COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN PROJECT

CE4500

Final Report

CINEC Campus

Malabe

APARTMENT COMPLEX

AT HOMAGAMA

Group Six
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT

The design project we did for our final year group project enriched us with immense knowledge
and experience. We sincerely thank Mrs. Udayanga Edirisooriya and Mr. Venuka
Kuruwitaarachchi for their guidance and valuable support. Moreover, thanks to all the other
senior lecturers for their guidance throughout this project. Special gratitude to the UDA
consultant staff, Sethsiripaya stage 03 project, Battaramulla, for spending their valuable time
on this project. Finally, we express my heartfelt appreciation to all those who supported and
guided us directly and indirectly in this project.

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 PREFACE

This report fulfils the Comprehensive design project module in the B.Sc. (Hons) Engineering
degree program conducted by the Faculty of Engineering, CINEC Campus. The primary
objective of this project is to design an apartment complex by understanding and applying the
theories learnt. This report contains all the work we have done in this project as group 06. The
project we were assigned to is an apartment complex at Homagama. The sub-topics report
content is explained only from experience gathered from the comprehensive design group
project.

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 Contents
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT ..................................................................................... 1-3
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.1.1 Target Audience ........................................................................................................... 1-3
1.1.2 Target Areas ................................................................................................................. 1-3
1.2 Project Description............................................................................................................... 1-4
1.3 Scope of work....................................................................................................................... 1-4
1.4 Layout of the site ................................................................................................................. 1-5
Chapter 2 – INITIAL DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1 Preliminary Ideas (Alternative Designs) ............................................................................... 2-2
2.1.1 Design 1 - 12 Story Building One Tower....................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2 Design 2 - 08 Story Building One Tower....................................................................... 2-2
2.1.3 Design 3 - 12 Story Building Two Tower ...................................................................... 2-3
2.1.4 Reasons for selecting design 01 ................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.5 Reasons for not selecting alternative design 02 .......................................................... 2-4
2.1.6 Reasons for not selecting alternative design 03 .......................................................... 2-4
Chapter 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ......................................................................... 3-5
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................................. 3-5
3.1.1 Objectives of the Project .............................................................................................. 3-6
3.1.2 Justification of the project ........................................................................................... 3-6
3.1.3 Objectives of EIA report ............................................................................................... 3-7
3.1.4 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements ...................................... 3-8
3.1.5 Does the project wholly or partly falls within the following areas .............................. 3-8
3.1.6 Extent and scope of the study ..................................................................................... 3-9
3.1.7 Conformity to Homagama Development Plan/other Conservationand Development
Plans 3-9
3.1.8 Compatibility with Existing & Proposed Development in the area ............................ 3-10
3.2 Description of the Project .................................................................................................. 3-10
3.2.1 Location of the Project ............................................................................................... 3-10
3.2.2 Present Ownership of the Project Site ....................................................................... 3-11
3.2.3 Permanent and temporary structures and any infrastructure development ............ 3-14
3.2.4 Construction activities................................................................................................ 3-14
3.2.5 Details of the demolishing, filling and excavation ..................................................... 3-14

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 3.2.6 Type, quantity and sources of filled material............................................................. 3-14
3.2.7 Method of transportation of construction materials................................................. 3-15
3.2.8 Method of transportation of demolished/excavated materials to the disposal site . 3-15
3.2.9 Proposed landscaping, use of native plants or measures to preserve or enhance
vegetation on the site ................................................................................................................ 3-15
3.2.10 Aesthetic and visual environment.............................................................................. 3-16
3.2.11 Water Supply.............................................................................................................. 3-17
3.2.12 Waste Water .............................................................................................................. 3-18
Treatment Mechanism............................................................................................................... 3-19
3.2.13 Solid Waste ................................................................................................................ 3-19
3.2.14 Waste management system including waste separation and storage on site .......... 3-20
3.2.15 Solid waste management plan ................................................................................... 3-21
3.2.16 Air Emission Control ................................................................................................... 3-22
3.2.17 Drainage Management .............................................................................................. 3-23
3.2.18 Other Infrastructure facilities required/provided ...................................................... 3-23
3.2.19 Implementation plan.................................................................................................. 3-24
3.2.20 Future Expansions ...................................................................................................... 3-26
3.2.21 Evaluation of alternatives .......................................................................................... 3-26
3.3 Description of the Existing Environment............................................................................ 3-26
3.3.1 Study Area .................................................................................................................. 3-26
3.3.2 Hydrology ................................................................................................................... 3-27
3.3.3 Geology and soil characteristics ................................................................................. 3-27
3.3.4 Land Use ..................................................................................................................... 3-28
3.3.5 Noise .......................................................................................................................... 3-28
3.3.6 Ecological Resources .................................................................................................. 3-28
3.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts................................................................................... 3-29
3.4.1 Physical Impacts ......................................................................................................... 3-29
3.4.2 Destruction to natural landscape............................................................................... 3-30
3.4.3 Land stability .............................................................................................................. 3-30
3.4.4 Waste water ............................................................................................................... 3-31
3.4.5 3.4.1.6.3 Impacts due to demolished materials, solid waste disposal on ground water
and orsoil during construction ................................................................................................... 3-32
3.4.6 Ecological resources ................................................................................................... 3-33
3.4.7 Traffic impacts ............................................................................................................ 3-34

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 3.4.8 Safety Issues ............................................................................................................... 3-34
3.4.9 Impacts on Visual Environment ................................................................................. 3-35
3.5 Proposed Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................... 3-35
3.5.1 Soil Conservation........................................................................................................ 3-35
3.5.2 Solid Waste Management .......................................................................................... 3-36
3.5.3 Measures to avoid/minimize ecological impacts ....................................................... 3-37
3.5.4 Measures to maintain water quality .......................................................................... 3-38
3.5.5 Safety issues mitigation.............................................................................................. 3-39
3.6 Environmental Management Programme ......................................................................... 3-39
3.6.1 Summary of the anticipated significant adverse environmentalimpacts together with
the mitigation measures ............................................................................................................ 3-40
3.6.2 Monitoring Plan ......................................................................................................... 3-40
3.7 Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................................................... 3-42
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 3-43
Chapter 4 - ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS........................................................................................... 4-46
Chapter 5 – STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWINGS .......................................................................... 5-49
5.1 Slab Design ......................................................................................................................... 5-49
5.1.1 Slab Design procedure ............................................................................................... 5-49
5.1.2 Slab Layout ................................................................................................................. 5-49
5.1.3 Slab Design Calculation .............................................................................................. 5-50
5.2 Beam Design ...................................................................................................................... 5-79
5.2.1 Beam Design Procedure ............................................................................................. 5-79
5.2.2 Beam Layout .............................................................................................................. 5-79
5.2.3 Beam Design Calculation............................................................................................ 5-80
5.3 Column Design ................................................................................................................... 5-87
5.3.1 Column Design Procedure.......................................................................................... 5-88
5.3.2 Column Layout ........................................................................................................... 5-88
5.3.3 Column Design Calculation ........................................................................................ 5-89
5.4 Staircase Design ............................................................................................................... 5-102
5.4.1 Staircase Design Procedure...................................................................................... 5-102
5.4.2 Staircase Design Calculation .................................................................................... 5-102
5.5 Sump Design .................................................................................................................... 5-111
5.5.1 Sump Design Procedure ........................................................................................... 5-111
5.5.2 Sump Design Calculation.......................................................................................... 5-111

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 5.6 Foundation Design ........................................................................................................... 5-114
5.6.1 Foundation Design Calculation ................................................................................ 5-114
5.7 Shear Wall Design ............................................................................................................ 5-119
5.7.1 Shear Wall Design Calculation ................................................................................. 5-119
Chapter 6 - ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE USING ETABS ....................................................................... 6-123
Chapter 7 - DESIGN OF SERVICES ..................................................................................................... 7-124
7.1 Lift Design Calculation...................................................................................................... 7-124
7.2 Swimming Pool Design Calculation .................................................................................. 7-125
7.3 Water Tank Design Calculation ........................................................................................ 7-126
7.4 Rain Water Design Calculation ......................................................................................... 7-127
7.5 A/C Load Design Calculation ............................................................................................ 7-129
7.6 Below Ground Water Disposal System Design Calculation ............................................. 7-134
7.7 Above Ground Water Disposal System Design Calculation ............................................. 7-136
7.8 Septic Tank Design Calculation ........................................................................................ 7-138
7.9 Water Supply Design Calculation ..................................................................................... 7-140
7.10 Fire Fighting Design Calculation ....................................................................................... 7-151
7.10.1 Positioning of Sprinklers .......................................................................................... 7-152
7.10.2 Water Supply to sprinklers ....................................................................................... 7-152
7.11 Sanitary Appliances .......................................................................................................... 7-153
Chapter 8 - BILL OF QUANTITIES ...................................................................................................... 8-154
Chapter 9 – CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 9-155

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-Location of the Projectgure ................................................................................................... 1-4

Figure 2-General Arrangement ............................................................................................................ 1-5
Figure 3-Location map of Project Site .................................................................................................. 3-6
Figure 4- Location Map of Project Sites (1:10,000- Survey Department) .......................................... 3-11
Figure 5-Location Map of Project Sites (Google Map) ....................................................................... 3-11
Figure 6-Site Plan ............................................................................................................................... 4-46
Figure 7-Elevation View ..................................................................................................................... 4-47
Figure 8-Parking ................................................................................................................................. 4-47
Figure 9-First Floor ............................................................................................................................. 4-48
Figure 10-Typical Floor Plan ............................................................................................................... 4-48
Figure 11-Slab panel layout ............................................................................................................... 5-49
Figure 13-B6 Slab Reinforcement Details .......................................................................................... 5-58
Figure 14-C5 and C6 Slab Reinforcement Details .............................................................................. 5-66
Figure 15-A1 and A10 Slab Reinforcement Details ............................................................................ 5-72
Figure 16-Tank over Slab Reinforcement Details............................................................................... 5-78
Figure 17-Beam Layout ...................................................................................................................... 5-79
Figure 18-Section of Beam ................................................................................................................. 5-87
Figure 19-Column Layout ................................................................................................................... 5-88
Figure 20-Section of Column............................................................................................................ 5-101
Figure 21-Staircase Reinforcement Drawing ................................................................................... 5-110
Figure 22-Staircase Structural Drawing ........................................................................................... 5-110
Figure 23-Pile Layout ....................................................................................................................... 5-118
Figure 24-Shear Wall Section Drawing............................................................................................. 5-122
Figure 25-Swimming Pool Design .................................................................................................... 7-126
Figure 26-Water Supply Design........................................................................................................ 7-150
Figure 27-Water Sprinkler Design .................................................................................................... 7-152
Figure 28-Sanitary Appliances Design .............................................................................................. 7-153

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-Group Members ...................................................................................................................... 1-1

Table 2- Work Schedule ....................................................................................................................... 1-1
Table 3-The basic information of the project ...................................................................................... 1-4
Table 4-Amendment Table .................................................................................................................. 3-8
Table 5-Schedule of Floor Areas, Number of Housing and Shops ..................................................... 3-12
Table 6-Details of the Tower .............................................................................................................. 3-13
Table 7-Estimation of waste water generation at Apartment ........................................................... 3-18
Table 8-Composition of typical solid waste ....................................................................................... 3-20
Table 9-Details of the parking facility ................................................................................................ 3-23
Table 10-Activity plan for the Township Development Project in Homagama ................................. 3-24
Table 11-Agencies and their responsibilities for implementing the project activities ...................... 3-26
Table 12-Proposed ambient water quality standards ....................................................................... 3-41
Table 13- Bill of Quantity Summery ................................................................................................. 8-154

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 WORK SCHEDULE WITH INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION
Table 1-Group Members

