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Faculty of Engineering

Module Details
Module Code MT1011 Module Title Engineering Materials
Program: SLIIT Course: BSc Eng

Assessment details
Title Tensile testing of metals Group assignment NO
If yes, Group No. G3_B
Lecturer/ Instructor Ms. Kobika Date of 2022/11/14
Performance
Due date 2022/11/28 Date submitted 2022/11/ 27

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ID Number Name (As per the institute records)
EN22305800 Chandrakumara J.D.S.M samuja
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 Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology
Faculty of Engineering

Engineering Materials (MT1011)

Tensile Testing of Metals

Lab Report

Name : Chandrakumara J.D.S.M

Reg No : EN22305800

Group : G3-B

Instructor: Ms. Kobika

Date : 14/11/2022

3
  Title
Tensile Testing of Metals

 Objective
To determine the tensile strength of metals.

 Introduction
Tensile testing is one of the fundamental tests in engineering. Information about a substance and
its associated properties can be ascertained through these tests. These properties can be used for
planning Tensile testing is increasingly used to analyze engineering structures and develop new
materials that are better suited for a specific application. Tensile testing is performed by applying
a longitudinal or axial load at a specified elongation. Ratio to a standard tensile specimen of
known dimensions (gauge length and cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of
loading) until failure. The applied tensile load and elongation were recorded. During the test to
calculate stress and strain. Both materials are subjected to these tests Elastic and plastic
deformation. At the initial stage of the test, the length of the specimen is determined However, if
the applied load is removed, the length of the sample returns to its original position, indicating
that the material behaves elastically. If the load is applied continuously .An undisturbed
specimen undergoes plastic deformation beyond a characteristic point. It called the yield point.
The specimen is then subjected to plastic deformation. This behavior can be represented in a
stress strain plot for material studies. Tensile tests provide an idea of the strength of a material
and the extent to which it stretches. Tensile tests measure the tensile force required to stretch and
break a material. Tensile tests are often used for quality control of materials or parts. It is
frequently used as input during the design phase of a material or molded product. Tensile tests
are often used to measure the loss of mechanical strength as a function of use, accelerated aging,
or chemical exposure.

Figure 1 : A standardized metallic specimen used for the tensile test.

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  Theory

Figure 2: A typical stress-strain graph of a ductile metal.

Young’s Modulus
In most tensile tests of materials we see that in the initial part of the test. The relationship
between the applied force, or load, and the elongation of the specimen. It takes a linear form
which means that the strain is proportional to the tensile force. The line in this linear region is
defined as "Hooke's Law". Here the stress to strain ratio is constant, or. E is the slope of the line.
This region where stress (σ) is proportional to stress (ε) is called the modulus of also known as
"Elasticity" or "Young's Modulus".
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖

Yield Strength
A value known as the “yield strength” of a material is defined given the stress applied to it. It is
the energy generated when plastic deformation starts.
Ultimate Strength
The idea here is the maximum tension force. In this case, the material is about to break. We can
clearly see the graph of the maximum tension force from the relevant table.

 The engineering stress σ and strain ϵ of the sample can be calculated using the following
equations. Before calculating the stress, the initial diameter of the brass metallic sample
should also be obtained.

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 Where (F) is the instantaneous load applied perpendicular to the cross section of the specimen.
(A )is the original cross-sectional area before any load is applied. Also the strain is given
by this equation.

𝐹
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜎) =
𝐴

Where 𝐿𝜊 is the initial length before any load is applied and 𝐿 is instantaneous length the
deformation is given by ∆L. Strain is always magnitude dependent applied stress. At relatively
low levels of stress and for most metals, stress and the tension is proportional to each other. That
is, according to a certain tension, the length difference takes a fairly uniform form.

𝐿−𝐿𝜊
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (ℰ) = 𝐿𝜊

 Δ𝐿 = 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝐿𝜊 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Elongation
Part of the test is to find out the amount of stretch or elongation that the sample will undergo. It
can be used as an absolute measure of change during tensile testing. A measure of length or
relative measure is called "thickness". This can be expressed in two tenses. Different methods,
such as "engineering strain" and "real strain". Engineering strain is likely. The easiest and most
common expression of stress used. It is the rate of change the length to original length .

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 Materials and Apparatus

 Tensil testing machine.

