar – a guitar which has a pickup to convert the sound vibrations to electric signals for amplification.
The pickup magnifies the tone through an amplifier or a loudspeaker.
 Synthesizer – an electronic device that can produce wide variety and range of sounds, can imitate instruments, can
be controlled with piano-style keyboard, guitars, wind instruments, and percussions.
 Theremin – also known as thereminophone. It was invented by Leon Theremin. The signals from the theremin are
amplified and sent to the loudspeaker.
 Nu Metal
 A subgenre of heavy metal.
 Combination of the sound, influences and characteristics of heavy metal, groove metal, alternative metal, hip hop, grunge,
and funk.
 Generally syncopated and based on guitar riffs.
 Gives emphasis on rhythms, distorted guitars, and power chords.
 Lyrics focus on pain and personal alienation.
 Slipknot, Deftones, and Korn were among the popular names of this genre.
 Linkin Park gained mainstream success with their debut album Hybrid Theory.

MA(rts)PEH Reviewer
What gave art a new look?
 Experimentation
 Rise of amateur artists
 Invention of new technological devices
 Accessibility to digital technology
Cameras became handy or installed in cellular phones. Consciousness in environmental concerns also penetrated arts in amazing and inspiring
ways…
Artists no longer sits alone but engages in collaborative work either physically or digitally, locally, or globally, with other artists.
There are institutions that support the development of arts. Art Biennales exhibit artworks from different parts of the world in art festivals held
once every two years in different places such as Vienna, Havana, and other parts of the US.
In Asia, there are art exchanges and group exhibition held in Singapore, Hongkong, Philippines, and other countries.
New Forms of Art
 Environmental Art
 Transformed the natural landscape.
 Designed for the display in the outdoor environment.
 Usually, large enough to accommodate the viewers.
 Encompasses any indoor or outdoor spaces.
 Robert Smithson
 January 2, 1938; Passaic, New Jersey – July 20, 1973; Amarillo, Texas
 Spiral Jetty
 Huge single spiral that jetted out into the Great Salt Lake of Utah in 1970.
 Best-known Earthwork
 The coil length is 1500 feet or 457 meters on 10 acres of land, or 4 hectares with 600 tons of
earth.
 The spiral consists of black rock, earth, and salt crystals. Inside, the algae change the water’s
color to red.
 The jetty is now underwater and is no longer visible.
 Christo and Jeanne-Claude
 June 13, 1935; Christo – Gabrovo, Bulgaria, Jeanne-Claude – Casablanca, French Morocco – Christo –
May 31, 2020, Jeanne-Claude – November 16, 2009; both died in NYC
 The Umbrellas
 Joint project for Japan and USA made from 1984-1991.
 One outside of Tokyo and the other in California, north of LA.
 Umbrellas were created in California composed of fabric, aluminum, steel, wooden supports,
bags, and molded base covers. 
 Each umbrella was 19 ft. x 28 ft.; 1340 blue umbrellas were installed in Japan to evoke rich
vegetation and water resources of the area while 1760 yellow umbrellas were placed in
California reflecting the golden grass that covers the nearby grazing hills.
 Cost 20 million dollars to make; dismantled 18 days after opening.
 Folk Rock
 Musical genre that combines the elements of folk music and rock music.
 Identified with progressive or labor politics and was first pioneered by figures such as Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger.
 Psychedelic Rock
 Rock music style inspired by psychedelic culture that imitates and improves the effect of mind-altering of psychedelic drugs.
 Some of its features are the use of electric guitars that are often with feedbacks and fuzz boxes.
 Having elaborate studio effects such as backwards tapes, long delay loops, and reverb.
 Use of exotic instrumentation with a specific fondness for the sitar and tabla.
 Use of keyboards especially organs and harpsichords.
 Have extended solo instrumentals or jams.
 Psychedelic stars include 13th Floor Elevators, The Beetles, and Jefferson Airplane.
 Blues Music
 Musical form originated from African-American music.
 A song with simple structures, usually one linear that is repeated and having interesting rhythms.