Group member Student ID

Kaweesh Chamuditha M19980320008

Randika Senura M19990429008

Gayashan Abeykoon M19970812007

M. I. Raihan M19991217002

Vindula Ranawaka M19970508007

Chameen Fernando M19990215003

Table 2- Work Schedule

Work Schedule of group members

Architectural Elevation Chameen Fernando, Randika Senura

drawings
Site Plan M. I. Raihan

Ground Floor Gayashan Abeykoon

1st Floor Kaweesh Chamuditha

Typical Plan Vindula Ranawaka

General Layout M. I. Raihan, Randika Senura

Structural design Slabs M. I. Raihan, Randika Senura

and analysis
Beams Vindula Ranawaka, Gayashan
Abeykoon

Column Kaweesh Chamuditha, Chameen

Fernando

Foundation Vindula Ranawaka, Chameen

Fernando

Staircase Kaweesh Chamuditha, Vindula

Ranawaka

Water sump Kaweesh Chamuditha

Shear walls Kaweesh Chamuditha, M. I. Raihan

ETAB Analysis Gayashan Abeykoon, Randika Senura

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Building services Above ground water disposal Gayashan Abeykoon
system

Below ground water disposal M. I. Raihan

system

A/C load calculation M. I. Raihan

Water supply system & Kaweesh Chamuditha

Sanitary Appliances

Lift/Elevator design Vindula Ranawaka

Rainwater drains design Randika Senura

Fire & safety Randika Senura

Overhead water tank Chameen Fernando

Swimming pool Chameen Fernando

Septic tank design Chameen Fernando

Structural drawings All Members

BOQ All Members

EIA All Members

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 Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
1.1 Introduction
The 12-story apartment complex in Homagama is a modern and spacious residential building
consisting of multiple units. This complex is located in Homagama, which is a bustling city in
Sri Lanka, and it offers residents easy access to a variety of local amenities and services.

The building features state-of-the-art design and construction, with high-quality materials and
finishes throughout. The units in the complex range in size and layout, from smaller studios to
larger multi-bedroom apartments, and they all offer comfortable and convenient living spaces
for residents.

Residents of this apartment complex can enjoy a range of on-site amenities, including secure
parking, a fitness center, a swimming pool, and a meeting room for socializing and events. The
building also has 24-hour security, ensuring that residents can feel safe and secure in their
homes. Overall, this 12-story apartment complex in Homagama offers a great living option for
those looking for a modern and comfortable apartment in a convenient and bustling location.

1.1.1 Target Audience

 High Class Families
 Middle Class Families
 Foreign Families & Students
 Local Students

1.1.2 Target Areas

 Homagama town
 Colombo city
 Highway - Kottawa Highway Entrance
 Universities - NSBM/ IT of Faculty, University of Moratuwa/ Faculty of Technology
 Schools - Mahinda Rajapaksa College, Homagama Central College, President’s
College
 Airport - Ratmalana Airport, Bandaranayake International Airport

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1.2 Project Description

Figure 1-Location of the Projectgure

Table 3-The basic information of the project

Project name Apartment Complex, Homagama.

Employer Group Six

Site Location Homagama

Initial Contract Sum LKR 6,889,583,654.52

1.3 Scope of work

Main scope
The project of “Apartment Complex, Homagama”
The work comprises design finance & build of 40 housing units.
 Underground sump
 Ground floor – Car parking area, Swimming pool, Children play area, Generator
room
 1st floor – Supermarket, Gymnasium, Genitor room, Laundry room, meeting
room, Office, Lobby area, Open garden area
 2nd floor to 12th floor 40 housing units
 House type
 Each unit consists of approximately 1500 sq ft floor area
 2 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, Utility room, Kitchen, Dining, Living
and Balconies.

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  Facilities provided by the housing complex include;
 Meeting hall
 Gymnasium Facility
 Security office
 Janitorial room
 Laundry room
 Management office
 Supermarket
 Area for car wash
 Generator
 Passenger Lifts
 Emergency staircase

1.4 Layout of the site

Figure 2-General Arrangement

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 Chapter 2 – INITIAL DESIGN

2.1 Preliminary Ideas (Alternative Designs)

2.1.1 Design 1 - 12 Story Building One Tower
 Property Type – Apartments
 Bedrooms – 3
 Bathrooms/WC – 2
 No of floors – G+1st+10(typical)
 Car Parking Spaces – 2
 No of Units – 40

There is a supermarket, a swimming pool, and a fitness facility on the premises of this
apartment building in Homagama. There is indoor private parking available on-site at this
building. The apartment offers a dining area, a fully equipped kitchen, three bedrooms, two
bathrooms, and a patio with city views. Moreover, include essential amenities like water,
power, and a phone. Undoubtedly, apartments have 24-hour security.

2.1.2 Design 2 - 08 Story Building One Tower

 Property Type – Apartments
 Bedrooms – 3
 Bathrooms/WC – 3
 No of floors – G+7(typical) + Roof Top
 Car Parking Spaces – 2
 No of Units – 14

This apartment complex in Homagama has an outdoor swimming pool and a fitness centre.
This is an air-conditioned property with onsite outdoor private parking. The apartment has three
bedrooms, three bathrooms, one toilet, bed linen and towels, a flat-screen TV with satellite
channels, a dining area, a fully equipped kitchen, and a veranda with city views. There is a
playground at the apartment. The apartment provides car rental services.

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 2.1.3 Design 3 - 12 Story Building Two Tower
 Property Type – Apartments
 Bedrooms – 3
 Bathrooms/WC’s – 2
 No of floors – G+1st+10(typical)+Roof Top
 Car Parking Spaces – 2

On the grounds of this apartment building in Homagama, there is a rooftop garden, a

supermarket, a swimming pool, a basketball court, and a fitness center. The role of pharmacy in
this design is significant. This building has on-site private indoor parking available. Three
bedrooms, two bathrooms, a dining space, a fully furnished kitchen, and a patio with city views
are all features of the property. Moreover, incorporate necessary facilities like water, electricity,
and a phone. Apartments undoubtedly feature a 24-hour security system.

2.1.4 Reasons for selecting design 01

 Attractive Site Components - Due to the requirement for affordable housing, only
market-rate flats will be found in the building.
 Design - The Property's contemporary, practical, and creative design will offer facilities
and features that are perfectly suited to its target market.
 Cost Basis - The timing of building in relation to current pricing levels presents an
appealing opportunity. The building schedule in relation to current pricing levels
presents an appealing chance to build at or near record low total costs, locking in
competitive structural return advantages.
 Market fundamentals - strong effective rent growth, and a limited competitive property.
 Demographics - Expecting continued positive demand for rental housing to contribute
to growth.

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2.1.5 Reasons for not selecting alternative design 02
 Lack of units.
 Apartment is most suitable for only families.
 The floor space is not as large as in previous designs, but there are two units on each
floor. Because we wanted to create this to be more luxurious. Analyzing the marketing,
it will be detrimental to the owner because no one is seeking for luxurious sorts of flats
these days.
 Outdoor car parking shades can be disadvantage.
 Wood, steel, glass, and stone material cost will be high.
 The no engineers should be higher.
 Because of the Outdoor swimming pool, outdoor playground, the time, cost, manpower
should be separately deal because outdoor pool is bigger than the indoor ones.

2.1.6 Reasons for not selecting alternative design 03

 The floor area is bigger than other design, so the cost is high for the concreting, flooring
etc.
 This design has two towers so the cost will be double.
 Because of the two towers the construction period will be longer.
 Because of two towers the manpower should be higher.
 Material quantity also should be high. Also, the material cost
 The no engineers should be higher.
 Because of the Outdoor swimming pool, the time, cost, manpower should be separately
deal because outdoor pool is bigger than the indoor ones.

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 Chapter 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the project background, objectives of the project, objectives of the
environmental impact assessment, the scope of the study, the relevant laws, standards and
regulations and the approvals needed for the proposed development.

3.1.1 Project Background

12 Story Apartment Complex is the project proponent of the proposed ‘Group six of Cinec
Campus Bsc Batch 2”. Group Six has agreed to sign a memorandum of understanding with
Homagama Municipal Council and Urban Development Authority for this project and it will be
a joint venture project. The proposed project will be a township development project to be
located at Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama. The building complex to be located at above
site consists of floor areas, apartments, shops and parking area. The building consists of 12
floors and height of the building 43m. The estimated project cost will be Rs. 9.0 billion and
funding will be provided through investments. The developer will hire local and foreign
investors for the development.

The main benefits under this project are,

 Homagama Municipal Council - With the proposed concentrated development,
income that will be generated to the Municipal Council in the form of revenues
and taxes will be substantial and this will be a recurrent income. Further the
proposed project will be recognized as a land mark development project
encouraging more private sector investments in Homagama
 The revenue of said project will be spent to commence an urban housing project
incollaboration with National Housing Development Authority (NHDA).
 Generation of employment opportunities to
the localyouth/community/businessmen
 Attraction of high-net-worth guests/tourists to Homagama, Colombo
 Development of new projects around Homagama through high-net-worth guests.
 It is believed that through this project Homagama City development will be
started.

It should be noted that those who live in the surrounding areas will be benefitted economically
through creation of employment and income generation. Operation of this project requires staff
with different skills and the priority will be given to the residents of the area.

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 Figure 3-Location map of Project Site

3.1.1 Objectives of the Project

The proposed project is a township development project in Homagama town, which is the one
of main tourism destinations in Sri Lanka. Weekly Pola Land in Homagama with building
complexes consisting floor areas, houses (apartments), shops and parking areas. The company
has committed to achieving excellence through service to the guests. This building were
designed to suit the requirements of the foreign and local guests consisting of diplomatic
missions, eminent professionals and businessmen, top diplomats, nature lovers, tourists who
have high purchasing power, and those who are living in Homagama or away fromColombo

The main objective of the project is to change the existing unpleasant and underutilized tourism
and economic potentials into relaxing, rejuvenating and enjoyable experience, secluded and in
harmony with nature’s best. Further the project proponents seek to provide the high-quality
visitor experience to local and foreign visitors/guests with best without disturbing the
extraordinary natural element that surrounds in Homagama.

The developer expects Inspired Living and staying that includes

 Every moment is an opportunity to enrich

 Vibrancy is the heart and soul of our people, spaces and experience

3.1.2 Justification of the project

As Homagama is a tourism destination in Sri Lanka, tourism and other economic activities
depend on available infrastructure, services and opportunities in Homagama. Compared to
other tourism destinations similar to Homagama, the existing visitor/guestfacilities and services
at Homagama city is not at a satisfactory level. Existing facilities,services and landscape of the
built environment are not modernized and after 5.00 pm thecity becomes not alive. According
to the developer’s view no more entertainments, shopping, gathering and opportunities for
enjoyment. Unpleasant odors, noises, polluted streets with polythene and garbage and dark
areas are resulted after 6.00 pm. Further, tourists are not attracted to destinations where the

1-6
natural environment is subject to degradation and pollution, and hence tourism in one industry,
which will strive to protect the nature. This is particularly applicable to development projects,
which cater to high-middle class belonging to the with respect to disposable income.

The proposed project site being carefully chosen by the project proponents 2 minute drive
(0.3km) from the Homagama City and within the 800m away from NSBM campus 1.5km away
from University of Moratuwa/ Faculty of Technology and 2km away from Kottawa highway
Entrance. In addition, they will enjoy the unique climate in Homagama.
The lack of availability of quality shopping, accommodation, parking and entertainment
facilities have become a major problem in Homagama, and the demand is expected to increase
with increase in tourist arrivals and also visitors on business stay with various business-related
projects in the pipeline. Hence Urban Development Authority (UDA) is focusing to develop
Homagama as a unique national and international resort centre.

