Q.

An AC supply of frequency 10,000 Hz and 110V is connected across a circuit containing a

resistance of 10Ω, an inductance of 1 mH and a capacity of 1µF. Find the value of current.
What must be the value of the capacitor in order that the current may be maximum?

Supply voltage = 110 V.

Frequency = 10,000 Hz.

Inductance = 1 mH, hence XL = 2πfL = 62.8 Ω

Capacitor = 1µF, hence XC = 1 / 2πfC = 15.92 Ω

Hence, impedance = Z = √ R2 + (XL - XC)2 = 19.61 Ω

Current = V / Z = 110 / 19.61 = 5.61 Ans.

Current becomes maximum at resonant condition, when XL = XC

Hence 1 / 2πfC = 62.8 Ω

C = 1 / 6.28 x 10000 x 62.8 = 0.002535 x 10-4 farads or 0.2535 µF. Ans.

Q. Three branches, possessing a resistance of 50Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a capacitance

of 100 µF respectively, are connected in parallel across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate:

(i) the current in each branch

(ii) the supply current

(iii)the phase angle between the supply current and the supply voltage.

( i )Resistance = 50 Ω, hence current in the resistance branch = 100 / 50 = 2A Ans

Inductance = 0.15 H, XL = 2πfL = 314 x 0.15 = 47.10 Ω,

Current in the inductive branch = 100 / 47.1 = 2.123 A Ans.

Capacitance = 100µF, XC = 1 / 2πfC = 1/314 x 100 x 10-6 = 31.847 Ω

Current in the capacitor branch = 100 / 31.847 = 3.14 A Ans

(ii) The supply current can be obtained by the vector addition of the three branch currents.

The current in the resistance branch will be in phase with the voltage, the current in the
inductive branch will be lagging the voltage by 90º and the current in the capacitive branch will
be leading the voltage by 90º.

Resolving into vertical components, we have, IV = 2cos0 + 2.123 cos 90 + 3.14 cos 90 .

= 2A

Resolving into horizontal components, IH = 2 sin 0 - 2.123 sin 90 + 3.14 sin 90

= 1.017 A

hence the resultant current, which is the supply current = √22 + (1.017)2 = 2.2436A Ans

( iii ) phase angle between the supply current and voltage is given by,

tanФ = IV / IH = 1.017 / 2 = 0.5085; hence Ф = tan-1 (0.5085) = 26.95º Ans

Q. a. What are the type of connections preferred for a 3 phase alternator and for a 3 phase
induction motor? Why? (6 marks)

b. Three equal star connected coils take 8 kW at a power factor of 0.8 when connected
across a 460V, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 3 wire supply. Find the resistance and inductance of the coil per
phase. (10 marks)
a. For the alternator star connected winding is preferred because the voltage produced per
phase will be 1/√3 of the line voltage, hence for generating 440 V 3 phase supply, each phase
has to generate only 231 V. The number of turns per phase required will be less, which enables
less copper to be used. This has an effect on reduction in weight and the reduction in copper
losses. Since the number of turns being less, the insulation requirements can be handled in an
efficient and economical way.

The main requirement of a motor is to give a good torque to handle a given load. Since
torque of an induction motor is proportional to (applied voltage)2, the normally preferred
connection for a motor is ‘delta’ as Vph = VL

b. Power = √3 VLILcosφ

8000 = √3 x 460 x IL x 0.8

.
. . IL = 12.55 A = Iph

Vph = VL/√3 = 460 / √3 = 265V

Zph = Vph / Iph = 265 / 12.55 = 21.1Ω

Rph = Zph cosφ = 21.1 x 0.8 = 16.9 Ω Ans

Xph = Zph sin φ = 21.1 x 0.6 = 12.66 Ω

= 2πfL , and hence L = 12.66 / 2 x3.14 x 50 = 0.0672 henries Ans

Q. A 500V, 3 phase, star-delta connected alternator supplies a star connected induction

motor which develops 45 kW. The efficiency of the motor is 88% and the power factor is 0.9
(lagging). The efficiency of the alternator at this load is 80%. Determine (i) the line current
(ii) the power output of the alternator (iii) the output power of the prime mover.