 It was sung by most West African tribes while working in the fields, as their way of expressing their sufferings, thereby
acquiring the name “blues.”
  It uses a five-note scale called the pentatonic scale.
 Charley Patton was the first great Delta bluesman.
 Other known singers were Robert Johnson, Son House, Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, and B.B. King.
 Country Music
 A genre played by the poor people who were like orphans, who suffered hardships while farming in the South of
Appalachian Mountains and was not recognized as a musical form until 1920s.
 Started with old-time and raw sound and was called “hillbilly,” which consists of country dance instrumentals played by
string bands, featuring banjos ang fiddle
 Sung by one voice or sometimes two in high, close harmony.
 John Carson was known to be the first person to record a country music.
 It became more popular by 1940s-50s, where Bing Crosby became one of the top performers who recorded “You
are my Sunshine.”
 Dolly Parton became one of the most successful female country singers from the late 60’s to 90s. Her hit songs
include “Jolene” and “Coat of Many Colors.”
 Bossa Nova
 Bossa Nova literarily means “new trend or new style.”
 It is a Brazilian music evolved from the Samba and Jazz music.
 Its core rhythm is based on samba
 It is more sophisticated harmonically than samba but with less percussive sound.
 Popularized in the 50s-60s
 Singers produce a brassy sound that is almost operatic while others have nasal sound.
 The theme Bossa Nova Music mostly talk about women, love, and easy life of the middle to upper class and
working class.
 Popular bossa nova singer includes Joao Gilberto, Tom Jobim, Bebel Gilberto, and our very own Sofia and Sitti
Navarro.
 Salsa
 Refers to the Puerto Rican dance music.
 The word means “sauce” in Spanish that connotes the spiciness of Latin cuisine.
 In music, it implies hot, furious, and wild musical experience.
 Common instruments used in salsa music are congas, bongos, bass, pianos, maracas, trumpets, and trombones.
 Celia Cruz, one of the famous salsa artists, known as the Queen of Salsa.
 Tito Puente, a Latin Jazz, and Salsa musician
 Hector Lavoe, salsa singer
 Pacheco and Ruben Blades
 Rhythm and Blues
 Popularly known as R&B, was first used to describe recordings for urban African-Americans.
 Eventually used to refer to gospel and soul music and made by and for black Americans.
 Usually composed of singers and instruments such as bass, saxophone, piano, two guitars, and drums.
 In the early part of the 60’s, R&B was called “soul music.”
 Some of the artists who recorded R&B were Elvis Presley, Big Joe Turner, Bobby Womack, and Bill Withers.
 For the band, it was the Rolling Stones.
 Solomon Burke was considered as one of the key soul music performers.
 Reggae
 The term means “ragged”.
 A Jamaican music genre which originated from ska and rocksteady (music genre that has calypso, American jazz, and R&B
styles).
 It has an offbeat rhythm, syncopated, and staccato chords.
  Instruments used are guitar, bass guitar, piano, snare drums, and tom-tom drums.
 Horns are also used like saxophone, trumpet, and trombone.
 Some reggae lyrics talk about love, while some are simply to give praise to God.
 It was also used to raise consciousness in political issues and national racism
 “Long Shot Kick the Buckets” by the Pioneers is one of the earliest recorded music of this genre.
 Other recordings were “Roots Rock Reggae” and “The Harder They Come” performed by Bob Marley and Jimmy
Cliff.
 Punk Rock
 Punk means beginner or novice.
 A rock music developed during the 70s.
 It was originated from the garage rock (a perception of amateur singers who practice in garage) and protopunk music
(another form of rock music).
 Use simple melody and chords.
 Lyrics oftentimes pertains to political and social issues.
 Instruments used were guitars, piano, and drums.
 Sample punk music include “Blitzkrieg Bop,” “London Calling,” and “Basket Case” performed by The Ramones,
The Clash, and Green Day.
 Disco
 A music genre derived from the word “discotheque,” a French word for a “library of phonograph records.” Later the term
was used for nightclubs.
