Continuous Assessment Cover Sheet

Faculty of Engineering

Module Details
Module Code MT1011 Module Title Engineering Materials
Program: SLIIT Course: BSc (Hons) Engineering
Stream: Mechatronic

Assessment details
Title Tensile Testing of Metals Group assignment YES
If yes, Group No. G1-D
Lecturer/ Instructor Ms. Kobika Date of Performance 12/12/2022
Due date 19/12/2022 Date submitted 16/12/2022

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EN22304810 Bandara K.M.K.T

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 SRI LANKA INSTITUTE OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Engineering

Engineering Materials(MT1011)

Tensile Testing of Metals

B.Sc. Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering

Practical Date: 05/12/2022

Field of Study: Mechatronic Engineering

Submission Date: 12/12/2022

Instructor’s Name: Mis Kobika

Name and ID: Bandara K.M.K.T

EN22304810

2
Title
Testing tensile properties of materials using tensile test

Objectives
• To determine the tensile properties of the metals

Introduction
Metals used in everyday life have unique mechanical, physical, and thermal characteristics. The
most significant quality is mechanical properties, which inform us about strength, ductility,
toughness, and even hardness. Metal mechanical properties are critical for engineering
applications. The tensile property of the material should be examined while constructing railway
lines, aircraft, pressure vessels, marine ships, and so on.
Tensile testing is a laboratory test that determines the strength of a particular material by applying
a longitudinal or axial load at a defined extension rate until it fails. It measures the material's
resistance and how it behaves as the load increases. Tensile tests can be used to determine
parameters such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, tensile strength, and strain-
hardening.

Theory
The metallic specimen which used for the tensile test

T-Length of reduced section

D-Diameter
G-Gauge Length
R-Radius of fillet

3
Relationship of the strain and stress
Stress (σ) and Strain (ε) were the major relationships employed here. A graph between stress and
strain is plotted to determine tensile strength. The units of stress are N/m2 or Pa. The value of
stress is calculated by dividing the applied force (F) by the cross-section area (A).

F-Applied load
A-Initial cross-section area

The strain has no units and can be estimated by dividing the specimen's elongation after testing by
the original gauge length.

ΔL-Elongation of the specimen after the test

L-Initial gauge length
Young’s Modules
Hook's Law would be observed on a graph produced using stress and strain, and the slope of the
curve would reflect Young's Modules. Young's Modules are used to calculate the stiffness of a
solid material.

E-Young’s modulus

4
Identified things of the tensile test is shown in figure

Materials and apparatus

• Vernier Caliper.

• Reduction in area gauge. (didn’t use in the experiment)

• Tensile testing machine.

5
• An Elongation gauge. (didn’t use in the experiment)

• Specimen.

6
Procedure
• The Vernier Calliper was used to measure the diameter and gauge length of the sample
steel specimen. All the specimen's measurements were taken three times, at three distinct
locations.

• After measuring the diameter and gauge length, an elongation gauge is used to ensure that
the specimen has no elongation. (didn’t do this step in the experiment)

• Using an area reduction gauge, the specimen is put between 0 and fastened in place by
tightening the bolt. (didn’t do this step in the experiment)

• The specimen was taken to the tensile testing machine, where two ends were secured by
adjusting the jaws to meet the size of the specimen.

• The weight applied to the specimen increased as the wheel was rotated, and the reading
was taken with a mobile phone

• When the specimen broke, the recording was stopped and the two parts were taken from
the machine.

• The elongated quantity was acquired using the elongation gauge, while the area reduced
was obtained using the area reduction gauge. This step was done by using the vernier
caliper in the experiment.

• Finally, relevant data were generated to plot various graphs to determine the characteristics
and behavior of the steel related to the tensile test.