Motor output = 45 kW = 45000 watts

Efficiency = 0.88
 Hence input = 45000 x 0.88 = 51140 watts

That is √3 VL I L cosφ = 51140 watts;

(a) So, IL = 51140 / √3 x 500 x 0.9 = 65.6 A Ans

(b) output from the alternator = input to motor = 51.14 kW. Ans

( c ) Input to alternator = the output of the prime mover

= 51.14 / 0.8 = 64 kW. Ans.

Q. A three phase 600 MVA generator has rated terminal voltage 22kV (line). The stator
winding is star connected and has a resistance of 0.014Ω/ph and a synchronous
impedance of 0.16Ω/ph. Calculate the voltage regulation for a load having p.f @ (a)
unity and (b) 0.8 lagging.

Power = 600 MVA

. . . √ VL IL = 600 x 106 VA

. . . IL = 600 x 106 / √3 x 22 x 103 = 15.7 x 103 A

alternator is star connected. Hence IL = IPH = 15.7 x 103 A

given VL = 22 x 103 volts

. . . Vph = 22 x 103 / √3 = 12700 V

voltage drop on full load due to synchronous impedance is = IL x Zsy = 15700 x 0.16

= 2540 V / phase

(a) @ UPF, φ = 0,

V = 12700 V/ ph, and I Zsy = 2540 V/ph

 E

IXs

φ
V
IR
I

Cos α = R / Zs = 0.014 / 0.16 = 0.088

. . . E2 = (12700)2 + (2540)2 + 2 x 12700 x 2540 x 0.088

E = 13170 V

Hence voltage regulation = 13170 - 12700 / 12700 = 0.037 or 3.7% Ans

(b) @ 0.8 pf lagging,

Cosφ = 0.8 hence φ = 36.87º

α = cos-1(0.088) = 84.95º

(α – φ) = 48.08º, hence Cos (α – φ) = 0.668

hence E2 = (12700)2 + (2540)2 + 2 x 12700 x 2540 x 0.668

E = 14530 V

Hence voltage regulation = 14530 – 12700 / 12700 = 0.144 or 14.4% (Ans)

Q. An alternator supplies the following loads ; (a) 200 kW lighting load at unity power
factor (b) 400 kW induction motor load at 0.8 pf lagging and (c) 200 kW synchronous
motor load. Fin d the power factor of synchronous motor load to give an overall
power factor of 0.97 lagging.

Loads active power (kW) cos φ sinφ kVA kVAr

Lighting 200 1 0 200 -----

Induction motor 400 0.8 0.6 500 300

Synchronous

Motor 200 ? ? ---- -----

__________________________________________________________________________

Total 800 0.97 0.243 ----- -----

__________________________________________________________________________

Total reactive power required = 800 x 0.243 / 0.97 = 200.4 kVAr

Existing kVAr = 300, which is reduced to 200.4 kVAr (i.e. 99.6 kVAr)

This reduction in kVAr has to be contributed by synchronous motor. Since there is a

Reduction in total kVAr, then pf of synchronous motor must be leading.

hence kVA of synchronous motor = √2002 + 99.62

= 223.3 kVAr

. . . cos φ of synchronous motor = 200 / 233.3 = 0.89 (leading) Ans

Q. Find the synchronous impedance and reactance of an alternator in which a given field
current produces an armature current of 200A on short circuit and a generated emf of
50V on open circuit. The armature resistance is 0.1Ω. to what induced voltage must
the alternator be excited if it is to deliver a load of 100A at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging with a
terminal voltage of 200V.

Since the type of alternator is not mentioned, let us assume as single phase alternator
for the same field current.