 It became popular in the 70s.
 Has the styles of funk, Latin, and soul.
 This kind of music has a soaring, reverberated, or echoed vocals.
 Used syncopated electric bass line.
 Lush background is created by electronic keyboard and guitar, strings, and horns.
 Donna Summer is considered the most popular disco artist in the 70s, and called the “Queen of Disco”
 I Feel Love
 Last Dance
 ABBA (Dancing Queen)
 Bee Gees (Staying Alive)
 The Village People (YMCA)
 Carl Douglas (Kung Fu Fighting)
 The Jacksons (Shake Your Body Down the Ground).
 Cumbia
 A courtship dance of the Columbian natives (slaves brought to Columbia from Africa)
 Derived from the African word “cumbe” which means dance
 Traditional form was performed only with drums like tambora and lamador (covered with animal skins), maracas, claves
(pair of hand percussion made if wood), gaita, and millo (flutes).
 Modern Cumbia is now in sophisticated arrangements using modern instruments.
 It was an instrumental at the beginning, but lyrics were added later
 The basic rhythm is in duple meter (2/4-time signature)
 One of the traditional cumbia compositions is “La Pollera Colora.
 Hard Rock
 A genre with load and forceful music
 Has touch of blues and rock ‘n’ roll styles but played with more intensity and harder sound
 Vocalists growl, wail, scream, and execute falsetto voice
 Electric guitar is highlighted
 Glam Rock
 Also known as “glitter rock”
 A musical style where performers wear glamorous and extravagant costumes, heavy makeup, and hairstyle.
 Influence came from rock ‘n roll, hard rock, and cabaret music
 Performed with various styles ranging from Hollywood glamour, science fiction, and fantasy influences on mysticism and
mythology
 David Bowie (“Starman” and “Life on Mars”)
 Garry Glitter (“Parts One and Two” and “I Love You, Love Me Love”)
 The Sweet (“Blockbuster”)
 The Slade (“Coz I love You” and “Take Me Back Home”)
 Progressive Rock
 Also known as “prog” and is referred to as classical rock.
 Originated from UK and was developed from psychedelic rock to greater weight and importance to rock music.
 Give emphasis to instrumentation and to compositional techniques connected with jazz or classical music to have the same
level of sophistication and critical respect.
 It does not follow the formal popular format of verse-chorus-verse type of composition.
 Artists show high skills in instrumentation, improvisation, and variations in their pieces.
 Became popular during the 70s.
 Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, The Moody Blues, and Emerson, Lake, and Palmer.
 Heavy Metal
 Genre of rock music that developed during the late 60s to early 70s.
 Roots from blues and psychedelic rock.
 Produce massive, thick, and characterized by highly amplified distortion, emphatic rhythm, and generally loud sounds.
 Lyrics are often associated with masculinity and aggression.
 Led Zeppelin for “Stairway to Heaven”.
 Deep Purple for “Smoke on Water”.
 Metallica for “Battle and Fuel.”
 Hip Hop and Rock
 Began in the 70s when block parties or street parties became popular in NYC among African-American youths.
 Also called “Rap Music”.
 Had the influences from R&B, reggae, funk, and even disco music.
 Music used to accompany rapping, a rhythmic speech with rhyme that is being chanted.
 Elements like scratching, beat boxing, and DJing are also integrated.
 Not all hip hop music has rap vocals.
 DJ Kool Herc began the vocal style of rapping by providing simple lyrics or poetic lines over punk music break.
 “That’s the Joint” by Funky 4 + 1 (the first group with female rapper)
 “Rapper’s Delight” by Sugar Hill Gang
 “Fight the Power” by Public Enemy
 Alternative Rock
 A genre of rock music with the music of punk, new wave, and hard-core punk in its stylistic origin.
 Emerged from independent music underground of the 80s (any song that is not legally commercialized).
 It has distorted guitar sound, transgressive lyrics (offensive lyrics, defiant/rebellious attitude).