It is envisaged that during the constructional phase, about 200 direct employments will be
provided to local community as skilled and non-skilled labour. During the operational phase
the project will provide more than 1000 direct employments by effectively utilizingscarce land
area of 1.2233 ha in Homagama. In addition, during the constructional and operational phases
of the project many businesses will spring up in the vicinity such as vegetable suppliers

Considering all these aspects, the project proponents strongly believe that they can developthis
location as a unique tourist destination and commercial city fitted to luxury city concept.
Therefore, the proposed ‘Grand Renaissance Project’ will support to achieve above mentioned
objectives in the national policy document in Sri Lanka in several ways
i.e. increasing shopping, entertainment and accommodation facilities, earning foreign
exchange to the country, generating direct and indirect employment opportunities etc.

3.1.3 Objectives of EIA report

The primary aim of this EIA study is to provide environmental information to decision makers
with respect to the environmental sustainability and acceptability of the proposed ‘Township
Development Project for Municipal Council of Homagama’. To achieve thisprimary aim, the
EIA study is defined as having the following objectives:
1. To describe the proposed project and the key activities associated with the construction
and operational phases.
2. To identify existing and future sensitive resources, activities and land uses that maybe
adversely or beneficially affected by the proposed project.
3. To identify, predict and evaluate the potential impacts of the project on sensitive
receivers, resources, activities and land uses.
4. To propose appropriate mitigatory measures to reduce or minimize any adverse impacts
that have been identified, taking into account any associated constraints orconsequential
environmental or social implications of such measures.
5. To identify, predict and evaluate the acceptability of the residual impact of the project
after the implementation of selected migratory measures and to estimate and evaluate
any cumulative environmental impacts to which the project may contribute.
6. To identify, develop and specify methods, measures and standards to be includedin the
detailed design, construction and operational phases of the project to reduce
environmental impacts to acceptable levels.
7. To prepare and specify appropriate environmental monitoring programmed for the
implementation and maintenance of the proposed project activities.

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3.1.4 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements

This proposed project shall adhere to the following:

1. UDA Act No. 41 of 1978
2. UDA Act (Amendment) Act No. 4 of 1982
3. UDA Act (Amendment) Act No. 04 of 1982 – Development Plan for Homagama2004-
2016
4. National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980
5. National Environmental Act (Amendment) No. 56 of 1988
6. National Environmental Act (Amendment) No. 53 of 2000
7. Municipal Council Act
8. Condominium Act No. 39 of 2003
9. Soil Conservation Act – Chapter 450
10. Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance

3.1.5 Does the project wholly or partly falls within the following areas
Table 4-Amendment Table

Area Yes No Unaware

100 m from the boundaries of or within any area declared - No -
under the National Heritage Wilderness Act No. 04 of 1988

100 m from the boundaries of or within any area declared - No -

under the Forest Ordinance (Chapter 451)
Coastal Zone as defined in the Coast Conservation Act - No -
No. 57 of 1981
Any erodible area declared under the Soil Conservation Yes - -
Act (Chapter 450)
Any flood area declared under the Flood Protection - No -
Ordinance (Chapter 449) and any flood protection area
declared under the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation &
Development Corporation Act No. 52 of 1982
60 m reservation from the bank of a public stream as - No -
defined in the Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 454) and
having a width of more than 25 m at any point of thecourse

Any reservation beyond the full supply level of areservoir - No -

Any archeological reserve, ancient or protected monument - No -

as defined or declared under the Antiquities Ordinance
(Chapter 188)

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Any area declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance - No -
(Chapter 446)

One mile of boundary of a National Reserve declared - No -

under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance(Chapter
469)

100 m from boundaries of or within any area declared asa - No -

Sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora Protection
Ordinance (Chapter 469)

100 m from the high flood level contour of or within a - No -

public lake as defined in the Crown Lands Ordinance
(Chapter 454) including those declared under section 71of
the said Ordinance

The project sites are located in an erodible area declared under the Soil Conservation Act
(Chapter 450).

3.1.6 Extent and scope of the study

The EIA report covers an area of about 100m from the boundary of the proposed project site.
Therefore the study area covers 5 ha of land area for each project site (Lot). Accordingto the
Terms of Reference (TOR), this report examines the potential impacts on physical, biological
and socio-economic environments of the study area due to project activities in detail. The scope
of the study is to look into the environmental impacts (bothpositive and negative) which may
arise as a result of the land development, construction and infrastructure development of the
proposed township development project. Further, possible impact mitigatory measures will be
proposed to enhance the benefits of the said project rather than the negative aspects of the
project.

3.1.7 Conformity to Homagama Development Plan/other Conservationand

Development Plans

Homagama Development is mainly regulated and guided by the Situational Report and
Development Plan Volume I and II prepared by the UDA. Following extracts from the said
documents are noteworthy to be quoted.
1. Page 11- Section iv- Owing to planning controls and availability of state land for
further allocation, entry into informal sector housing is more restricted in Homagama.
However, this picture is expected to change with the enforcement of the present
development plan.
2. Page 11-Section vii- The probable infrastructure improvements in the townwill afford
accommodation of population at a higher density
3. Page 17-Section 4.4.2- Population Growth in the town center where the Government

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 is the predominant land owner is affected by the non- availability of land for distribution
4. Page 17-Section 4.5.1- Homagama town, being one of the District capital and one of
the countries prominent tourist destinations attracts a large visitor population to the city
5. Page 18- Section 4.5.6- Development projects for tourist attraction
6. Page 43- Section 7.1.1 – Develop Homagama as a unique national and international
and international resort centre
7. UDA Zoning Plan

3.1.8 Compatibility with Existing & Proposed Development in the area

As mentioned in the Zoning Plan prepared by the UDA the project site is located in the
commercial zone. The UDA development plan blesses to improve the tourism sector in
Homagama, and the project proponent (developer) proposes to market the project for both local
and foreign holiday makers/guests/tourists/businessmen. It is obviousthat many Sri Lankans
both living here and abroad are willing to spend their leisure time in Homagama. Especially,
during the holidays and April season the available facilities in Homagama are not adequate to
satisfy the increasing demand for up market accommodation, restaurants, a gymnasium, a club
house for residentss, ample parking places and other enjoying facilities like shopping, heating
places and food courts. Therefore, the proposed project will be compatible with the existing
and proposed development in the area.

3.2 Description of the Project

This chapter describes the information on proposed project site, construction and operational
activities. For the construction and operational activities, other infrastructure facilities are
assessed. Based on the above facts and information, alternatives will be evaluated at the latter
part of the chapter.

3.2.1 Location of the Project

Province : Western Province

District : Homagama
Local Authority : Urban Development Authority
Homagama Divisional Secretariat : Homagama
Distance : 5 km from Homagama Town

The proposed “Apartment Complex Project in Homagama’ will be located at Pitipana -

Thalagala Rd, Homagama.. The site is within the Homagama Municipal Council limits. There
are no declared environmental sensitive areas within 500m from the site. The location maps of
project sites are given in Figures 2.1 and 2.2.
The land has a panoramic view of the Homagamatown Unique View farm lands andthe sites
are ideally suited for luxury accommodation facilities, shopping malls and entertainment
complexes. The project site can be accessed from Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama. NSBM
is closer to the project site.

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 Figure 4- Location Map of Project Sites (1:10,000- Survey Department)

Figure 5-Location Map of Project Sites (Google Map)

3.2.2 Present Ownership of the Project Site

Land ownership is state (Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama). Under the section 6 of UDA
Act, UDA will acquire the building used by Homagama Municipal Council., UDA will signa
lease agreement with the Group six to construct and operate the said project in the above lands.
The NMC emphasized that they will obtain the ownership of the existing properties during the
construction period.

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3.2.3 Project Layout Plan

The ‘Homagama Township Development Project’ mainly targets the local and foreign
visitors/businessmen who explore the relaxation, entertainment, enjoyment, natural heritage
and cultural value of Sri Lanka. The detailed layout plan is given for each project site in
Appendix 14. The access roads to the site, vehicle parks, existing drainage channels,storm water
collecting tanks, sewerage/water treatment plant, solid waste collection area, and generator area
etc. are clearly mentioned in the layout plans. All components are located in the
environmentally friendly manner and not disturbing the natural landscape.

3.2.4 Major Components of the Project

This is a Township Development Project and the project will operate 12 story complexes
Building complex to be established will be a (G+1F +10) storied building including one
basement floors. Parking lots, 40 units, maintenance offices, swimming pool, outdoor play area
drivers’ quarters, shops and food courts are the main components in this project. Lifts are
provided which could reach all the levels, and hence can be used for movement of solid waste.
The details of floor areas, number of housing units, shops and occupancy facilities are given in
Tables.
The details are as follows:

Table 5-Schedule of Floor Areas, Number of Housing and Shops

Description A Tower

Outside 16 parking slots

Swimming pool
Play area
Basement parking
Lower Ground Floor Area Shopping Area shops 38 nos
Public Toilet
Ground floor area Shops, Gym, office room

Typical Floor Area 40 House Units

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Item Description
No of floors G+1st F+10 Typical
No of Apartments 40 Housing Units
No. of Toilets 83
No. of Shops 3
No of Parking available 40 inside
15 outside
Foundation Struts and walers and piles
Wall Concrete wall with reinforce
Roof Ceiling
Floor finishes Tiles, carpets and timber
Bath room Finished with non-slip ceramic floor tiles.
Walls finish internal walls are finished with smooth plaster and painted
i. Internal with emulsion paint
Wall finish ing.External All External walls are finished with semi rough plaster and
double coats of weatherprotective paint
Doors All doors in solid timber – bathroom doors aremade of glass
Windows All window frames in solid timber
Ceiling Calcium silicate boards (Steel and timberstructure)
Electrical installation Provided by Ceylon Electricity board. 3 phase /30A/230v/50Hz
– 4 MVA/day
Telecommunication 3 lines of Sri Lanka telecom connections, Telephone socket
outlet ` for guest
rooms, public area, staff
Water supply From Municipal main line*
Garbage disposal From Municipal Council
Ventilation Natural ventilation- for toilets, public areas, lobbies, corridors

Heating and cooling system is proposed.

Sewerage and waste water Treated by treatment plant and sludge
disposal disposed by HomagamaMunicipalCouncil
Table 6-Details of the Tower

The developer is trying to reuse treated water (20 m3/day) for toilet flushing and irrigatingthe
landscape. The architectural designs of the apartment have been completed according to
Homagama Architectural pattern considering the plot contour levels (Appendix 15 and 16).
It is proposed to develop township development project in Homagama with 1200sqmetert h e
construction is intended to be carried out and completed with utmost preservation of the
surrounding environment with a beautiful landscaping. Further common facilities such as
cafeteria/food court, elevator, swimming pool, standby generator, fire protection system,
garbage collection/solid waste management, visitor lobby, maintenance store and
administrative office and drivers’ rest/quarters will also to be included in the said development.

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3.2.3 Permanent and temporary structures and any infrastructure
development

Permanent structures were described in the previous section. In addition to the permanent
structures access roads will be widened and rehabilitated. Apartments, shops, cinema halls,
swimming pools, food courts, public toilets, water treatment plants, parking slots, staff and
driver quarters will be established permanent structures. During the construction period, worker
camps, toilets, septic tanks, project offices and store rooms will be constructed temporarily at
project site.