Synchronous impedance = Zs = open circuit volta / short circuit current Ω

= 50 / 200 = 0.25Ω

Synchronous reactance = Xs = √(0.25)2 - (0.1)2 = 0.23 Ω

Armature resistance drop = IL Ra = 100 x 0.1 = 10V

Armature reactance drop = IL Xs = 100 x 0.23 = 23V

p.f. = cosφ = 0.8 lagging, hence sinφ = 0.6

ILXs

φ v
ILRa

IL

induced voltage or the open circuit voltage E = √(Vcosφ + ILRa)2 + (Vsinφ + ILXs)2

= (200 x 0.8 + 10)2 + (200 x 0.6 + 23)2

= 222 V (Ans)

Q. A twelve pole, 3 phase, delta connected alternator runs at 600 rpm, and supplies a
balanced star connected load. Each phase of load is a coil of resistance 35Ω and inductive
reactance of 25Ω. The line terminal voltage of alternator is 440V. determine (a)
frequency of supply (b) current in each coil (c) current in each phase of alternator (d)
total power supplied to the load.

(a) frequency = f = NP/120 = 12 x 600 /120 = 60 Hz (Ans)

(b) voltage/ph across load = 440 / √3 volts.

Impedance / phase = √R2 + X2 = √352 + 252 = 43.01 Ω

. . . current in each coil = phase current = 440/√3 x 1/43.01

= 5.91 A (ans)

© The above current will be also the line current for the alternator.

Hence the pahse current of the alternator = IL / √3 = 5.91 / √3

= 3.41 A (Ans)

(d) total power of the load = √3 VL IL cosφ

cosφ = R/Z = 35 / 43.01 = 0.81 (lag)

hence the total power = √3 x 440 x 5.91 x 0.81 = 3650 watts

= 3.65 kW (Ans)

Q. A 230V electric water heater takes water at a mean temperature of 16ºC and the
mean temperature of the outlet is 82ºC. The cost at 0.2p per unit of energy, it consumes in
a given period is 74.4 p. Determine the quantity of water used if the efficiency of the heater
is 80%. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 kJ/kg ºC.

Electrical energy used = 74.4 / 0.2 = 372 units = 372 kWhr.

= 372 x 3600 kJ

input to the heater = output x efficiency = 372 x 3600 x 0.8

 = 1071360 kJ

= 1.071 x 106 kJ

temperature rise of water = 82 – 16 = 66ºC..

so quantity of water used = 1.071 x 106 / 66 x 4.2 = 3860 kg.

or 3860 litres of water.

Q. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 90 Ω, at 20ºC and is connected to a 230V supply.
By how much must the voltage be increased to keep the current constant, if the
temperature of the coil raises to 60ºC?. Take the temperature coefficient of resistance
of copper is 0.00428/ºC at 0ºC

Resistance at 20ºC is given , find out the resistance at 60ºC.

R60 / R20 = R0 (1 + α60) / R0 (1 + α20)

= (1 + α60) / (1 + α20)

or R60 = R20 x (1 + α60) / (1 + α20)

= 90 x (1 + 0.00428 x 60) / (1 + 0.00428 x 20)

= 90 x 1.2568 / 1.0856 = 104.4 Ω

current taken by the coil at 20ºC = 230 / 90 = 2.56 A

hence at 60ºC, to keep the current constant, the voltage must be

= 2.56 x 104.4 = 267.26 V

so the voltage must be raised by 267.26 – 230 = 37.26 V Ans

Q. 12 cells each of emf 1.5V, and internal resistance of 0.225 Ω, are arranged four in series
per row or bank, with three banks in parallel. The battery so formed is connected to a load
consisting of a series-parallel resistor arrangement, made up of a 2Ω resistor connected in
parallel with a 3Ω resistor, these in turn being connected in series with 2.5Ω resistor. Find
the battery terminal voltage, the power ratings of resistors and the energy converted into
heat in the complete circuit if the arrangement is switched on for 1 hr.

battery voltage (emf) = emf of one bank = 4 x 1.5 == 6V

battery resistance = resistance of one bank / 3 = 4 x 0.225 / 3 = 0.3Ω

Load resistance = 2.5 + R (resistance of parallel section)

2Ω and 3Ω resistances are in parallel, hence equivalent resistance R = 6/5 = 1.2Ω.