 Artists express social ideals, environmentalism, artistry, and individuality.
 Does not follow traditional norms of music.
 Later in the 80s, it became popular, and some bands went on concert tours.
 “Automatic for the People” by R.E.M. was the first popular alternative rock band’s music of the 80s.
 “Siamese Dream” by Smashing Pumpkins
  “What’s the Story, Morning Glory” by Oasis
 “OK Computer” by Radiohead
 Indie Rock
 Derived from “independent”.
 A diverse and described as the low-budget labels released by the bands themselves.
 Arctic Monkeys
 Foster the People
 The Faint
 Grunge
 Inspired by indie, hardcore punk, and heavy metal.
 Characterized by heavily distorted guitars sound, contrasting dynamics, wailing and loud vocals, and intense lyrics. It
focuses on social issues, apathy, and desire for freedom.
 Pearl Jam
 Fastbacks
 Temple of the Dog
 Contemporary R&B
 At present, it frequently refers to the African-American music during the 80s.
 Vocals use a melisma style (singing single syllable to several notes in succession) and was popularized by artists like
Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston.
 George Michael (“One More Try”) is one of the contemporary R&B artists of the 80s.
 In the 90s, Mariah Carey’s “Vison of Love” was one of many that became popular.
 Beyonce
 Alicia Keys
 Jennifer Hudson
 Electronic Music
 Any composition recorded or played using all electronic musical instruments and make use of electronic technology.
 Instruments like electric guitar, Hammond organ, teleharmonium, and electronic device like synthesizer, computer and theremin are
being used.
 Teleharmonium – also known as Dynamophone, it is an early electronic organ.
 Hammond Organ – electric organs which was originally sold to churches to replace the pipe organs because of its cheaper
price. It was invented by Laurens Hammond.
 Electric Guitar – a guitar which has a pickup to convert the sound vibrations to electric signals for amplification. The pickup
magnifies the tone through an amplifier or a loudspeaker.
 Synthesizer – an electronic device that can produce wide variety and range of sounds, can imitate instruments, can be
controlled with piano-style keyboard, guitars, wind instruments, and percussions.
 Theremin – also known as thereminophone. It was invented by Leon Theremin. The signals from the theremin are amplified
and sent to the loudspeaker.
 Nu Metal
 A subgenre of heavy metal.
 Combination of the sound, influences and characteristics of heavy metal, groove metal, alternative metal, hip hop, grunge,
and funk.
 Generally syncopated and based on guitar riffs.
 Gives emphasis on rhythms, distorted guitars, and power chords.
 Lyrics focus on pain and personal alienation.
 Slipknot, Deftones, and Korn were among the popular names of this genre.
 Linkin Park gained mainstream success with their debut album Hybrid Theory.
MAP(hyscial) E(ducation)H Reviewer
ARNIS, THE FILIPINO MARTIAL ART
History of Arnis
 This martial art was developed by the indigenous populations in the Philippines who used assorted weaponry for combat and self-
defense.
 The primary weapon used in this traditional martial art is the cane or baton. It also involves hand to hand combat, grappling, and
weapon disarming.
 Encompassing both simple impact and edged weapons, Arnis traditionally involved rattan, swords, daggers, and spears.
 In 1521, equipped with nothing more than bladed weapons and their fearsome Arnis abilities, Filipino islanders defeated Ferdinand
Magellan’s armored, musket-bearing Spanish conquistador forces when they tried to invade.
 When the Spanish successfully conquered the Philippines, the traditions of Arnis were preserved, despite its prohibition, in the forms
of ritual dance, performance and mock battles.
 While earlier Filipino martial arts were influenced by Spanish colonization, modern forms have been affected by our country’s contact
with both US and Japan after gaining independence in 1898.
 In 2009, our government declared Arnis to be the martial art and national sport of the Philippines.
 Modern Arnis is the system of Filipino fighting arts founded by Remy Presas as a self-defense system. His goal was to create an
injury-free training method as well as an effective self-defense system to preserve the older Arnis systems. 
