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General Understanding GTR

This document provides an overview of general relativity, beginning with Newtonian concepts of absolute time and distance. It then discusses special relativity and how it introduced Minkowski spacetime. The document outlines the postulates of special and general relativity. It describes how general relativity geometrizes gravity by curving spacetime according to the energy-momentum tensor. Black holes and other theories of gravitation are briefly discussed.

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Ramanand Jha
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40 views35 pages

General Understanding GTR

This document provides an overview of general relativity, beginning with Newtonian concepts of absolute time and distance. It then discusses special relativity and how it introduced Minkowski spacetime. The document outlines the postulates of special and general relativity. It describes how general relativity geometrizes gravity by curving spacetime according to the energy-momentum tensor. Black holes and other theories of gravitation are briefly discussed.

Uploaded by

Ramanand Jha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Understanding of

General Relativity
Dr. Ramanand Jha
Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
Faculty of Education
Bahir Dar University
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Abstract
A brief overview of relativity from Newtonian
concept of absolute time and absolute
distance through special theory of relativity
to finally general theory of relativity will be
presented. A few other theories of
gravitation as a generalization of general
theory of relativity will be discussed. Finally
an interesting result leading to Gravi-
electric/magnetic charges is discussed.
Newtonian Relativity
1) t '  t 2) x '  x  ut
=>dt =Invariant time period and
dl =Invariant length, measurement of two
ends at the same time i.e. dl=dx at dt=0

Newtonian Relativity implies


absolute time period
and
absolute length
 Galilean spacetime has two separate geometry
 A) Space interval: dl^2 = dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2
 B) Time interval: dt
 Invariant:
 a) dl^2=dl’^2 provided dt=0
 b) dt = dt’
Relativistic spacetime has only one geometry
Minkowski geometry.
ds^2=dt^2 – dx^2 - dy^2 - dz^2
Maxwell Equations

 1) div E = ρ/ε
 2) div B = 0
 3) Curl E =-dB/dt
 4) Curl B =μ(J+εdE/dt)
These four equations together implies velocity of
light to be equal to 300,000 km/s.
Velocity is a relative quantity therefore it motivated
science to search for the velocity of earth with
respect to the frame in which light moves at
300,000 km/s by the measurement of difference of
velocity of light in different directions.
Birth of Special Theory of Relativity
(STR)

Result of the experiment was surprising.


The experiment implies the velocity of
Earth to be zero. It means velocity of
light is independent of the state of
motion of both the observer and the
source.
Postulates of
Special Theory of Relativity
 1) Principle of Relativity:
The laws of physics are invariant under
inertial frame transformation
 2) Einstein law of light propagation:
Light signals propagate in vacuum with
intrinsic rectilinearly speed c.
Lorentz Transformation
(Derived from postulates STR)
tˆ   (tˆ   x)
x '    x   tˆ 
1) It implies velocity leads to rotation in space-time


along a hyperbolic curve instead of circular curve.
2) The existence of leads to length
Contraction and time dilation.
3) The presence of x in equ. (1) leads to a problem
of time synchronization
Absolute Quantities
It place of absolute time and absolute
length, STR introduced a new quantity,
ds to be a absolute where

ds  dtˆ  dx
2 2 2

And many more other quantities on the


above line.
Synchronization Problem
Classes of Particles

Particles

Tardyon Luxon Tachyon


( v < c) ( v = c) (c < v)

If Tachyon exists, then in some frame


it moves backward in time.
STR does not exclude the possibility of
existence of Tachyons but it does
exclude dynamically emergence of
Luxons and Tachyons as a result of
acceleration of Tardyon.
Geometrisation of STR
Minkowski Geometry was introduced to
exploit geometric features of STR to get
better understanding of STR in terms of
geometry.
This geometrisation gave a big boost to
geometry in physics.
Euclidian Postulates
(Greek mathematician, 300 BC)
Basic Geometry Postulate of Euclidian
1) Two distinct points determine a line
segment.
2) There is a unique line corresponding to a
given line segment.
3) A centre and a radius uniquely determine a
circle.
4) All right angles are equal
Euclidian Parallel Postulate
5) There exists only one line
a) parallel to a given line and
b) passing through a given point not on
the line.
It took about 2000 yr to find that there
exist three different types of geometry.
The remaining geometries are:
1) Parallel Postulate on Sphere
There exists no line
a) parallel to a given line and
b) passing through a given point not on the line.