Load resistance = 2.5 + 1.2 = 3.7Ω

Resistance of complete circuit = 3.7 + 0.3 = 4Ω.

Circuit current = 6/4 = 1.5A

Voltage drop in battery = 0.3 x 1.5 = 0.45V

Hence battery terminal voltage, = 6 – internal drop

= 6 – 0.45 = 5.55V Ans.

Power rating of 2.5Ω resistor = I2R = 1.52 x 2.5 = 5.625 watts Ans.

Current in 2Ω resistor = I x R / 2 = 1.5 x 1.2 / 2 = 0.9A

Power rating of 2Ω resistor = 0.92 x 2 = 1.62 watts Ans.

Current in 3Ω resistor = 1.5 – 0.9 = 0.6A

Power rating of 3Ω resistor = 0.62 x 3 = 1.08 watts Ans.

Energy = V x I x t joules (time t in secs)

= 6 x 1.5 x 3600
 = 32.4 kJ Ans.

. A 2 core cable, each core of which is 300m long and of uniform cross sectional area of 150 mm2
is fed from one end at 240V. A load of 200A is taken off from the centre of the cable and a
load of 100A from the far end. Calculate the voltage of each load. A single core cable of
similar material 880 m in length and of uniform cross sectional area of 50 mm2 has a
resistance of 0.219Ω.

Given that the resistance of 880m cable of 50mm2 cross section is 0.219Ω

So the resistance of 880m length cable of 150mm2 cross section will be

=0.219 / 3 = 0.073Ω

and hence the resistance of 150m length and 150mm2 cross section will be

= 0.073 x 150 / 880 = 0.0124Ω

Total current = 300A. This total current will be there till the centre point whereat
200A load is tapped

Resistance of the cable upto the centre point (150 m length, both in and return

Line) will be = 2 x 0.0124Ω = 0.0248Ω

Hence the voltage drop in this length = 300 x 0.0248 = 7.44V

Voltage available at the tapping point of 200A load = 240 – 7.44

= 232.56V Ans

Hence the voltage drop in the other half = 1/3 of the first half the load current is

Only 1/3.

= 7.44 / 3 = 2.48V

Hence voltage at 100A load point = 232.56 – 2.48 = 230.08V. Ans

 Q. Two capacitors A and B having capacitances of 20 µF and 30µF respectively are
connected in series to a 600V d.c. supply. Determine the p.d. across each capacitor.
If a third capacitor C is connected in parallel with A and it is then found that the
p.d. across B is 400V, calculate the value of C and energy stored in it.

Let C be the capacitance of the series arrangement.

The equivalent capacitance, 1/C = 1/20 + 1/30 = 5/60 or C = 12µF

The charge stored in the capacitor Q = CV = 12 x 10-6 x 600

= 72 x 10-4 coulombs

the p.d across capacitor A = Q/C = 72 x 10-4/ 20 x 10-6 = 360 V Ans

the p.d across capacitor B = = 72 x 10-4/ 30 x 10-6 = 240 V Ans

capacitor C is connected in parallel with capacitor A, and the p.d across capacitor B is
400V. Then p.d across the parallel arrangement of A and C will be 200V

(because total voltage = 600V). Since this is half of the voltage across B, the value of
equivalent capacitance of the parallel arrangement would be double that of B, i.e 60µF.

Hence the value of C = 40µF.

Energy stored in it = ½ CV2 = ½ x 40 x 10-6 x 2002 = 0.8 J

Q. An eight pole armature is wound with 480 conductos. The magnetic flux and the
speed are such that the average emf generated in each conductor is 2.2V, and each
conductor is capable of carrying a full load current of 100A. Calculate the terminal
voltage on no load, the output current on full load and the total power generated on
full load when the armature is (a) lap connected, (b) wave connected

(a) lap connected : number of parallel paths = number of poles = 8

hence, number of conductors per path = 480 / 8 = 60

 terminal voltage on no load = emf per conductor x number of
conductors/path

= 2.2 x 60 = 132 V.

output current on full load = full load current per conductor x number of

parallel paths

= 100 x 8 = 800 A

hence total power generated on full load is = 800 x 132 = 105.6 kW

(b) wave connected : number of parallel paths = 2

hence number of conductors per path = 480 / 2 = 240

terminal voltage on no load = 2.2 x 240 = 528 V

output curren t on full load = 100 x 2 = 200A.

power generated = 200 x 528 = 105.6 kW.