 Nowadays, it is considered as one of the events in Palarong Pambansa wherein Anyo is one of the popular one. It is a combination of
pre-arranged or choreographed striking, blocking and body shifting techniques.
 Different styles of Arnis are now being practiced all over the world.
 Arnis is highly respected for its:
 Practicality
 Effectiveness in terms of self-defense and combat
 In recent Southeast Asian Games 2019, the Philippine Arnis Team wrapped up 14 gold medals that made them the champion.
  Since Arnis began to develop an accessible story of Filipino cultural heritage, Sen. Juan Miguel "Migz" Zubiri authored and
spearheaded the law declaring
 Arnis as the national sport of the country which at that time was recently approved and signed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
into law.
 Today, the governing body of Arnis in the Philippines is the PEKAF or the Philippine Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation, headed by its
president and chairman, Sen. Juan Miguel Zubiri.

Equipment in Arnis

1. Wooden Stick
 Made from rattan
 Measures not less than 90 cm in length
 With a diameter of not less than 3.8 cm
 Must not have sharp edges or pointed ends
2. Foam/Padded Stick
 Shall have a maximum grip diameter not greater than 3.81 cm for competition use.
3. Head Protector
 A pair of protective head gear to include an impact-worthy face mask.
4. Body Protector
5. Playing Area
Benefits of Arnis to a Person
1. Arnis is an effective self-defense. 4. Arnis develops mental strength and courage that allows
2. Arnis contributes to the development of physical fitness. someone to face danger and pain.
3. Arnis develops and cultivates mental qualities and 5. Arnis develops the virtue of perseverance to the highest
desirable traits such as alertness and precision. decree.

Terminologies
1. Arnisador – Practitioners of Arnis 15. Poke – Tusok
2. Butt- punyo of the stick closer to the handle 16. Ready position- Handa
3. Dagger – Daga 17. Respect – Pugay (form of salutation/greeting between
4. Distance (Long Range) – Largo practitioners)
5. Distance (Medium Range) – Medio 18. Stab or Thrust – Saksak
6. Distance (Short Range) – Corto 19. Stick (Single) – Solo Baston
7. Goodbye – Paalam 20. Stick (Double) – Doble Baston
8. Grappling or Wrestling – Dumog 21. Stick Weapon – Yantok
9. Grip – The way on how to hold the stick 22. Sword – Espada
10. Handle/grip of weapon – Puño 23. Sword and Dagger – Espada y Daga
11. Hello – Mabuhay (or) Kumusta 24. Thank You – Salamat
12. How are you? – Kumusta 25. Unarmed Combat – Mano Y Mano
13. Instructor – Guro 26. You Are Welcome – Walang Anuman
14. Machete – Bolo 27. Weaving (Weapon Movement) – Sinawali
Fundamentals of Arnis
PROPER GRIP  Holding the cane one fist distance from the butting part
and tightening one’s your fingers around it with your
 The grip is considered the foundation of all fighting
thumb compressed against your fore finger.
techniques in Arnis. Proper grip is the secret to control
 Hold firmly when striking and the wrist must be pliable.
the cane. It develops proper timing, improves power, and
 Keeping the wrist in this condition will assure that each
speed in every execution that is delivered.
execution will be delivered with force and speed.

PUGAY
  Being courteous is one of the means of training in any Instruction:
kind of martial arts. It is important that common courtesy 1. Raise left hand holding the cane, while the right hand
is displayed between opponents. drops down at side.
 In Arnis, from the starting position (open stance) bring 2. Execute the movement alternately up and down.
your left foot close to your right aiming 45 degrees angle, 3. Perform the movement 10 times.
heels closed, and hands at one fist distance from the
BENDING (SIDE, FRONT, AND BACK)
butting part of the cane. Simultaneously bring the right
cane in vertical position to your left chest, bow your head  Position: Stand in straddle stance, extend your arms
slightly towards your opponent, and then back to natural upward holding the cane in both ends.
stance. Instruction:
1. From starting position, bend sideway right as far as you
WRIST EXERCISE WITH CANE (SHAKING)
can while still holding the canes. Perform the movement
 Position: Arms forward holding the two canes at the on the opposite side, hold for 10 seconds on both sides.
middle. 2. Extend your arms forward, holding the canes, lean
Instruction: forward and hold for 10 seconds.