 Vernier caliper
 Brass metallic sample
 Reduction in area gauge
 Universal elongation gauge

 Procedure

1. First of all, the initial length and initial diameter of the brass metal sample were measured
using a vernier caliper under three cases each.

2. After that, the brass metallic sample was carefully attached to the tensil testing machine.

3. Then, the uniaxial tensile force was generated on the metallic sample when the crank was
rotated at the testing speed of 20 mm/min.

4. During the rotation, the video was recorded using the phone, carefully observing the
metal sample from the beginning to the time of breakage.

5. After the two parts were broken, the two brass metallic parts were carefully removed
from the machine.

6. Next, the diameter of the fractured metallic sample was measured with vernier calipers in
each of three cases and the average diameter was obtained.

7. After that, the length of the two metallic parts was measured with the Vernier Caliper in
each case three times and the final length was measured. (The fracture surfaces were well
aligned.)

8. Finally, the video was stopped at one place and the extension tables were taken for
each tensile force.

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 Observations

8
9
1. After breaking the specimen.

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  Results
• Values required to draw the graph for load vs. extension plot and stress vs. strain plot

Load (N) Extension (mm) Stress (Mpa) Strain

0 0 0 0
260 0.7 17.75 0.03349
810 0.8 55.29 0.03828
1190 0.9 81.23 0.04306
1370 1.0 93.51 0.04785
1540 1.1 105.12 0.05263
1860 1.2 126.96 0.05741
2080 1.3 141.98 0.06220
2500 1.4 170.65 0.06698
2690 1.5 183.62 0.07178
3040 1.6 207.51 0.07655
3360 1.8 229.35 0.08612
3520 1.9 240.27 0.09091
3620 2.0 247.10 0.09569
3760 2.2 256.65 0.10526
3880 2.4 264.85 0.11483
3980 2.6 271.67 0.12440
4110 3.0 280.55 0.14354
4210 3.3 287.37 0.15789
4290 3.5 292.83 0.16746
4370 3.8 298.29 0.18181
4420 4.0 301.71 0.19139
4530 4.4 309.21 0.21053
4600 4.8 313.99 0.22966
4710 5.2 321.50 0.24880
4800 5.7 327.64 0.27272
4870 6.0 332.42 0.28708
4900 6.4 334.47 0.30622
5000 7.1 341.30 0.33971
5030 7.7 343.34 0.36842
5060 8.3 345.40 0.39713
5090 8.9 347.44 0.42584
5100 9.0 348.12 0.43062
5090 9.1 347.44 0.43540
5080 9.4 346.76 0.44976
5050 9.9 344.71 0.47368
5030 10.0 343.34 0.47846
4930 10.3 336.52 0.49282

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4670 10.8 318.77 0.51675
4780 10.9 326.28 0.52153
4520 10.9 308.53 0.52153
4470 11.0 305.12 0.52631
4380 11.0 298.98 0.52631
4300 11.1 293.51 0.53110

Load vs Extension
6000

5000

4000
Load (N)

3000
Load (N)
2000

1000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Extention (mm)

Figure 4: Load vs Extension graph

Stress vs Strain
400
350
300
Stress (MPa)

250
200
150 Stress (Mpa)
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain

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 Figure 5: Stress vs Strain graph

 The following properties should be determined using the stress- strain curve.

1. Elastic modulus
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 (𝜆) = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∕ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
( 𝟏𝟕𝟎.𝟔𝟓−𝟏𝟎𝟓.𝟏𝟐 )
= ( 𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟖−𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟑 )

= 4.566 𝐺𝑃𝑎

2. Yield stress and yield strain (if you can see an upper and lower yield points, you
should report these. If there is no clear yield point, you should give the 0.2% yield
stress as the yield point).

Yield stress = 229.35 MPa

Yield strain = 0.08612

3. Tensile strength
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 / 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

5100 𝑁
=
14.65 𝑚𝑚2

= 348.12 𝑀𝑃𝑎

4. Fracture strength
𝐹
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝐴

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 4300𝑁
=
14.65 𝑚𝑚2

= 293.51 MPa

5. Percentage elongation
(30.10−20.90)
Percentage elongation = × 100%
20.90

= 44.01%

6. Percentage reduction in area

(14.65−7.30)
Percentage reduction = × 100%
14.65

= 50.17%

7. The modulus of resilience

1
The modulus of resilience = × 170.65 × 0.06698
2

= 5.71 MPa

 Show the final results summary in a table.