Q. A diesel engine has a measured indicated power of 7.5 kW and a mechanical efficiency of 85%.
It drives a generator which supplies a lamp load at 110V. How many 60W lamps can be
supplied, if the efficiency of generator is measured to be 88%. Find the total load current.

Indicated power of diesel engine = 7500 watts

Efficiency = 0.85

Hence engine output / generator input = 7500 x 0.85 = 6375 watts

Generator efficiency = 0.88

Hence generator output = 6375 x 0.88 = 5610 watts

Load is made of 60W lamps,

Number of lamps that can be supplied = 5610 / 60 = 93.5 say 93 lamps. Ans

With 93 lamps, total power or load = 93 x 60 = 5580 watts

Hence total load current = 5580 / 110 = 50.73 Amps Ans

Q. Two 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motors having six and four poles respectively are
cumulatively cascaded, the 6 pole motor being connected to the main supply. Determine
the frequencies of the rotor currents and the slips referred to each stator field if the set has
a slip of 2%.

Synchronous speed of the set = 120 x 50 / 10 = 600 rpm

Actual rotor speed N = (1 – s) x synchronous speed of the set

= (1 – 0.02) x 600 = 588 rpm

synchronous speed of the 6 pole machine (stator field) =

Ns6 = 120 x 50 / 6 = 1000 rpm.

Slip referred to this stator field is s6 = Ns6 - N / Ns6 = 1000 – 588 / 1000

= 0.412 (41.2%)

frequency of the rotor currents of 6 pole motor f’ = s6 x f = 0.412 x 50

= 20.6 Hz

this will be the frequency of 4 pole stator currents

synchronous speed of 4 pole motor is Ns4 = 120 x 20.6 / 4 = 618 rpm

slip as referred to 4 pole motor(stator field) is s4 = Ns4 – N / Ns4

= 618 – 588 / 618

= 0.0485 (4.85%)

hence frequency of rotor current of 4 pole motor is

f” = 0.0485 x 20.6 = 0.9991 Hz ( say 1 Hz)

Q. a.. Compare magnetic and electric circuits (6 marks)

b. A mild steel ring of 30 cm mean circumference has a cross sectional area of 6 cm2 and has
a winding of 500 turns on it. The ring is cut through at a point so as to provide an air gap of
1mm in the magnetic circuit. It is found that a current of 4A in the winding produces a flux
density of 1 tesla in the air gap. Find (i) the relative permeability of the mild steel and (ii)
inductance of the winding. (10 marks)

a.

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

1 Flux = mmf / reluctance Current = emf / resistance
2 Magneto motive force (in ampere Electro motive force in volts
turns)
3 Flux (webers) Current (amperes)
4 Flux density B = wb/m2 Current density Amps / m2
5 Reluctance S = length /µA Resistance = ρ x length /A
6 Permeance (= 1 / reluctance) Conductance = 1 / resistance
7 reluctivity Resistivity
8 Permeability (= 1 / reluctivity) Conductivity (= 1 / resistivity)