1. Properly hold the cane at the middle, swing or shake the 3. Place the canes at the lower back, holding it in both
canes forward and back. sides. Slightly bend backward and stay for 10 seconds.
2. Try to control when swinging by holding it tighter to add
LEG RAISE
tension on the wrist.
3. Make the movement (shaking /swinging) as fast as you  Position: Normal Stance.
can, while counting to 10 counts. Instruction:
4. Execute the routine in front, side, and up portions. 1. Raise your right leg as far as you can, put the cane on the
top of the thigh. Hold for 10 seconds.
CROSSED-ARMS SWING
2. After 10 seconds transfer the canes at the lower knee
 Position: Extend both arms at side while holding the two while still in the same position, to add more challenge.
canes at the middle. 3. Do the same pattern on the left side.
Instruction:
OVERHEAD CIRCLING
1. Properly hold the cane at the middle, swing your arms in
front across your chest.  Position: Properly hold the cane, arms down at side,
2. Swing your arms alternately (right over left and left over while the canes diagonally pointing downward.
light). Instruction:
3. Execute the movement alternately, 10 times. 1. From starting position execute a strike (R/L) diagonally
upward.
CROSSED-ARMS SWING
2. After the strike, move the cane around the body, butt
 Position: Arms forward, holding the two canes at the facing upward, and then perform another strike (R/L)
middle. diagonally upward.
Instruction: 3. Execute the movement alternately right and left 10 tImes.
1. Properly hold the cane at the middle, pointing vertically
CANE TWIRLING (UP AND DOWN)
upward.
2. Twist the cane sideways. Try to control when swinging  Position: Properly hold the canes above the shoulders.
by holding it tighter to add tension on the wrist. Instruction:
3. Make the movement (twisting /swinging) as fast as you 1. From starting position, bring both canes downward
can, while counting up to 10 counts. executing one twirling/wrist circling (forward
4. Execute the routine in front, side, and up. movement).
2. Bring both canes upward executing one twirling/wrist
ARM RAISE
circling (backward movement).
 Position: Hold the two canes at the middle, right arm 3. Repeat the movement 10 times, up and down.
extended upward while the left arm extended downward
ALTERNATE CANE TWIRLING (UP AND DOWN)
at your side.
  Position: Properly hold the canes, right cane resting  Position: Properly hold the canes above the shoulders.
above the right shoulder while left cane holding the down Instruction:
left at side. 1. From starting position, using right hand holding the cane,
Instruction: execute ―banda y banda‖ (strike side to side,
1. From starting position, bring right cane downward horizontally).
executing one twirling/wrist circling (forward 2. After the banda y banda, withdraw the right cane
movement). pointing oblique downward.
2. While performing movement (a.) Bring left cane upward 3. Bring right cane upward executing one twirling
executing one twirling/wrist circling (backward (backward movement).
movement). 4. Repeat the pattern on the opposite side. Do it alternately
3. Repeat the pattern alternately, 10 times. 10 times.

SIDE TO SIDE STRIKE, SINGLE TWIRLING (UP AND

DOWN)

Basic Stances
“As a method of self-defense, one should know how to stand before he learns to fight.” – Remy Presas
 In martial arts, the distribution, foot orientation and body positions (particularly the legs and torso) adopted when attacking, defending,
advancing, or retreating are known as stance.
 The most widely used martial arts stance is a shallow standing squat. This position is generally employed as it is a neutral and agile
position from which both attacks and defenses may be launched.
 Proper body positioning maintains stability and balance in performing the different skills. It also develops power and form in enforcing
defensive and offensive fighting. A player can never hope to fight effectively without knowing these fundamentals in Arnis.