2) Parallel Postulate on pseudo-Sphere or


Lobachevsky's (Hyperbolic) Parallel Postulate
There exists more than one line
a) parallel to a given line and
b) passing through a given point not on the line.
(Remark: The two parallel lines are not equidistant.)
Classification of Surface

Classification of Surface

Flat surface Curved-Surface

Extrinsic Curvature Intrinsic Curvature


(Surface of Cylinder) (Surface of Sphere)
How to find whether a space has
intrinsic curvature?
1) Make a rectangle (made of geodesic) if it is close then
space is flat else has intrinsic curvature.

2) Make a circle,
if C/D ≠ π, C=circumference, D = Diameter
=> space is flat else has intrinsic curvature.

Similarly,
if A/D2 ≠ π , A=Area of a sphere
=> 3-dimensional space is not flat.
Geometry and
Special Theory of Relativity
Minkowski Geometry has the following properties:
1) It is a flat space-time geometry
2) The Straight line is a path of maximum distance
between two points (due to the negative coefficient of dx2)

ds  dtˆ  dx
2 2 2

3) Due to this the sum of two side of a triangle is always less


than the third side in contrary to the Euclidean geometry
where the sum of two side of a triangle is always greater
than the third.
Classifications of events separations
in STR

distances

time like null space like


AC > AB + BC
(if all the above sides are alike)
Twin Paradox
Minkowski Geometry easily resolves famous
twin paradox by using
the sum of two side of a triangle is always
less than the third side.
Infinitesimal distance

dl  dx  2 cos dx dy  dy
2 2 2

1 cos  
g   
 cos  1 
Geometric Variables
 In any geometry,
 Metric tensor g 
 Connection  
 And non metricity   g 
 are independent quantities and can be
assigned arbitrarily.
 In GTR
g   
g ,    , and 

  g  0
Birth of
General Theory of Relativity
 In courage by geometric feature of STR,
Einstein saw the seed of geometrisation of
gravity in the Galileo’s Weak Principle of
Equivalences and generalized this principle.
Postulates of
General Theory of Relativity
 It is well known, gravity influences all particles
equally irrespective of their masses. This fact was
embedded into Galileo’s Weak Principle of
Equivalence (G-WPE): It states, the inertial mass
is equal to the gravitational mass.
 Einstein generalized this principle and now it is
called, Einstein’s Strong Principle of Equivalence
(E-SPE): It states, in local spacetime, the laws of
physics reduce to those of STR
Einstein’s Equation of Gravitation
 Equation of gravity: G=k T
G=Einstein tensor, T= Energy momentum
tensor
The theory implies, gravity can be accounted
if one assumes mass curves the flat
spacetime of Minkowski Geometry.
Explanation of Equation
 The quantity G is constructed with metric
tensor.
 The quantity T is constructed with matter
and its velocity
The Einstein’s equation constructs metric
tensor from the matter distribution. In
other word, matter determines geometry
of surrounding space time.
g 
Black Hole in Newtonian
Gravitation
Newtonian black hole is very much different
from the black hole of general theory of
relativity. In principle, it is possible to find a
massive body from where light can not
escape.
Newtonian black hole: if
2GM
c
R
Black Hole in STR
At the acceleration of g=10m/s2, the distance
beyond 1 lyr (c2/g) is not observable.
Black Hole in GTR

 concept of space like, and time like surface.


Sun as a Black hole
 Einstein theory of gravity gives rise to black
hole, a region of spacetime from where
nothing can come out.
 If the entire sun is compressed within the
circumference of 10 km then it will become
black hole.
Circumference= 2πGM/c2 = 10 km
Various other theories of gravitation

By assigning different properties to metric,


connection, and non metricity along with
relaxing different geometric constraints. one
can get different theories.
I have many publications related to scalar-
tensor theory of gravitation in U4 space
time.
Geometries
There are many other theories of gravity
which give rise to objects having properties
of electric charge or magnetic charge called
Gravi-Electri/magnetic charge.
Thank You Very Much
-------------------------------------------------------------

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