7
Observations

8
Table of the applied load and the elongation
Applied load (N) Extention(mm)

0 0.3
460 0.4
770 0.5
830 0.6
1220 0.7
1660 0.8
2210 0.9
2430 1.0
2970 1.1
3260 1.2
3880 1.3
4160 1.4
4890 1.5
5390 1.6
5860 1.7
6140 1.8
6700 1.9
7150 2.0
7660 2.1
7810 2.2
8250 2.3
8320 2.4
8450 2.5
8600 2.6
8620 2.7
8630 2.8
8630 2.9
8640 3.0
8560 3.1
8450 3.2
8370 3.3
8230 3.4
8090 3.5
7810 3.6
7730 3.7
7440 3.9
7100 4.0
6750 4.1
6620 4.2
6210 4.3

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Calculations

• The cross-sectional area of the specimen

d-diameter of the specimen

A=(π*(4.13)2)/4
=13.40mm2
final A=( π*(2.77)2)/4
=6.03mm2

• Stress

σ = 𝐹/𝐴
example-
460/13.40=34.33Nmm-2
• Strain

Example-
0.4/20.75=0.019

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Table of stress vs strain
Strain Stress(Nmm-2)

0.014 0.000
0.019 34.328
0.024 57.463
0.029 61.940
0.034 91.045
0.039 123.881
0.043 164.925
0.048 181.343
0.053 221.642
0.058 243.284
0.063 289.552
0.067 310.448
0.072 364.925
0.077 402.239
0.082 437.313
0.087 458.209
0.092 500.000
0.096 533.582
0.101 571.642
0.106 582.836
0.111 615.672
0.116 620.896
0.120 630.597
0.125 641.791
0.130 643.284
0.135 644.030
0.140 644.030
0.145 644.776
0.149 638.806
0.154 630.597
0.159 624.627
0.164 614.179
0.169 603.731
0.173 582.836
0.178 576.866
0.188 555.229
0.193 529.850
0.198 503.731
0.202 494.030
0.207 463.433

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Results
Extension vs load graph

EXTENTION VS LOAD GRAPH

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
LOAD(N)

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 4 4.2
EXTENTION(mm)

Strain vs stress graph

STRESS VS STRAIN
700

600

500
STRESS(N/mm2)

400

300

200

100

STRAIN

• Elastic Modulus

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 458.209−181.343
E = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠/𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
0.087−0.048

=7099.128N/mm2(7099.128Gpa)

• According to the graph

Yield Point = (0.101,571.642)

Yield Stress = 571.642 GPa used the method of 0.2%
Yield Strain = 0.101

• Tensile Strength = 644.776 Gpa

• Fracture Strength = 463.433 GPa

23.48−20.75
• Percentage elongation = ∗ 100%
20.75

=13.157 %
13.40−6.03
• Percentage reduction in area = ∗ 100%
13.40

=55%
• The modulus of resilience

(1/2)×458.209×0.087

• = 19.192Nmm-2

Summary of above

Properties Value
Elastic modulus 7099.128 GPa
Yield Stress 571.642Gpa
Yield Strain 0.101
Tensile Strength 644.776 GPa
Fracture Strength 463.433 GPa
Percentage of elongation 13.157%
Percentage of reduction in area 55%
Modulus of resilience 19 .192Nmm-2

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Discussion
Features of the specimen after the experiment
There was no apparent characteristic in the specimen until the applied load was increased. The
only thing that changed as the weight increased was the length. While the specimen stretched
horizontally, the experiment showed that the specimen began to narrow from the center, and the
stage period was Elastic Deformation. The process through which the specimen begins to narrow
is called "necking." Until the necking began, the deformation in the specimen was uniform. During
the elastic deformation stage, as long as the applied stress is removed, the specimen will
reconstruct to its original length. As the applied force increases, so does the necking, and at this
point, the original specimen cannot be recovered even after the applied stress is removed; this stage
is known as Plastic Deformation. The specimen breaks through the necking point after achieving
maximum load. The following Figure depicts a cup and cone fracture visible through the two parts
of the material.

Figure -cup and cone fracture

Comparing the experimental values and some published data table

Properties Experimental values Published data

Elastic modulus 7099.128 GPa 1030Gpa
Yield Stress 571.642Gpa 420Gpa
Yield Strain 0.101 -
Tensile Strength 644.776 GPa 710Gpa
Fracture Strength 463.433 GPa 435Gpa
Percentage of elongation 13.157% 14%
Percentage of reduction in 55% 52%
area
Modulus of resilience 19 .192Nmm-2 18%

14
Around 40 outcomes are shown in the table's results section. Because the tensometer readings
fluctuate frequently, a video of the displays is shot and the values are captured by viewing it. A
wide range of load levels can be seen. The extension has been altered in a consistent fashion. After
the ultimate strength value, the load values climbed and declined. The load value was rapidly
reduced to a lesser value following the fracture.
By substituting appropriate numbers from the graph, the elastic modulus, yield stress, yield strain,
tensile strength, fracture strength, percentage elongation, percentage decrease in area, and modulus
of resilience were determined. To calculate the elastic modulus, just the linear portion of the graph
is evaluated. As may be observed, the produced graph deviates slightly from the theoretically
predicted graph. The yield points are not visible in the produced graph.