3.2.4 Construction activities

3.2.4.1 Main preconstruction and construction activities

During the preconstruction and construction periods the ‘Chandana Kularathne road and
Kanakarathna Mawatha will be temporary blocked from the both sides to prevent enteringby
outside people. Existing buildings and all other structures will be demolished and removed
from all project sites during the preconstruction period. The cleared area will be used for
construction activities. A minimum number of machineries and equipments will be used for
exaction and construction activities. A gang of skilled and nonskilled labourersfrom colombo
will be hired for constructional activities. ‘Building demolishing’ will be not be done at once,
and according to a plan one building after another will be demolished to minimize the negative
environmental impacts i.e. dust emission, noise pollution and vibration.
3.2.5 Details of the demolishing, filling and excavation

The existing all buildings/structures found in the site will be demolished and cleared the sites
for construction activities. Land filling is not applicable to the project andexcavations will be
done using backhoes to remove existing foundations and to construct the foundations for the
new buildings. At site buildingswill be demolished and minimum excavations will be done for
establishing the buildings and structures. The project site will be covered to prevent entering
the project sites.

3.2.6 Type, quantity and sources of filled material

Existing landscape in the project site will not be disturbed and used to establish the structures,
and therefore no area is filled under this project. The excavated soil will be used for filling
purposes if it is applicable.

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3.2.7 Method of transportation of construction materials

Construction material will be transported from outside and no more material extraction willtake
place at the project site. The required construction materials will be transported to theproject
sites after the clearing and cleaning the sites. These materials will be transported tothe project
site during the night time to avoid traffic congestion in the road network and tominimize the
noise and air pollution. ‘Pitipana - Thalagala Rd will be reached avoiding Homagama city area.

3.2.8 Method of transportation of demolished/excavated materials to the

disposal site

The demolished/excavated materials will be transported and dumped to the filling areas
directed by the Homagama Municipal Council. The demolished materials will be transported
to those sites in the night time to minimize the traffic congestion and noise pollution.

3.2.8.1 Construction of internal roads

The ‘Pitipana - Thalagala Rd are the access roads to the proposed ‘Township Development
Project at Homagama, and roads will be widened andrehabilitated in future. According to the
proposed development plan within the project premises temporary car parking facility is
provided. The developer will provide vehicle parking facility for 56 vehicles.

3.2.9 Proposed landscaping, use of native plants or measures to preserve or

enhance vegetation on the site

The project site is a developed commercial area which is underutilized, congested and crowded
area and there is no natural landscape found. Therefore destruction to natural landscape is not
applicable to the project site. Some of shrubs/bushes which are exotic will be removed to
construct the hotel and other facilities. To improve the attractiveness in the project sites, native
and existing ornamental flower plants will be grown under the directionand supervision of a
skilled landscaper. Ornamental/flowering plants i.e. Eriobotrya japonica, Euphorbia
pucherrima (poinsettia), Ficus pumila (creeping fig), Fuchsia corybiflora, Gomphocarpus
physocarpus (balloon plant), Grevillea robusta (souther silky oak), Gynerium sagittatum,
Hakea salicifolia (willow-leaved hakea), Hedera helix, Hydrangea macrophylla (leaf
hydrangea), Impatiens repens (creeping balsam), Iresine lindenii (blood leaf), Jacaranda
mimosifolia (green ebony tree, jacaranda), Justica rizzinii, Kniphofia uvaria, Ligustrum
robustum, Melaleuca leucadendra (weeping paper bark, long-leaved paper bark or white paper
bark), Morus alba, Murraya paniculata, Tropaeolum, Nephrolepis (green lady), Nerium
oleander (kaneru), Peperomia, Petunia, Plumbago capensis (Cape leadwort), Podocarpus
macrophyllus (Yew plum pine), Camellia japonica (Japanese camellia), Abutilon (India

1-15
mallow), Acacia podalyriifolia (Mount Morgan wattle), Allamanda cathartica (golden
trumpet), Cyperus papyrus (Egyptian paper reed), Ardisia crenata (Christmas berry),
Rhododendron indicum, Brunfelsia pauciflora (yesterday-today and tomorrow), Datura
(Angel’s trumpet), Buxus sempervirens (Eropean box), Calliandra guildingii (powder-puff),
Calpurnia aurea, Casuarina equisetifola (Australian pine tree), Cestrum elegans, Cordyline
australis (cabbage palm), and Cupressus macrocarpa (Monetary cypress) will be grown at the
project sites under the landscaping plan.

3.2.10 Aesthetic and visual environment

3.2.10.1 The height of the tallest structures proposed

The tallest point of the proposed development will be 35 m from the existing highest ground
level. Further, Civil Aviation Authority has given their ‘no objection’ clearance for each
building. Whether the immediate vicinity view will be altered, impaired or obstructed this
will be a Township Development Project and all structures/designs were drawn by the qualified
architects. The proposed designs and structures will blend with the environmentand do not alter
the immediate vicinity, and the aesthetic value of the vicinity will be improved.

3.2.10.2 Proposed landscape plan

The project site is a developed commercial area which is underutilized, congested and crowded
area and there is no natural landscape found. Therefore destruction to natural landscape is not
applicable to the project site. As described under the section 2.3.2, native and existing
ornamental flower plants will be grown under the direction and supervision of a skilled
landscaper to improve the attractiveness and scenic beauty in the project sites. Eriobotrya
japonica, Euphorbia pucherrima (poinsettia), Ficus pumila (creeping fig), Fuchsia
corybiflora, Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon plant), Grevillea robusta (souther silky oak),
Gynerium sagittatum, Hakea salicifolia (willow-leaved hakea), Hedera helix, Hydrangea
macrophylla (leaf hydrangea), Impatiens repens (creeping balsam), Iresine lindenii (blood
leaf), Jacaranda mimosifolia (green ebony tree, jacaranda), Justicarizzinii, Kniphofia uvaria,
Ligustrum robustum, Melaleuca leucadendra (weeping paper bark, long-leaved paper bark or
white paper bark), Morus alba, Murraya paniculata, Tropaeolum, Nephrolepis (green lady),
Nerium oleander (kaneru), Peperomia, Petunia, Plumbago capensis (Cape leadwort),
Podocarpus macrophyllus (Yew plum pine), Camellia japonica (Japanese camellia), Abutilon
(India mallow), Acacia podalyriifolia (Mount Morgan wattle), Allamanda cathartica (golden
trumpet), Cyperus papyrus (Egyptian paper reed), Ardisia crenata (Christmas berry),
Rhododendron indicum, Brunfelsia pauciflora (yesterday-today and tomorrow), Datura
(Angel’s trumpet), Buxus sempervirens (Eropean box), Calliandra guildingii (powder-puff),
Calpurnia aurea, Casuarina equisetifola (Australian pine tree), Cestrum elegans, Cordyline
australis (cabbage palm), and Cupressus macrocarpa (Monetary cypress) are some of
proposed flowering plants to be grown at the project sites.

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3.2.11 Water Supply
3.2.11.1 Amount of water required for the project (m3/d)

The water requirement in the construction phase is about 40 m3/day. It is proposed to employ
200 workers, and their water need is about 10 m3/day and rest is required for constructional
purposes. As per the calculations, during the operational phase of the project the daily water
requirement for the development is approximately 466.77 m3/day. Out of this amount, we are
planning to re-use 20m3 from the treated water of sewerage TreatmentPlant specially to cater
for gardening and toilet flushing water requirement and balance 466.77 m3 amount is
supposed to be taken from Homagama Municipality - Water supplydivision.

3.2.11.2 Water Sources and Supply Locations

Water Supply System will be distributed through PVC pipe network considering friction losses.
Sump capacity will be approximately 572,000 litres. Tank capacity will be 48,000 litres to cater
peak hour period. Automatic pumping system is introduced with a float switch arrangement to
pump continuous water from sump to overhead tank. Water for the sump will be taken from
water main line belongs to National Water Supply Drainage Board available in the main road.
Mineral water will be used for drinking purposes. Homagama Municipal Council has given
theirconsent supply water to project sites during the construction phase as well as operational
phase.

3.2.11.3 If extraction of surface water envisaged, submit the approval obtained

from therelevant Divisional Secretariat Office/Department of Irrigation

Surface water will not be extracted.

3.2.11.4 If extraction of ground water is envisaged (from the Gregory Lake),

submit anapproval(s) for obtained from the relevant agencies

Surface water will not be extracted.

3.2.11.5 Rain water harvesting system

The developer hope to establish a rain water harvesting system at the project. As mentioned in
the consent lettergiven by the Homagama Municiapal Council as an alternative 80% of rain
water will becollected by the developer. At each site a rain water harvesting sump will be
established (sizes: Site A (7.5m x 6m x 4.5m)- beneath the car park area, Site B (7.5m x 6m x
4.5m)- beneath the car park area and Site C (7.5m x 6m x 4.5m)- beneath the car park area).

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3.2.12 Waste Water

3.2.12.1 Quantity and quality of waste water to be generated daily

Wastewater originate from domestic activities such as cooking, toilet and bath, laundering,floor
cleaning etc., mainly consist of biodegradable organic matter and contributes a significant
pollution load to the environment once discharged without a treatment. The critical
environmental pollution parameters associated with this effluent are pH, Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Oil and
Grease (O&G) etc. therefore, biological treatments arethe most appropriate type for the
treatment of this effluent. The daily water requirement for the operational phase of the project
is 200 m3/day (Appendix 20). The sewerage treatment plants will be designed to capture 190
m3 .
Table 7-Estimation of waste water generation at Apartment

Facility Occupancy Per Capita water Waste Black Kitchen Grey

usage water water waste water
volume volume water volume
(m3/day) volume
Toilets at 75/day 8lit/person/day 0.6 0.375 - 0.225
parking area

Staff- Non 25/day 50lit/person/day 1.25 0.75 - 0.50

residential
Shops 89792 sqft. 0.375lit/day 33.67 20.2 - 13.47
Apartment 40 units 200 134 33.5 30.15 70.35
Total 169.52 54.82 30.15 84.54

3.2.12.2 Arrangements for treatment and disposal of all waste water including
Sewageboth during construction and operation

Before operating the sewerage treatment plant (STP), waste water and sewage will be directed
to the septic tanks and from time to time waste water and sewage will be removedwith the
support of Homagama Municipal Council. Sequencing Batch Reactor systems (SBR systems)
are established for sewerage treatment at the site. The method, diagramsand steps of treatment
are given in the proposal of the Sewarage Water Treatment Plant. The STP will be designed to
comply with the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) tolerance limits for effluents
discharged into inland surface waters without dilution (Schedule 1 –Act No. 47 of 1980 as
amended by Act No. 56 of 1988). Sludge will be removed from time to time with the support
of Homagama Municipal Council.

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Treatment Mechanism

SBR uses the same method which is used in a conventional continuous flow activated sludge
system to treat the wastewater. It treats the wastewater using the microbial metabolism of
naturally available, but selected microorganism cultures. In a deeper view, the aerobic bacteria
oxidize organic matters, grow and from flocks through accumulation at early settling phase.
Then the biological flocks are allowed to settle to bottom of the reactor at the settling phase. As
a result, the decanted effluent will contain less contaminantthan that of the influent. Carefully
designed process and operational conditions will guarantee that the treated effluent will meet
the discharge specifications of the country.

3.2.12.3 Final point of discharge of treated waste water

In the sewerage treatment process, waste water will be subjected to the ultrafiltration. Thepore
diameter of filters will be 0.03µ which filters the bacteria, some of viruses and particulates
including colloids. In this process treated water can be reused for toilet flushingand gardening.
The excess water will be diluted up to 8 times (if necessary) using the harvested rain water and
discharged to the adjacent canal in front of the project sites.

3.2.12.4 Operational and maintenance of proposed treatment and disposal system

The operational and maintenance is a responsibility of the developer, and the proposed
Management of Township Development Project will maintain a office by employing skilled
maintenance crew including plumbers, masons and electricians. A close relationship will be
maintained with the Municipal Council, CEB and HomagamaMunicipal Council for prompt
actions for failures in electricity supply, water supply and solid waste collection. The support
of the relevant consultancy company for the establishment of waste water treatment plant will
be obtained for the operational and maintenance of water treatment continuously (eg. Industrial
Technology Institute, Enviro Water Systems (Pvt) Ltd.).