01 Elastic modulus 4.566 GPa

02 Yield stress 229.35 MPa

02 Yield strain 0.08612

03 Tensile strength 348.12 MPa

04 Fracture strength 293.51 MPa

05 Percentage elongation 44.01%

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 06 Percentage reduction in area 50.17%

07 The modulus of resilience 5.71Pa

 Calculations

 Initial area of broken sample (brass) = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 Final area of broken sample (brass) = 𝜋𝑟 2
22 4.32 4.32 22 3.05 3.05
A=(7)×( × ) A=(7)×( × )
2 2 2 2

= 14.65 𝑚𝑚2 = 7.30 𝑚𝑚2

 Stress
Stress = Load /Cross-sectional area of the metallic sample

𝜎 = 𝐹⁄𝐴

 Strain
Strain = Extension / initial length
𝚫𝑳
𝝐=
𝑳

 Discussion
When the brass metallic sample was fixed to the universal testing machine and the machine was
turned on, the power of the LED panel connected to the machine was indicated as a (-) value. We
did not use the power of negative values to draw the graph. After the force 0 comes, the
appropriate forces to draw the graph were recoded and recorded by stopping the phone video.
Here, the first part of the graph as well as other parts have been obtained in a fairly accurate
manner. It is well visible from the graphs drawn above. At the beginning of the equi-proportional
limit, Rabi's shape had changed slightly. Also, due to slight defects in the readings obtained
when the bones are fractured beyond the maximum force, the shape of the graph was slightly
changed. Then by looking carefully at the above graphs and
The following points were obtained from the diagrams.
• Elastic modulus

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• Yield stress
• Yield strain
• tensile strength
• Fracture strength
To perform the above calculation, we had to measure the initial length and initial diameter of the
brass metallic sample before the test, where the measurement was done correctly by using the
external jaws of the vernier caliper. Moreover, the diameter and the final length of the two parts
obtained after the test of the metallic sample were correct. Measured and made relevant
calculations. It was a bit difficult to get the final length because it is quite difficult to take
measurements using the vernier caliper keeping the two metallic parts touching well. Answered
the above sections by completing the stress/strain table based on the measurement obtained. The
main purpose of this test is to determine the tensile strength of a material.
For example, a carbon fiber composite material may have a different graph than a brass sample
or an iron sample. It has different elastic strengths and different elastic moduli. The
aforementioned carbon fiber has a very high tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The graph
part of the proportional limit section is almost identical, but when the curve exceeds the
proportional limit, the material breaks immediately without bending or being subjected to tensile
stress. In addition, considering the yield strength graph obtained from two metallic samples with
different cross-sectional areas, the portion related to the iso-ratio limit is likely to be different.
When we conducted a test using a brass sample, the breaking graph of the sample showed that
from the initial point to the final point of breaking, the force increased gradually and then
decreased after reaching a maximum force. The brass metal sample is weakened and
breaks immediately.

 Conclusion

Many engineering applications that require high tensile strength. Therefore, Young's Modulus,
which is a factor that determines the deflection of mild steel, has low values. Moreover, we
conducted the tests here with a brass metallic sample. If it was done using a steel sample, the
shape of the graph obtained above may be slightly different. We thought that the reason for that
was the change in the strain, and we understood that the strain changes according to the length of
the stretch even if the tension force applied is the same. Also, the Young's modulus is also
subject to change.

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 References

• Tensile test lab report - the basics on the operation of Universal Testing Machine were
also learnt (no date) StuDocu. Available at:
https://www.studocu.com/row/document/university-of-botswana/material-science-for-
engineers/tensile-test-lab-report/5698826 (Accessed: November 22, 2022).

• Young's Modulus (no date) Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.

Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/Youngs-modulus (Accessed:
November 22, 2022)

• Tensile strength vs yield strength of steel - clifton steel (2022) AR400 & AR500
Steel Plate - AR500 Armor. Available at: https://www.cliftonsteel.com/knowledge-
center/tensile-and-yield-strength (Accessed: November 22, 2022).

• What is elongation? (no date) Matmatch. Available at:

https://matmatch.com/learn/property/elongation (Accessed: November 22, 2022).

• Stress-strain and load-extension graphs, including Young's Modulus (no date) STEM.
Available at: https://www.stem.org.uk/resources/community/collection/20850/stress-
strain-and-load-extension-graphs-including-young%E2%80%99s (Accessed:
November 23, 2022).

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