b. (i) steel ring : H = B/µ0µr = 1/4π x 10-7 x µr AT/m

= 0.7957 x 107 / µr AT/m

mmf = H x l = (0.7957 x 107 / µr ) x 29.9 x 10-2

= 0.2379 x 106 / µr AT

for the air gap, H = B/µ0 = 0. 0.7957 x 106 AT/m

mmf required = H x l = 0. 0.7957 x 106 x 1 x 10-3 AT

= 795.7 AT

. . . total mmf required = (0.2379 x 106 / µr ) + 795.7 AT

total mmf available = NI = 500 x 4 = 2000 AT

. . . 2000 = 0.2379 x 106 / µr

 ... µr = 197.5 Ans

(ii) inductance of the winding = NФ / I = NBA / I

= 500 x 1 x 6 x 10-4 / 4

= 0.075 henries Ans

Q. The earth lamps on a MSB comprise two 240V, 60 W lamps connected in the usual
manner. The potential difference at the busbars is 220V. Damage by sea water occurs to a
distribution cable so that the insulation resistance to the earth is reduced to 16 Ω and 6Ω for
+ve and –ve cables respectively. Find by calculation (a) which of the two lamps burns brighter,
and (b) the additional load on the generators occasioned by the fault. The resistance of the
cables and ship’s structure may be neglected, and that of the lamps taken as constant at the
value corresponding to 60W rating.

Current taken by a lamp at full voltage = 60 / 240 = 0.25A

Resistance of 1 earth lamp = 240 / 0.25 = 960Ω
Let R1 be the resistance between the +ve and earth.
Then 1 / R1 = 1 / 960 + 1 / 16 = 61 / 960 or R1 = 960 / 61 = 15.74Ω
Let R2 be the resistance between –ve line and earth.
Then 1 / R2 = 1 / 960 + 1 / 6 = 161 /960 or R2 = 960 / 161 = 5.96Ω.
Hence, total resistance = 15.74 + 5.96 = 21.7Ω.
Therefore, current flowing between +ve and –ve line = 220 / 21.7 = 10.14 A.

Voltage across +ve and earth = 10.14 x 15.74 = 159.6 V

Voltage across the –ve and earth = 10.14 x 5.96 = 60.43 V

Hence the lamp connected between +ve and earth will burn brighter. Ans.

Current passed by the fault = 220 / 21.7 = 10.14 A

Hence additional load on the generator = 220 x 10.14 = 2230.8 watts or say 2.23 kW Ans.

Q. In a 50 kVA star connected, 440V, 3 phase, 50 Hz alternator, the effective armature

resistance if 0.25Ω per phase. The synchronous reactance is 3.2Ω per phase and leakage
reactance is 0.5Ω per phase. Determine at rated load and unity power factor: (a) internal
emf Ea (b) no load emf E0 (c) % regulation on full load (d) value of synchronous reactance
which replaces armature reaction.

I Xa

E0

Ea
I XL

V I Ra

Ea = is known as the internal voltage (internal characterisitics) = vector addition of V, IRa and
IXL

V = 440 / √3 = 254 V

Full load output current at UPF is = 50,000 / √3 x 440 = 65.6 A

Hence resistive drop IRa = 65.6 x 0.25 = 16.4 V
Leakage reactance drop IXL = 65.6 x 0.5 = 32.8V

Therefore Ea = (V + IRa)2 + iXL2 = √ (254 + 16.4)2 + 32.82 = 272 V

Hence line value = 272 x √3 = 471 V Ans

Synchronous reactance = sum of leakage reactance + armature reactance = 3.2Ω, given

Hence IXS = synchronous reactance drop = 65.6 x 3.2 V

Hence E0 = no load terminal voltage or open circuit voltage = = (V + IRa)2 + IXS2

= √ (254 + 16.4)2 + (65.6 x 3.2)2 V

= 342 V per phase

Line voltage + 342 x √3 = 592 V Ans

% regulation up = E0 - V / V x 100 = 342 – 254 / 342 = 34.65% Ans

Armature reactance Xa = XS – XL = 3.2 – 0.5 = 2.7Ω. Ans

Q. A 12 pole 3 phase delta connected alternator runs at 600 rpm, and supplies a balanced
star connected load. Each phase of the load is a coil of resistance of 35Ω and an inductive
reactance of 25Ω. The line terminal voltage of the alternator is 440V. Determine (a) the
frequency of supply (b) current in each coil (c) current in each phase of the alternator (d)
total power supplied to the load.