3.2.12.5 Alternative Ways of Waste Water Disposal

As a ‘Cooperate Social Responsibility’ project (CSR), the treated water can be distributed
among the farmer community for their cultivation purposes.

3.2.13 Solid Waste

3.2.13.1 Types and quantities of solid waste generated

The building has 12 stories blocks the number of floors of the proposed building is twelve
(G+10 floors). The basement floors parking have been allocated for parking of 40 cars and for
other services such as rest room for maintenance staff with toilets, generator room, store room,
final garbage collection room etc. The ground floor is also reserved forand entrance lobby with
a condominium management room. Duringthe operation period solid waste will be generated
and can be categorized broadly as domestic waste and commercial waste. These waste can be
called typical urban solid waste including paper, plastics/polythene, metals, glass, organic

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matter and others including information technology related waste and hazardous waste
(cartridges andtoner etc.). The percentages of wastes are as follows (Table 7):

Table 8-Composition of typical solid waste

Waste Category Percentage Degradability ColourCode Source Seperated

Paper 8.7 Non- Blue Yes, bundles and

biodegradable poly propylene
woven sacks
Plastics/polythene 8.4 Non- Orange Yes, bags and poly
biodegradable propylene woven
sacks
Metals 2.1 Non- Brown Yes, poly propylene
biodegradable wovensacks

Glass 2.9 Non- Red Yes, poly propylene

biodegradable wovensacks

Organic matter 60 Biodegradable Green Yes, High density

poly ethylene bags
Others 17.8 Mixed Green No, with organic
matter

The total number of kg of solid waste generated in proposed project will be 5000 kg per day.

3.2.14 Waste management system including waste separation and storage on

site

Specific management practices are not required for handling of recyclable and biodegradable
matter since the management will implement an appropriate waste management programme.
However, the bins to be used for segregation purposes needs to be of different colours with
clear instructions with figures in briefexplaining as to what sort of wastes are to be disposed.
Simultaneously dogs and cats should be excluded to prevent access to the bins containing
perishable wastes.
During the operational phase solid waste will be separated in to recyclable wastes i.e. glass,
polythene, cardboard and organic waste (wet) providing separate bins/bags/sacks on each floor.
Organic waste collected within the apartment will be channeled for composting and the
remaining wet waste will be removed daily by maintenance staff to the temperature controlled
storage room to be handed over to the Municipal Council garbage collection system
periodically, while recyclable waste will be transported to appropriate collection centres. In
addition, attempts have to be made exclude domestic animals such as cats, dogsand cattle to
avoid garbage disposal and spreading.
The shops, apartments and offices in building complexes may produce waste material
containing hazardous chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink
cartridges. Therefore, such wastes should not be allowed to mix with the biodegradable wastes
under any circumstances.

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3.2.15 Solid waste management plan

The proposed solid waste management plan in consultation with HomagamaMunicipal

Council. According to the letter the Homagama Municipal Council, they agreed to collect and
dispose the biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste generated in the project sites.

3.2.15.1 Proposed method of disposal of solid waste

The solid waste generated during the construction phase, as well as household waste of thework
force should be disposed and should not be dumped and stockpiled in the open areasof the
project site. They may be buried or transported to dumping areas recommended by Homagama
municipal Council. Cans, polythene bags and other items in which water get collected should
never be exposed as these will serve as breeding places for mosquitoes.

The solid waste arising from the rooms and other areas will be made to move through a pre-
identified stream of events until the waste is finally removed by the Council. The wastestream
will be operated by competent janitorial staff appointed by the owner of the buildingcomplex.
The biodegradable waste shall be placed into the bins by the janitorial staff and managed by
the janitorial staff beyond the receiving point. The recyclable/non- biodegradable waste shall
be delivered by the janitorial staff (dry waste bins) and thereafterhandled by the janitorial staff.
The management will implement an awareness program consisting of regular meetings of the
stakeholders, notice boards and notices to individualpremises etc and will communicate with
the staff of Homagama Municipal Council if and when necessary. The need for Source
Separation, colour coded storage in sacks or bagswill be given constant attention. The two waste
streams will be as follows. Further, the restaurant waste (food) would be collected and
dispatched to nearby piggeries around Homagama.

The solid wastes generated during the construction phase should not be left at the project site
and all solid wastes should be collected, removed and transported to a particular place(land
filling area) or place recommended by Homagama Municipal Council.

Specific management practices are not required for handling of recyclable and biodegradable
matter since the management will implement an appropriate waste management programme.
However, the bins to be used for segregation purposes needs to be of different colours with
clear instructions with figures in brief explaining as to what sort of wastes are to be disposed.
Simultaneously dogs and cats should be excluded to prevent access to the bins containing
perishable wastes.
During the operational phase solid waste will be separated in to recyclable wastes i.e. glass,
polythene, cardboard and organic waste (wet) providing separate bins on each floor. Organic
waste collected within the apartment will be channeled for composting and the remaining wet
waste will be removed daily by maintenance staff to the temperature controlled storage room
to be handed over to the Municipal Council garbage collection system periodically, while
recyclable waste will be transported to appropriate collection centres. In addition, attempts have
to be made exclude domestic animals such as cats, dogsand cattle to avoid garbage disposal and
spreading.

The shops, apartments and offices in building complexes may produce waste material
containing hazardous chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink cartridges.
Therefore, such wastes should not be allowed to mix with the biodegradable wastes under any

1-21
circumstances. Such wastes need to be safely disposed or options needsto be identified to make
use of material that contains less hazardous material but achieve the same function or make use
of material that has good recycling potentials. For examplethe use of computer ink cartridges
that could be refilled with ink is better option rather thanthe usage of those cartridges that needs
to be disposed after complete ink depletion.

In addition, considering the amounts of collection of organic waste the developer hopes tobuild
a bio-gas plant to provide bio gas for building operations such as heating, cooking etc. The size
of proposed digester will be 12m x 4.5m x 1.6m (86.4m3). The proposed bio gas plant is an
optional solution, the implementation will be decided based on environmental consultants and
mechanical engineers’ specifications and guidelines.

3.2.15.2 Disposal of demolished/excavated material and relevant approvals

obtained forsuch activities

According to the letter given by the Homagama Municipal Council, they agreed to collectand
dispose the biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste including demolished/excavated
materials generated in the project sites. In addition, with their consent and directions,
demolished/excavated materials will be dumped to the land filling areas. The Homagama
Municipal Council will get the required consent fromother relevant agencies.

3.2.16 Air Emission Control

3.2.16.1 Use of generator/boiler or any other machinery which generates emissions

Minimum dust emissions could be resulted in the construction phase. A few heavy
machines with low capacity will be used in excavation and construction activities, and thenoise
level will be very minimal. Since usage of low capacity heavy machines vibration inthe study
area could be controlled. The constructional activities will be conducted only in the day time.
The maximum noise level during the constructional period in day time will be below 65 dB
and the air quality standard will be 0.5mg/m3 ppm. During the operation period also other
noisy activities are not allowed in the project premises therefore, noise will not be an issue in
this project. Boilers will be operated using LP gas and electricity tominimize the air emission
to the air. In addition, two sound proof diesel power generatorsof combined capacity of 1500
KVA will be installed at the apartments to satisfy 100% need in an emergency. Liquid
petroleum gas will be used for cooking purposes, and solarenergy will be utilized to generate
the hot water systems to the bath rooms and exterior garden lighting.

3.2.16.2 Emission/noise control facilities

During the construction period, the project site will be covered by using metal sheets and tried
to minimize dust particles going out from the sites. Modern and new machineries willbe used
for construction activities to minimize generating machinery emission and noise pollution. All
construction activities will be done from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm. During the operational phase, the
walls of all buildings will be plastered to absorb sound in the projectsites. During the power cut
periods, sound proof generated will be used.

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3.2.17 Drainage Management

The proposed project sites are located at Homagama city in the Western Province. The city is
the administrative capital where it is a longitude of 80 m and overlooked by Pidurutalagala
Mountain. The average rainfall of Homagama is about 350mm as per Meteorological
Department of Sri Lanka and the highest rainfall is experienced in October in every year.
Accordingly, storm water disposal arrangement andits management is vital in the said hotel.
Project site is a small land and rain water is directed to a ‘sump’ at each block and that water
will be used for operational activities of the project. The excess water will be discharged to the
existing water drainage system closer to the project site. In the proposed design, storm water
running from sloped roof is collected by a gutter located +23m level. It is taken down to the
ground level by storm water down pipes mounted to the external wall.

The excess storm water taken down from the buildings is directly discharged to an open trench
running along the boundary line. It is finally to the road culvert. Storm water takendown from
the west side of the building is discharged to the manholes and then dispose tothe road culvert.
Water seep to the car park is collected by a trench casted at the entry of the car park and dispose
to road culvert.

Each and every man hole will be provided with silt traps at bottom and grating covers on top
to prevent silt, debris and any type of garbage entering to the system during rainy days.Further
the network should be designed considering the rain fall intensity & soil absorptioncapacity of
the premises.
3.2.18 Other Infrastructure facilities required/provided

3.2.18.1 Details of any access road to be built/improved (existing condition and

anticipatedimprovements)

The access roads to the project sites, Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama will be widened and
rehabilitated by carpeting as four lane roads properly underthis project and the local community
also can be able to use this road for their transportation.

3.2.18.2 Details of parking facilities (inside and outside of the project site and
arrangementsfor them)

Ground floor will be used for the parking facility.40 in the ground floor parking and outside 16
parking slots. The details of the parking facility are shown in Table 9:

Table 9-Details of the parking facility

No of
Parking
i ALLOCATED CAR PARK FOR RESIDENCE
For Residence units 40
ALLOCATED CAR PARK NMC &
ii OVD

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 for UDA
Extra Parking 16
Total 56

3.2.18.3 Energy requirement during construction and operation stages separately

(sources,availability)

The energy is required for the proposed project for cooking, lighting, water heating and
operating electrical appliances like fans, refrigerators and air conditioners. Liquid petroleum
gas will be used for cooking purposes, and solar energy will be utilized to generate the hot
water systems to the bath rooms and exterior garden lighting. National grid electricity will be
used for operating above mentioned electrical appliances so that national grid electricity
requirement will be less than 4 MVA per day. A three phase electricpower line is available at the
project site. In addition, stand by diesel power generator willbe installed at the resort.

a. Source: An electricity connection will be obtained from the CEB for the proposed
‘Township Project’. This will be a permanent 3 phase 4 MVA connection through a
transformer dedicated to Grand Renaissance Project from CEB. The consent letter was
given by CEB. In addition, stand by diesel power generator will be installedat the resort.

b. Availability: A transformer will be established at project site to obtain the 3 phase grid
connection. In addition, two sound proof diesel power generators of combined capacity
of4 MVA will be installed at the project site to satisfy 100% need in an emergency.
Liquid petroleum gas will be used for cooking purposes, and solar energy will be
utilized to generate the hot water systems to the bath rooms and exterior garden lighting.
Also, the developer will establish a bio gas plant at project site if there is a possibility.

3.2.19 Implementation plan

3.2.19.1 Phased out development plan (if any)

The entire project will be developed at a single phase, and the time schedule for each activities
are given in Table 9. The total project period is 36 months, and the developerwill adhere to
implement the project activities as a national priority. The operational activities can be
implemented in the fourth quarter of 3rd year of the project.

