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Dynamic Routing

Here are the key points about administrative distance (AD) in routing protocols: - AD is a routing metric used to select the best path when a router has multiple paths to the same destination from different routing protocols. - Protocols with lower AD values are preferred. The route with the lowest AD value will be installed in the routing table. - The default AD values on Cisco IOS are: - Static routes: 1 - EIGRP: 90 - OSPF: 110 - RIP: 120 - IGRP: 100 - BGP: 20 - Unknown: 255 - We can increase the AD of a static route to make it less preferred than routes from dynamic routing protocols

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84 views

Dynamic Routing

Here are the key points about administrative distance (AD) in routing protocols: - AD is a routing metric used to select the best path when a router has multiple paths to the same destination from different routing protocols. - Protocols with lower AD values are preferred. The route with the lowest AD value will be installed in the routing table. - The default AD values on Cisco IOS are: - Static routes: 1 - EIGRP: 90 - OSPF: 110 - RIP: 120 - IGRP: 100 - BGP: 20 - Unknown: 255 - We can increase the AD of a static route to make it less preferred than routes from dynamic routing protocols

Uploaded by

Zoheb qureshi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dynamic Routing

Static routing involves manually configuring router to each destination with ‘IP ROUTE’ cmd.
Dynamic routing involves configuring a dynamic routing protocol on the router & then
letting router take care of finding the best routes to destination networks.

It called dynamic routing because it not fixed, if you add new LAN, router will automatically
inform each other about how to get to that new destination network
If one path to a destination down the router will automatically start using the next-best path

Network Topology
Network routes & Host route on Router 1 (R1)

what is Network route & Host route ?


A)example:
C 10.0.12.0/30 is Network route (< /32)of R1 interface G0/0 and its connected to
L 10.0.12.1/32 Host route (/32) of R2 interfac G0/0.

R1 network after using dynamic protocol, every router will advertise each route to each
other
Q)

A) Other Routers will automatically adapt and remove route from their
Routing tables (router will remove invalid route)
Eg: R1 has remove the route. This will prevent R1 from continuously sending
traffic to dead-end

Q) What if the same situation happened when using static routing?


A) Eg: we configure static route on R1

R1 is unaware that is can no longer reach the 192.168.4.0 network so if it


receives packets to 192.168.4.0 destination network it will continue forwarding
them to R2 as it unaware that R2 can no longer reach the network.

Benefits of dynamic routing: the router will remove invalid routes.


Algorithm: The process each protocol use to share route information and choose
the best route to each destination.
(All routing protocol has the same goal, to share route information and select
the best route to each destination)
Distance Vector (Algorithm)
However the Algorithm used to do so is different for each routing protocol
there are 2 Distance Vector Protocol
1.RIP (Routing information Protocol)
2.EIGRP (Enhanced interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
Link State (Algorithm)
there are 2 Link State Protocol
1. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
2. IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)
(to learn IS-IS consider looking CCNP Service Provider path after CCNA Course)
Path Vector (Algorithm)
there are only 1 Path Vector Protocol
1. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
Matric (The measure used to decide which route in better)
(A lower number is bettwer)
in (1980)

These is different than Link State routing protocols in which the router develops
a more complete picture of the network
In Distance vector all the routers know is the route its neighbors tells it about
& their matric to reach those destinations.

Distance vector protocol works by sharing their route table or parts of it with
their neighbours.

Eg: R4 Sharing its route to R2 then its share to R1 then its share to R3 but the
matric cost is increasing.
& the connectivity map will be same on each router.
Then,
Eg.1.

R1 learn 2 paths to destination 192.168.4.0/24


1. Via R2
2.Via R3
but only the route via R2 is added to the routing table
Because this Fastehternet connection at R3 has the higher matric cost than
the other gigabit ethernet connections.
Eg.2

What is the Fastethernet connection whold be gigehternet ?


A]
Traffic will be load balanced over both routes.
Explanation:

Both routes were learned by the dynamic routing protocol OSPF


as it indicating by code [ O ]
Their both to the exact same destination: 192.168.4.0/24 and
They both have the same matric.
The matric value is also displaced in output [ 3 ]
both route have to matric of 3 so both were added and traffic will be
load balanced over both routes
These is called ECMP [ Equal Cost Multi-Path ] or ECMP load-balancing.

Another important value called ‘Administrative Distance ‘ or AD


OSPF protocol has an AD of 110
We can use ECMP on static routes as well.
We disable OSPF and configure 2 static routes to 192.168.4.0,
one via R2 and another one via R3
then both are added on the routing table and traffic will be load-balance over
both routes.
Note: 1. Both routes have a metric of 0.
Static routes don’t really use conecept of ‘metric’ so we all see 0
2. Administrative distance AD, value of static routes is 1
Note: Each routing protocol uses a different metric.
RIP: 1.uses the simplest metric = hope count
2.Each router in the path to the destination counts as one ‘hope’
3.the total metric is the total number of hops to reach the destination

EIGRP: 1. Uses the most complicated metric of the IGPs which is


Calculation based on Bandwidth and delay by default.
However with configuration other factors can be calculated as well.
Note: only the bandwidth of the slowest link in the routes is used to calculate
the metric but the total delay values of all links in the path are used
This delay value is a little misleading since by default its value assigned to the
interface based on its bandwidth
OSPF: 1. It metric is called ‘COST’
2. The cost of each link is calculated based on the bandwidth and the total
bandwidth of the links in the route make up the metric of the route.
this is very simply way of calculating metric but also clearly better than RIP which
doesn’t take into the account link speed

ISIS: 1. It also use metric called ‘COST’


2. The cost of each link is not automatically calculated based on bandwidth
All link has a cost of 10 by default so without configuration it function
same as RIP being a simple hop count metric.

Just remember the basics.


1.RIP uses hope cout
2. EIGRP uses a calculation based on bandwidth and delay
3. OSPF uses a cost based on bandwidth.
The purpose of all these matric is the same to let the router select the best route
the destination

Eg:
Lets look this diagram again from R1’s perspective,deciding which route to
192.168.4.0/24 to select for its route table.
If it uses RIP the metric of RIP is hope count
:via R2 the hope count is 2. One hope to R2, one hope to R4.
:via R3 the hope count is also 2. One hope to R3, one hope to R4.
Even thoug the connection form R3 to R4 is a slower i.e fastethernet connection.
So both routes will be put into R1’s routing table and R1 will load balance traffic
using both routes. Even though one route is slower
If OSPF use instead of RIP let see which path will be used
Unlike RIP, OSPF metric cost does take into account bandwidth
So the slower connection between R3 and R4 will result in higher metric value
making it less favorable

Only this route will be entered into the route table and R1 will send all traffic
destined to the 192.168.4.0/24 network via R2

Note: RIP use both route as equal but OSPF does not

The purpose of all of these metric is the same, to let the router select the best
route the destination but some routing protocol might make better decision than
others.
1.Lower AD number is preferred and will selected over a higher AD
2.these are the values use on Cisco devices, other vendors might rank these
differently
Eg:
Why we want to change the AD value ?
A] we can make it less preferred. And it is called a ‘floating static route’

Note: if we get multiple routes from the same routing protocol we will use metric
Quiz: question of AD

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