a. Frequency = NP / 120 = 12 x 600 / 120 = 60 Hz Ans.

b. since the load is balanced, Vph = 440 / √3 = 254 V

Zph = √ 352 + 252 = 43.01Ω
For a star connected load, current in one phase of load, Iph = IL = 254 / 43.01 = 5.91 A

Hence current in a coil is 5.91 A Ans

c. Current in each phase of alternator = 5.91 / √3 = 3.41 A Ans.

d. power factor of load = cosФ = R/Z = 35 / 43.01 = 0.81 (lag)

hence total power = √3 VI cosФ = 1.732 x 440 x 5.91 x 0.81 = 3650 Watts or 3.65 kW Ans

Q. A total load of 8000 kW at 0.8 power factor is supplied by two alternators in parallel. One
alternator supplies 6000 kW at 0.9 p.f Find the kVA rating of the other alternator and the
power factor.

Alternator A supplies 6000kW load at 0.9 pf (assume lagging power factor since not specified)

Hence its kVA rating = 6000/0.9 = 6667 kVA

Cos ФA = 0.9, hence sin ФA = 0.4357
Hence kVAr for alternator A = 6667 x 0.4357 = - 2905 kVAr (negative because lagging pf)
Alternator B supplies = 8000 – 6000 = 2000 kW
Hence its kVA rating will be = 8000/0.8 = 10,000 kVA
Since cos ФB = 0.8, sin ФB = 0.6 (lagging pf assumed)
Hence reactive power of load = 10,000 x 0.6 = - 6000 kVAr
Therefore reactive power of alternator B = - 6000 – (-2905) = - 3905 kVAr
Hence apparent power or kVA rating of alternator B = √ 20002 + (- 3905)2
= 3685 kVA Ans
Power factor of Alternator B = 2000/3685 = 0.543 (lagging) Ans

Q. A battery charging circuit is shown below in the fig. the3 forward resistance of the diode is
negligible and reverse resistance infinite. The internal resistance of the battery is negligible.
Calculate the necessary value of the variable resistance R so that the battery charging current
is 1.0 A.
 Supply voltage =
R
V = 200 sinωt

Q. Three conductors fitted side by side in the stator of a salient pole alternator. Each
generates maximum voltage of 200V (sinusoidal). The angle subtended at the centre
between adjacent conductors is 20 electrical degrees. If the three conductors are connected
in series find (a) the rms value of the effective voltage and (b) the ‘breadth factor’. Using the
theory that is the basis of this problem, give one reason why three phase current has been
introduced.

Three conductors are being cut at the same speed. Hence emf induced in them will be equal.
But the conductors are displaced by 20°, hence their emf’s will also be 20° out of phase with
each other. The conductors are in series.

Hece the resultant voltage can be obtained by finding horizontal and vertical components.

Horizontal component = 200 cos 0° + 200 cos 20° + 200 cos 40°

= 200 x (1+0.9397+0.766) = 541.14 V

Vertical component = 200 sin 0° + 200 sin 20° + 200 sin 40° = 200 x (0+0.342+0.6428) =
196.96V

Resultant emf = √ 541.142 + 196.962 = 576 V. (maximum value)

Hence RMS value = 0.707 x 576 = 407.32 V Ans

Breadth factor = actual emf generated / total possible emf = 576 / 600 = 0.96 Ans

Q. An 18.65 kW, 6 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase slip ring induction motor runs at 960 rpm on full load
with a rotor current per phase of 35 A. Allowing 1 kW for mechanical losses, find the
resistance per phase of the 3 phase rotor winding.