Table 10-Activity plan for the Township Development Project in Homagama

Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Approvals
Preconstruction
activities
Construction Activities

Investments/Operation

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3.2.19.2 Details of operational and maintenance procedure of common facilities

The structures of Proposed Township Development Project will have the firefighting capacity
such as fire extinguishers at necessary locations on all floors. There will be a 24 hours serviced
technically competent team for day to day operations such water and power supply, lift
maintenance, cleaning services including wash rooms, water treatment plant operation, garbage
collection and storing etc. The apartment complex management office will be planned to
establish at lower ground floor. The developer has already agreed to implement this project as
a joint venture project. Homagama Municipal Council and Urban Development Authority are
the other parties. A project management committee willbe formed and the developer Group Six
will take chairmanship of above committee. Like other condominium development project, the
project activities and operational and maintenance activities managed by the said committee.

3.2.19.3 Responsible agency/agencies for such activities

This is a township development project and it will be a national priority under the mega polis
development strategy in Sri Lanka. Mainly, all the state agencies in provincial and national
level are responsible for implementing the project. The government agencies should provide
the necessary policy directions for the smooth operation of project activities. In addition, as
citizens in Sri Lanka all visitors to Homagama and dwellers in Homagama will have a
responsibility to protect the public property and environment intownship project premises. All
the service providers, shop and boutique owners and operators should contribute to provide a
quality service to their customers. Environmental Non-Government Organizations should be
alert in all activities to be implemented under the project to safe guard the environment.

The following Table 11 provides the assigned responsibilities for each agency.

Agency/Organization/Institution Responsibility
Central Environmental Authority Monitoring project activities, conditions to
be fulfilled by the developer and
environmental standards
Ceylon Electricity Board Providing continuous electricity supply tothe
project sites
Homagam Municipal Council Providing required water supply to the
project sites. Collecting biodegradable and
non-biodegradable wastes from the project
sites
Urban Development Authority Monitoring conditions mentioned in the
approval letter
Road Development Authority Monitoring conditions mentioned in the
approval letter
Settlers, Boutique and shop owners, service Providing a quality service to thecustomers.
providers etc. Keeping a cleaner premises Adopting
environmentally friendlymeasures
Citizens, local community and setters Be alert in environmental issues to be
resulted. Inform the relevant agencies to
attend them.

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Police Department Protecting the property

Fire Service Department Providing necessary guidance to preventfire

Department of Wildlife Conservation/Forest Protecting measures should be taken to

Department minimize disturbances to wild fauna and
flora
Table 11-Agencies and their responsibilities for implementing the project activities

3.2.20 Future Expansions

The developer hopes to implement the second phase of this project, but the projectproposal is
not finalized.

3.2.21 Evaluation of alternatives

3.2.21.1 Describe reasonable alternatives considered and the basic environmental

engineering and economic parameters used in their investigation and evaluation

This project will be implemented under the mega polis development concept of the
Government of Sri Lanka. The proposed location is the heart of Homagama City area, and for
the township project available land is suited. Homagama is a wet and congested area in the
Colombo. The land value is very expensive and bare lands also cannot be found. This project
is supported by the Homagama Municipal Council and other stateagencies in Homagama. The
said lands are government properties and the said lands are used by Homagama Municipal
Council. The Urban Development Authority will acquirethese lands and sign agreement/lease
agreements with the developer.
The total area of Homagama city is only 12 km2 and lands are expensive. It is difficult to find
a suitable land for the proposed development. a. In addition, it is easy to obtain required
electricity and water requirement for the project sites. Existing dwellers, vendors of weekly
market (‘pola’) and boutique and shop owners hopea better livelihood in Homagama. Under
the construction, they will be provided spaces, boutiques, and shops for improving their
livelihood. In addition, through the project government hope to create more than 1000 direct
and indirect employment opportunitiesto the local community.

3.2.21.2 Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts,

mitigatorymeasures, capital and operating costs and reliability, etc.

Alternatives are not given. Therefore, a comparison will not be done.

3.3 Description of the Existing Environment

3.3.1 Study Area

The land has a panoramic view of the Homagamatown Unique View farm lands and the sites
are ideally suited for luxury accommodation facilities, shopping malls and entertainment
complexes. The project site can be accessed from Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama. NSBM
is closer to the project site.

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The study area includes the project sites and the influenced area. The project site is locatedin a
congested and developed area so that 100m from each site was considered as the influenced
zone which includes the Homagama town area. The dumping areas for excavated soil and
demolished materials will be located outside the Homagama town. The excavated soil and
demolished materials will be dumped in consultation with Homagama Municipal Council.

3.3.2 Hydrology

There are no surface water bodies in the proposed project site and the study area, and surface
water bodies are found outside study area. Water generally drains to the drainage system found
in study area depending on altitudinal difference. Therefore water falling onthe land is partly
absorbed and excess water cascade down to the main road drain as well.

3.3.3 Geology and soil characteristics

3.3.3.1 Geologic characteristic at the project sites and study area

The geological structure of Homagama is made up of highly crystalline, non-fossiliferous rocks

of Precambrian age, belonging to the Highland Series. They are composed of inter-banded
metamorphosed sediments and Charnockite gneisses.

3.3.3.2 Type of Soil Characteristics

Soil type is predominantly Red Yellow Podsols, derived from the feldspar-rich rocks of the
Highland Series. A layer of ironstone gravel, 20-30 cm thick, is found below the black organic-
rich surface soil. The depth, texture and structure are satisfied. Nitrogen and carbon are more
in upper layers and less in lower layers. The Cation Exchange Capacity is in optimum level.

3.3.3.3 Susceptibility to erosion

According to the NBRO report the proposed project site is located within a low risk land by
means of landslide hazards. The existing project sites are flat lands, and not an erodibleland,
but soil erosion prevention measures will be applied to minimize soil erosion. Especially, along
the boundaries of the project sites retaining walls will be constructed within the shortest
possible time.

3.3.3.4 Landslide potential and other geo-hazard of the area

The soil is stable and not the colluvium type soil, therefore landslides do not take place in the
project area. According to the NBRO report, this project site belongs to the low risk category
(Landslides are not likely to occur), and the selected site is suitable location for constructing
the hotel. All types of excavation works must be done under the adequate technical guidance.
All excavation activities are conducted based on the given recommendations in the NBRO
report.

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3.3.4 Land Use

3.3.4.1 Land productivity/land use potential of the site

The entire Homagam area is productive for tea and vegetable cultivation. If there is a potential
for tea and vegetable cultivations, at present the study area has been converted toa commercial
area in Homagama town. The existing land has been underutilized and there is potential for
developed as a commercial centre. This was identified by the relevantauthorities including the
developer and initiated steps to establish new township project atsaid three sites.

3.3.5 Noise

3.3.5.1 List existing major noise sources within the study area

The proposed project sites are crowded and congested. The main sources of urban noisein
Homagama are the road traffic, the announcements of fruit and vegetable sale and other
peddlers, the police whistle, the informal shops (boutiques, bakeries, restaurants), local village
fairs (weekly fair), domestic household and neighborhood noise and etc.

3.3.5.2 The present noise levels within the study area

During the day time the mean noise level is 90 dB.

3.3.6 Ecological Resources

The study area could be considered as ‘commercial zone’, and no special kind of wildlife
habitats are found. The project site and study area are located within a 1.2233 ha of commercial
area. There are no any natural habitats found. Many years ago, the natural vegetation was
cleared and converted the lands for cultivation and settlements. Further thisstudy area is not a
path of any migratory animals. The animals also can be seen rarely.

3.3.6.1 Historical & Archaeological Importance

3.3.6.1.1 Describe any landmarks or evidence of historic, religious, archaeological,

scientificor cultural importance known to be in the study area

There are no any landmarks or evidence of historic, religious, archaeological, scientific or

cultural importance known to be in the study area. The NSBM and Faculty of technology
Moratuwa which is located in front of the project sites. The proposed project will not cause
negative impacts.

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3.3.6.2 Socio-Economic Environment

3.3.6.2.1 Presence of settlements within the project site and surrounding area

Homagama District Analysis Overview Population: 842,000 and Population density: 412people
per sq km. Majority of population lives in rural/plantation areas. The district is experience a
huge increase in poverty, The Western Province (Colombo district) has the second highest
provincial ranking for absolute poverty of nine provinces in the country.

Homagama's economy largely depends on agriculture, mostly subsistence agriculture rather

than market oriented, then unskilled laborers, business owners and sales workers. Tourism is
the second largest revenue earner.

Female employment is high at 62% and most work in agriculture, most at a subsistence level
but with nearly a quarter of them as market oriented agriculture workers. A further 11% are
unskilled laborers and teachers 3.9%. Women constitute a high proportion of labor on tea
plantations. The double burden of labour intensive plantation work and family care is
particularly intense for women.

3.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts

This chapter evaluates the anticipated environmental impacts due to the project at all stagesof
site development and operation on the component of the environment.

3.4.1 Physical Impacts

3.4.1.1 Hydrological

3.4.1.1.1 Impacts on natural drainage pattern (flow pattern) of the area due to
blockage ofdrainage pathways

All structures/building will be located without blocking the existing drainage pathways in the
project site. A proper storm water management plan will be implemented to minimize the
impacts on natural drainage pattern in the project area.

3.4.1.1.2 Impacts on storage capacity of existing drains and canals

There is no any water amount release to the existing drains. Storage capacities of existingdrains
and canals are more than enough to store draining water coming from the project site. Rain
water will be stored at each site. Excess storm water is only released to the drainsystem.

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3.4.1.2 Erosion, siltation and sediment runoff:

3.4.1.2.1 Impacts on waterways

Under the drain water system/proposed storm water management plan, silt traps will be
established at project site, and siltation will not be occurred due project activities. Periodically
these silt traps will be cleaned. Further, since the topography of the project site is flat or slightly
undulated, there is no possibility of soil erosion. Silting and runoff during the constructional
period is negligible, although these impacts could be controlled by maintaining and regularly
cleaning road side drains.

3.4.2 Destruction to natural landscape

The proposed project sites are located in a commercial zone or in a built environment. There is
no natural landscape is found, and erosion, siltation and sediment runoff do not destroy the
existing landscape.

3.4.2.1 Impacts on existing land use of the area

The proposed project sites are located in a commercial zone or in a built environment. There is
no natural landscape is found, and erosion, siltation and sediment runoff do not cause negative
impacts on existing land use.

3.4.3 Land stability

According to the Landslide Hazard Zoning map developed by NBRO and field observations,
the proposed land is a low risk land by means of landslide hazards. Accordingto NBRO report
even though the proposed locations are landslide hazard free, land subsidence with crack
development during and construction may occur due to the soft and lose ground conditions
present in the area. As, the ground water exists near surface of the project area excavation and
construction activities will be required to resist seepages to the excavating area with suitable
methodology, as lowering the ground water level is not appropriate due to the risk for the
surrounding buildings and structures. Therefore, following will be considered in the
construction period.

i. The construction activities including the diaphragm wall construction will

be done under the supervision of qualified and experienced professionals.
ii.Continuous monitoring should be obtained from NBRO during the
excavations and construction activities
iii. If any instability features, water seepages and unfavorable ground
conditions for the planned activities are observed, immediately NBRO will
be informed and their recommendations will be obtained.
iv. Lowering of ground water level by dewatering or any other method is
prohibited during excavations and constructions

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 v. Appropriate foundation type and foundation parameters for the proposed
building will be designed by considering the subsurface ground conditions,
soil parameters and building loads.

3.4.3.1 Air/noise/vibration/dust

3.4.3.1.1 Noise, vibration and dust due to construction activities

Minimum dust emissions could be resulted in the construction phase. A few heavy
machines with low capacity will be used in excavation and construction activities, and thenoise
level will be very minimal. Since usage of low capacity heavy machines vibration inthe study
area could be controlled. The constructional activities will be conducted only in the day time.
The maximum noise level during the constructional period in day time will be below 65 dB
and the air quality standard will be 0.5mg/m3 ppm. During the operation period also other noisy
activities are not allowed in the apartment premises therefore, noisewill not be an issue in this
project.