Reasons for the deviation form published data

The reported value for steel's young modulus is 1030Gpa. There are several elements that can
influence value changes in a variety of ways. The readings were taken while watching a video. For
the same extension value, several load values might be shown. As a result, any figure within that
load range can be accepted. As a result, changes in values might have an impact on subsequent
computations as well as the departure of the original value from the published data. The machine's
zero inaccuracy can be considered an error, but it may not affect the computations because it is
already adjusted in the specified table.
Errors caused by modifications or errors in dimension measurements might have an impact on the
final findings and computations. The length and diameter of the copper specimen were measured
using a vernier caliper. It is difficult to position the jaws of the vernier caliper to a precise end
point of the gauge length because to the incline nature of the specimen's threads. As a result of
this, there may be inaccuracies. Because the gauge length is very short, any change in values
(errors) might have a greater impact. Errors in measuring devices, such as zero error, can also
impact reading deviation
Because the vernier caliper was used here, parallax inaccuracy may have been influenced. Taking
an average length and diameter value can help to decrease measurement instrument error.
The purity of the specimen can also be impacted by variations. For example, due to production
methods, the composition of the components may change. Impurities of various degrees can be
found in different specimens. As a result, the deviation of the findings from the published data
may be somewhat affected.
Because the extension value may only be acquired in one decimal place, the accuracy of the
measurements may be limited. Because the difference in extension values is just 0.1 mm, the lack
of a second decimal place can have a significant impact.
The essential stage before beginning project building is to analyze material attributes. Engineers
do many tests for varied needs, and measuring the strength of material is extremely vital in
engineering applications. Testing the strength of a material can provide us with a number of results.
This test may detect flaws in the material, the capacity to withstand how much force, avoid existing
problems in the world owing to material, and the quality of the material. There are different types

15
of tensile testing methods which varies based on the requirements. Some of those are longitudinal
and transverse tensile testing

Conclusion
Tensile testing is performed to determine the strength and ductility of metals prior to their
application. During this testing, the key forms of data are stress and strain. Using the collected
values, a stress-strain curve can be drawn, and different data such as elastic modulus, tensile and
fracture strengths may be determined.

16
References

1. Callister, W. & Rethwisch, D., 2013. Material Science and Engineering. In: Danvers:
Wiley, p. 182.
2. Freemans, 2022. Freemans. [Online]
Available at: https://www.freemansgroup.com/products/vernier-caliper-fvc/
[Accessed 11 12 2022].
3. Guide By Tips team, 2019. Guide by Tips. [Online]
Available at: https://guidebytips.com/tensile-test/
[Accessed 11 12 2022].
4. Kim Francis, 2022. Hobart brothers. [Online]
Available at: https://www.hobartbrothers.com/resources/technical-articles/what-is-
tensile-testing-and-why-is-it-
important/#:~:text=Tensile%20testing%20helps%20ensure%20that,to%20help%20moni
tor%20process%20quality.
[Accessed 10 12 2022].
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https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-11-mechanics-of-materials-
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6. Anon., n.d. Polymer Lab Instron Procedure. [Online] Available at:

https://www.mse.iastate.edu/files/2011/07/polymer-lab-instron-procedure.pdf

7.What is tensile testing? (no date) TWI. Available at: https://www.twi-

global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-tensile-testing (Accessed: December 11, 2022).

8.Home (no date) TestResources. Available at:

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2022).

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 9.Mathers, G. (no date) Mechanical testing - tensile testing part 1, TWI. Available at:
https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/job-knowledge/mechanical-testing-
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10.Şakar, B., 2017. Importance Behind the Tensile Test. [Online] Available at:
https://medium.com/@behicsakar/importance-behind-the-tensile-test-3730def3d4ab

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