Motor output = 18.65 kW

Mechanical losses = 1 kW
Hence mechanical power developed by rotor = Pm = 18.65 + 1 = 19.65 kW
Synchronous speed NS = 120 x 50 / 6 = 1000 rpm
Hence slip s = (1000-960)/1000 = 0.04
Rotor copper losses = s / (1-s) x Pm = 0.04 / 0.96 x 19.65 = 0.819 kW = 819 watts
Hence 3 Ir2 Rr = 819 watts
i.e. 3 x 352 x Rr = 819
therefore Rr = rotor resistance per phase = 0.023Ω Ans.
Q. An electric supply system has the following tariff in force at the time; Rs. 100 per kVA of
maximum demand plus 5 Ps per unit. A consumer installs a phase advancing plant, in order
to improve the power factor of his installation. The cost of the plant is Rs. 40 per kVA.
Assuming the interest and depreciation as 10%, calculate the most economical power
factor to which it should be improved.

Solution:

The most economical p.f. is given by

Cosφ = √ (1 – (Bp / 100 A)2

Where, B = cost of the phase advancing plant per kVAr

p = the rate of interest and depreciaton per year

A = the cost per kVA maximum demand plus a flat rate

Cosφ = √ (1 – (Bp / 100 A)2 = √ (1 – (40 x 10 / 100 x 100)2

= 0.9984

(DERIVATION OF THE ABOVE FORMULA):

Suppose the consumer is charged at Rs. A Per kVA maximum demand plus a flat rate per kWh.
Let the load taken be P kW at a p.f. of cosφ1. Then kVA will be P/ cosφ1 and the kVAr will be
Ptanφ1. By installing capacitors, if the p.f. is improved to cosφ2 (power remaining constant),
then kVA2 = P/ cosφ2 and kVAr2 = P tanφ2

Reduction in the kVA maximum demand is = (kVA1 – kVA2) = (P/ cosφ1 - P/ cosφ2 )

Since the charge is Rs. A per kVA maximum demand, the annual saving on this account will be =
A ((P/ cosφ1 - P/ cosφ2 )

The kVAr is reduced from kVAr1 to kVAr2 = (Ptanφ1 - P tanφ2)

If the cost per kVAr of phase advancing plant is Rs. B and the rate of interest and depreciation is
p% per annum, then its cost per annum is

= Bp/100 ((Ptanφ1 - P tanφ2)

net annual saving S = A ((P/ cosφ1 - P/ cosφ2 ) - Bp/100 ((Ptanφ1 - P tanφ2)

for maximum saving dS/d φ2 = 0

 d / dφ2 [ A ((P/ cosφ1 - P/ cosφ2 ) - Bp/100 ((Ptanφ1 - P tanφ2)] = 0

- AP secφ2 tanφ2 + Bp P sec2φ2 = 0

solving, sinφ2 = Bp / A

once this angle is known, φ2 can be found out and hence cosφ2

cosφ2 = √1 – sin2φ2 = √1 – (Bp / 100 A)2

Q. A sinusoidal ac voltage of 110V is applied across a moving coil ammeter, a hot wire
ammeter and a half wave rectifier, all connected in series. The rectifier offers a resistance of
25Ω in one direction and infinite resistance in the opposite direction. Calculate the (i)
readings in the ammeters (ii) form factor and peak factor of the current.
a. It must be noted that moving coil meter due to inertia of its moving system, registers the
average current for the whole cycle.
b. The reading of the hot wire ammeter is proportional to the heating effect over the whole
cycle.
c. The values given in the numericals, unless otherwise stated shall indicate only RMS value.

Em = 110 / 0.707 = 155.5V.

Therefore Im = 155.5 / 25 = 6.22A

Average value of positive half cycle = 0.637 x 6.22 = 3.96A

Average current in negative half cycle is zero.

Since the moving coil meter reads the average value for the whole cycle, the meter reading =
3.96 / 2 = 1.98A.

Let R be the resistance of hot wire ammeter. Average heating effect over the positive half cycle
= Im2 R / 2 watts.

No heating effect or loss during the negative half cycle.

Average heating effect over the entire cycle = Im2 R / 4 watts

Idc2 R = Im2 R / 4

Therefore Idc = Im / 2 = 6.22 / 2 = 3.11A

Hot wire ammeter will read 3.11A.

Form factor = 3.11 / 1.98 = 1.57

Peak factor = 6.22 / 3.11 = 2.