3.4.3.2 Noise, vibration and dust due to transportation of building materials

All transportation activities will be conducted in night time and less traffic roads will be used.
Building materials will be covered to minimize ‘dust’ generation while transportingthem to the
project site. New vehicles will be used to minimize noise pollution, vibration and air emission
to the atmosphere.

3.4.3.3 Air emissions and noise from generators/boilers

Generators will be established at project site to use if main grid electricity is not available.These
generators will be sound proof and they will be fixed in an enclosure. Boilers will be operated
with either electricity or LP gas. Solar power will be used for water heating facility so that
boiler operation will be minimal.

3.4.4 Waste water

3.4.4.1 Disposal of waste water from worker camps during construction

During the construction period, temporary worker camps will be constructed and waste water
will be directed to the septic tanks. The septic tanks will be filled with soil after constructing
the sewerage treatment plant.

3.4.4.2 Sources of waste water generation

Wastewater originate from domestic activities such as cooking, toilet and bath, laundering,floor
cleaning etc., mainly consist of biodegradable organic matter and contributes a significant
pollution load to the environment once discharged without a treatment. Wastewater will be
generated from toilets, shops, apartments, pola area, food courts and cinema found in each
tower.

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3.4.4.3 Disposal of treated/untreated waste water during operation

In the sewerage treatment process, treated water can be reused for toilet flushing and gardening.
The excess water will be diluted up to 8 times (if necessary) using the harvestedrain water and
discharged to the adjacent canal in front of the project sites. As an alternative, the treated water
will be distributed among the farmer communities for their cultivation purposes. This will be a
Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR) project.

3.4.4.4 Impacts of waste water disposal on the surface and ground water quality

The waste water will be directed to the sewerage treatment plant and waste water will not be
discharged to the surface water bodies. Only the excess treated water will be diluted eight times
and discharged to the adjacent water canal in front of the project sites.

3.4.4.5 Solid waste disposal

3.4.1.6.1 Sources of solid waste generation during operation

These waste can be called typical urban solid waste including paper, plastics/polythene, metals,
glass, organic matter and others including information technology related waste and hazardous
waste (cartridges and toner etc.). Apartments, shops, food courts, wash rooms, weekly market
(pola) and cinema are the main sources of solid waste generation. The shops, apartments and
offices in building complexes may produce waste material containing hazardous chemicals; for
example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink cartridges.

3.4.4.6 Impacts of residue disposal during constructional period

The unused or excess materials will be transported to other new development sites of the
developer. Debris and excavated materials will be transported to the dumping sites in
consultation with Homagama Municipal Council. These materials will be transported during
the night time to minimize noise pollution and vehicular traffic.

3.4.5 3.4.1.6.3 Impacts due to demolished materials, solid waste

disposal on ground water and or soil during construction
The demolished materials will be removed from the project site to the dumping areas in
consultation with Homagama Municipal Council. These dumping areas are used as filling
areas. During the operational phase solid waste will be disposed properly accordingto a solid
waste management plan. Solid waste will not be discharged in to the water bodies. The solid
waste management was discussed under the section 2.3.6. The solid waste will be properly
managed, however if solid waste is dumped in open area, it will adversely affect the aesthetic
beauty and will increase the population of nuisance birds such as crows and also that of
mosquitoes such as vectors of Dengue fever.

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3.4.5.1 Impacts on borrow site

3.4.5.1.1 Destruction/potential dangers to people due to open sites

The open borrow sites will not be operated under this project. The building materials will be
transported from legalized sites outside study area or Homagama. Therefore, there will be no
any potential dangers to people.

3.4.6 Ecological resources

3.4.6.1 Impacts due to destruction/alteration of habitats

The project site is located in a commercial area, and which is a built environment. Therefore
this is not a wildlife habitat. Loss/destruction/fragmentation of habitats is not applicable to this
project.Common home garden birds, black napped hare, porcupines’ rat snake, chameleons and
some other common reptiles are found at project site. These species are also common in other
home gardens around the project site. Habitat modification could not be applied to this resort
project, because only the construction area is cleared and native tree species also planted to
improve the habitat quality. The project site is not on the migratory routes of birds and
mammals. As such the project will not have any adverse impacts on the migratoryroutes of birds
and animals. In the landscaping exotic/alien species will not introduced, and only the native
species are planted to improve wilderness quality in the project site.

3.4.6.2 Impacts on aquatic ecosystems due to waste water disposal, dumping of

excavatedsoil, demolished materials and debris

Waste water will not be discharged to the water canal and the existing drain system. The
demolished, excavated materials and debris will not be discharged in to the water canals and
the existing drain system. The solid waste will be transported to dumping and land filling sites
in consultation with Homagama Municipal Council. Therefore, impacts willnot be resulted on
the aquatic ecosystems adjacent to project sites.

3.4.6.3 Employments to be provided to the local people during constructional and

operational periods

It is envisaged that during the constructional phase, about 200 direct employments will be
provided to local community as skilled and non-skilled labour. During the operational phase
the project will provide more than 1000 direct employments by effectively utilizingscarce land
area of 1.2233 ha in Homagama. In addition, during the constructional and operational phases
of the project many businesses will spring up in the vicinity such as vegetable suppliers, casual
labour, tourist guides creating indirect employment to a large number.

3.4.6.4 Socio-economic benefits (other than employments)

Considering all these aspects, in addition to employment opportunities, the project proponents
strongly believe that they can develop this location as a unique tourist destination and

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commercial city fitted to luxury city concept. Therefore, the proposed ‘Township Development
Project for Municipal Council of Homagama’ will support to achieve the objectives in the
national policy document in Sri Lanka in several ways i.e. increasing shopping, entertainment
and accommodation facilities, enjoying recreational facilities, improved road system, earning
foreign exchange to the country, generating directand indirect employment opportunities etc.

3.4.7 Traffic impacts

3.4.7.1 Traffic movement along roads during construction and operation stages

The traffic assessment was done along five roads which will connect with the proposed
development i.e. Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama road.

3.4.7.2 Usage of vehicles and their loading during construction period

Lorries and trippers will be used for transporting construction materials to the project sites
during the construction period. A minimum number of vehicles will be used for the
transportation. All transportation activities will be done during the night time to minimize the
traffic impact in Homagama. Although, according to the traffic assessment report, the
generated vehicular traffic will not create major issues since there is capacity on the existing
road network to carry the additional traffic generated, the transportation related tothe loading
and unloading will be conducted in the night time.

3.4.8 Safety Issues

3.4.8.1 Safety issues during construction
Potential safety issues for workers in construction include:

 Falls (from heights);

 Trench collapse;
 Scaffold collapse;
 Electric shock and arc flash/arc blast;
 Failure to use proper personal protective equipment; and
 Repetitive motion injuries.

The developer will hire a reputed contractor for constructional activities. All safetymeasures
will be considered for all constructional activities. First Aid facilities will be established at
project office and a stand by vehicle will be arranged to obtain instant medical treatments from
Homagama General Hospital.

The developer will concern of fire prevention at the project sites. They have already consulted
the Fire Service Department, Colombo and obtained the recommendations for the
establishment of firefighting equipment. ‘Safety is first’ concept will be applied all activities
relevant to constructional activities. Therefore, the developer hopes no more safety issues
during construction and operation.

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3.4.9 Impacts on Visual Environment

3.4.9.1 Positive and/ or negative impacts

The project designs have been accepted the UDA and Municipal Council Homagama, and
designs are blended with the environment. The project of this magnitude will definitelycreate a
positive impact to the skylines of Homagama. Civil Aviation Authority has giventheir consent
for maintaining the maximum heights of the towers. The tallest height of thebuildings will be
less than 45m.

3.5 Proposed Mitigation Measures

This chapter sets out the proposed measures to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate the
impacts identified in Chapter four to acceptable levels including conformity to the gazette Sri
Lankan Standards. The proceeding section of this EIA report has identified the potential
environmental impacts associated with construction and operation of ‘Township Development
project’ in Homagama. This chapter presents the mitigation and best practices that should be
developed in order to avoid and minimize the impacts. “Mitigation through Design” concept is
widely used to minimize potential impacts due toconstruction and operation of the project. In
addition following mitigation measures are proposed under following areas.

1. Soil conservation measures

2. Waste management techniques
3. Measures to avoid/minimize ecological impacts
4. Measures to handle negative social and cultural impacts
5. Measures to address increased traffic, dust, noise, vibration
6. Measures to maintain water quality
7. Storm Water Drainage
8. Safety Issues Mitigation

3.5.1 Soil Conservation

3.5.1.1 Impacts of land clearing, cutting, filling leveling and residuedisposal

The project site is a developed commercial area which is underutilized, congested and crowded
area and there is no natural landscape found. Therefore destruction to natural landscape is not
applicable to the project site. Construction material will be transported from outside and no
more material extraction will take place at the project site.

Some of shrubs/bushes which are exotic will be removed to construct the towers and other
facilities. Endemic or indigenous plants are not found and ground cover also removed. Plant
species to be planted to enhance the natural beauty and green cover are given section2.3.2.

The land area is a flat and there is no slope which is supportive for soil erosion. Structural and
architectural designs were done to minimize the impacts on land preparation.

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According to NBRO report even though the proposed locations are landslide hazard free, land
subsidence with crack development during and construction may occur due to the soft and
lose ground conditions present in the area. As, the ground water exists near surface of the
project area excavation and construction activities will be required to resist seepages to the
excavating area with suitable methodology, as lowering the ground water level is not
appropriate due to the risk for the surrounding buildings and structures. Therefore, following
will be considered in the construction period.

1. The construction activities including the diaphragm wall construction will be done
under the supervision of qualified and experienced professionals.
2. Continuous monitoring should be obtained from NBRO during the excavations and
construction activities
3. If any instability features, water seepages and unfavorable ground conditions for the
planned activities are observed, immediately NBRO will be informed and their
recommendations will be obtained.
4. Lowering of ground water level by dewatering or any other method is prohibited during
excavations and constructions
5. Appropriate foundation type and foundation parameters for the proposed building will
be designed by considering the subsurface ground conditions, soil parameters and
building loads.

By considering centre median of Pitipana - Thalagala Rd, Homagama elevation as 0m, the site
terrain varies up to 26.3 m. The guidelines and recommendations given by the NBRO will be
applied for maintaining the soil stability.

3.5.1.2 Sediment and erosion control plan during construction

Soil erosion and sediment controls are measures which are used to reduce the amount of soil
particles that are carried off of a land area and deposited in a receiving water. By considering
the eco sensitivity of the area, several mitigation procedures have been proposed for the
construction site.
 Prevent runoff from offsite areas from flowing across disturbed areas
 Minimize the amount of disturbed soil
 Slow down the runoff flowing across the site
 Remove sediment from onsite runoff before it leaves the site

3.5.2 Solid Waste Management

The solid wastes generated during the construction phase should not be left at the project site
and all solid wastes should be collected, removed and transported to a particular place (land
filling area) or place recommended by Homagama Municipal Council. The existingstructures
found in the project sites will be demolished under the preconstruction phase andthe Homagama
Municipal Council has agreed to remove the demolished building materials from the site.

Specific management practices are not required for handling of recyclable and biodegradable
matter since the management will implement an appropriate waste management programmed.

1-36
However, the bins/bags/sack to be used for segregation purposesneeds to be of different colours
with clear instructions with figures in brief explaining as to what sort of wastes are to be
disposed. Simultaneously dogs and cats should be excluded to prevent access to the bins
containing perishable wastes.

During the operational phase solid waste will be separated in to recyclable wastes i.e. glass,
polythene, cardboard and organic waste (wet) providing separate bins on each floor. Organic
waste collected within the towers will be removed daily by maintenance staff to the temperature
controlled storage room to be handed over to the Homagama Municipal Council garbage
collection system periodically, while recyclable waste will be transported to appropriate
collection centres. In addition, attempts have to be made exclude domestic animals such as
cats, dogs and cattle to avoid garbage disposal and spreading.

The proposed solid waste management plan is in consultation with Homagama Municipal
Council. According to the letter given by the Homagama Municipal Council, they agreed to
collect and dispose the biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste generated in the project
sites. In addition, the developer hope to establish a Bio Gas plant at the project premises using
biodegradable wastes.

The shops, apartments and offices in building complexes may produce waste material
containing hazardous chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink
cartridges. Therefore such wastes should not be allowed to mix with the biodegradable wastes
under any circumstances.

3.5.3 Measures to avoid/minimize ecological impacts

As discussed in the Chapter four, the impacts on the fauna and flora are negligible, and therefore
mitigatory measures could not be proposed. Further, the architectural designs areblended with
the existing environment.

Noise level will be monitored as per the standards levels given by the Central Environmental
Authority so as to ensure the minimal disturbance to human and animals, and no constructions
will be done during night. The noise level will be maintained less than65 dB level. It is also
recommended to plant bird attractive trees (i.e. for roosting and providing fruits) within the
project site where necessary.

The solid waste generated during the construction phase, as well as household waste of thework
force should be disposed and should not be dumped and stockpiled in the open areasof the
project site. They may be buried or transported to dumping areas recommended by Homagama
Municipal Council. Cans, polythene bags and other items in which water gets collected should
never be exposed as these will serve as breeding places for mosquitoes.

Occasionally, the commercial towers may produce waste material containing hazardous
chemicals; for example empty pesticide cans, batteries and ink cartridges. Therefore such
wastes should not be allowed to mix with the biodegradable wastes under any circumstances.
Such wastes needs to be safely disposed or options needs to be identified tomake use of material
that contains less hazardous material but achieve the same function or make use of material that
has good recycling potentials. For example the use of computer ink cartridges that could be
refilled with ink is better option rather than the usage of those cartridges that needs to be

1-37
disposed after complete ink depletion. The common ornamentalplants and indigenous plants
will be grown under the proposed landscape to enhance the scenic beauty of the area.

3.5.3.1 Noise and vibration due to operation

In the construction activities a few number of low capacity heavy machines will be used and
noise level and vibration could be controlled. Inside the project site blasting operationswill not
be conducted. Although, if boulders are found, control blasting will be applied. Material
transportation and unloading will be done during the night time (between 10.00 pm and 4 am).
Limited number of machines will be used for excavation, demolishing and transportation
activities in the project site. Sound proof generators will minimize sound pollution at the project
site.

During the operation period, gazette regulations will be implemented. Noisy activities like
discos and musical shows will not be conducted during the night time. The trees and shrubcover
to be established under the landscaping will act as a noise barrier and vibration absorber.

Noise level will be monitored as per the standards levels given by the Central Environmental
Authority so as to ensure the minimal disturbance to human and animals, and no constructions
will be done during night. The noise level will be maintained less than65 dB level. In addition, a
minimum number of modern, efficient and new machineries andequipment’s will be used for
construction activities to minimize the air emission and noisepollution. Enclosures are also
necessary for the generators to be used during the power failure periods (unless the generators
to be used are either low noise generating or noiselessgenerators). However the generator room
needs to be located away from other facilities toavoid vibration effects on any structures. The
interior walls will be designed and plasteredto absorb noise generated in the proposed towers.

3.5.3.2 Dust control

Dust emissions could be resulted in the construction phase, and that could be minimized
through measures such as wetting the dusty surfaces and exposed earth work surfaces. In
addition, regular cleaning of the site and removal of excessive or unnecessary excavated
materials will be removed. Moreover care should be taken in stockpiling construction material
such as cement to avoid unnecessary dust emissions. The exposed earth surface could be
covered by polythene to minimize dust emission. This will also help toprevent dust emission
and sedimentation due to storm water to minimize traffic congestionalong the access roads to
project site, materials will not be transported via main roads, andtransportation will be done in
night times and low traffic hours. During the operational period, the customers will use low
traffic access roads to enter the apartment complex.

3.5.4 Measures to maintain water quality

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) type aerobic biological treatment system will be operatedto
treat this domestic waste water (with sewer) as this waste water contains readily biodegradable
organic compounds. SBR uses the same method which is used in a conventional continuous
flow activated sludge system to treat the waste water. Under the SBR water treatment process
will be carefully designed, and the operational conditions willguarantee that the treated effluent

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will meet the discharge specifications of the country. The ultrafiltration unit of this system
supports to remove bacteria, viruses and particulates including colloids. Accordingly, the
treated water can be reused for toilet flushing and irrigation of the apartment garden area and
also may be used for the irrigating the golf course area and vegetable cultivations.

The excess water will be diluted up to 8 times (if necessary) using the harvested rain waterand
discharged to the adjacent canal in front of the project sites. As an alternative, the treated water
will be distributed among the farmer communities for their cultivation purposes. This will be a
Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR) project. Sludge will be removed time to time and used
as a fertilizer, will be dumped to land filling areas shown by Homagama Minicipal Council.

The operation and maintenance of waste water treatment plant will be a responsibility of
Management Corporation which will be form under the Apartment Ownership Act No. 39of
2003.

3.5.5 Safety issues mitigation

The following mitigation measures could be applied to minimize health and safety impactsof
the project.
 Develop and implement a health and safety plan to be followed throughout allphases of
a project.
 Provide occupational health and safety orientation training to all employeesconsisting
of basic hazard awareness, site-specific hazards, safe working practices, and emergency
procedures.
 Consider public safety during helicopter flights (e.g., avoid populated areas,schools,
areas being crop dusted).
 Conduct daily safety assessment meetings to identify potential safety issues (e.g.,site
access, construction, work practices, security, transportation of heavy equipment,
traffic management, emergency procedures, wildlife encounters, and fire control and
management) and measures to mitigate them.
 Provide fire suppression equipment in all vehicles.
 Use appropriate procedures for storage and transportation of blasting equipment and
explosive materials, including appropriate signage indicating its location

Proposed erosion prevention measures and drainage management plan

Structural and architectural designs were done to minimize the impacts on land preparation.

3.6 Environmental Management Programme

This chapter outlines the monitoring to be carried out during the construction and operationof
the proposed ‘Homagama Township Development’ project in Homagama. A Monitoring Plan
shall be developed on this basis of these recommendations. Further studiesto analyze long-term
impacts are also recommended.

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3.6.1 Summary of the anticipated significant adverse environmental
impacts together with the mitigation measures

The potential environmental impacts were identified under the three aspects of environment
i.e. physical, socio-economic and ecological environments. The negative impacts or issues are
not very significant and positive impacts on socio-economic environment are significant. The
feasible mitigatory measures were suggested to minimizethe negative impacts under following
areas.
1. Soil Conservation
2. Waste management
3. Measures to avoid/minimize ecological impacts
4. Measures to handle negative social and cultural impacts
5. Measures to address increased traffic, dust, noise, vibration
6. Measures to maintain water quality
7. Storm Water Drainage
8. Safety Issues Mitigation
Therefore, if the mitigation measures are implemented, the negative impacts on the
environment will be negligible. Within the framework of implementation of the necessary
measures for environmental management and pollution control, the ‘Township Project’ in
Homagama Project needs to conduct a comprehensive environmental monitoring programme.
There are two basic environmental monitoring tasks to assess the success of mitigation and
identifying residual impacts. They are;
 Construction compliance monitoring
 Post construction compliance monitoring of maintenance and operational project
activities including noise, dust, water quality and waste

The purpose of compliance monitoring will be done for confirming the effective
implementation of mitigatory measures. The developer will implement a self-monitoring
mechanism to maintain the standards and norms during the construction and operational
phases. As the project approving agency Central Environment Authority will implement their
own monitoring mechanism with other state organizations. During the construction period all
the expenses occurred in this case will be borne by the investor. During the operational period,
A Management Corporation will be established at Project site following the Apartment
Ownership Law act No. 39 of 2003 and the apartments will be managed accordingly (Appendix
25).

3.6.2 Monitoring Plan

3.6.2.1 Parameters to be monitored

Field level monitoring is a very important component in this project. The Central
Environmental Authority has a responsibility to monitor and verify that the projectproponent
and contractor implement the mitigatory measures and maintain the standards properly.
Further, the investor should appoint an environmentalist/ecologist to monitor and keep the
records on following parameters:
1. Amount of solid waste generation
2. Disposal of solid waste
3. Effluent quality from sewage treatment plant

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The water quality BOD (Biological oxygen demand), coli form content ( i.e. Total coli forms
and fecal coli forms), and oil/grease content need to be monitored at least once in six months
during both phases.

The use of weedicides and pesticides for gardening and landscaping should be avoided to
prevent ground water contamination.
Proposed ambient water quality standards are as follows (Table 12)
Table 12-Proposed ambient water quality standards

Parameter Stipulated Value

0
DO at 25 C 3
BOD (5 days or 3 days at 250C) (mg/l) 4
pH 6.0-8.5
Total coliforms (MPN/100ml) 20,000
Faecal coliforms (MPN/100ml) -
NO3- (Nitrates) 5
NH4- (Ammonia) 0.94
Oil and grease (mg/l) 1
Total coliforms (MPN/100 ml) 20,000

The measured parameters should be assessed with reference to World Health Organization
(WHO) or Sri Lanka water SLS 1989 Standards (Part 1 and 2 for HumanConsumption).
 Functioning level of Water treatment plant
 Discharge of excess storm water drainage
 Conformity with building permit
 Other parameters such as soil erosion. Noise, dust, air emission etc.
 Maintaining the 50% plot coverage in the project site

3.6.2.2 Proposed Locations of Sampling Points

Water quality: Treatment plant effluent discharge outlet

Noise: Project site
Vegetation/tree cover: project site
Conformity with building permit: project site

3.6.2.3 Frequency of Monitoring:

Regular monitoring of noise level, fuel emission and waste disposal patterns will be done.Other
parameters will be monitored by once in three month as appropriate and monitoringreport will
be sent to the respective agencies to ensure the standards.

1. Effluent quality – every 03 months

2. Solid Waste Management – every 03 months
3. Compliance with building regulations – every 6 months

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3.6.2.4 Responsible Agency/agencies

1. Central Environmental Authority-Colombo/Homagama

2. Municipal Council- Homagama

3.6.2.5 Facilities available with such agencies

In addition a monitoring plan will be developed including all possible mitigatory measuresfor
the anticipated negative impacts of the proposed project. This plan will be regularly reviewed
and updated to avoid any harmful impact to the environment. The proposed monitoring plan
will include mitigatory measures mainly to avoid any waste and waste water discharge into the
water bodies, any harmful disturbance to the fauna and flora. Therefore, facilities should be
made available for following:
1. Transport to the project site and back
2. Payment of out of pocket expenses

3.6.2.6 Availability of Funds, Expertise and Facilities

The developer will appoint an experienced qualified environmental engineer/officer for

implanting and monitoring the environmental monitoring plan prepared by the developer. In
addition, Central Environment Authority will monitor and oversee the implementationof the
monitoring programme with the participation of representatives of relevant stakeholder
organizations and experts from different subject areas. As mentioned earlier, the monitoring
programme will be conducted during the constructional and operational phases in the project
and the required funds for the monitoring programme will be borne by the developer.

3.6.2.7 An Effective Reporting Procedure

The developer/ management authority will employ an experienced and qualified engineer/an
environmental officer and staff to monitor and record the findings on regular basis. Further the
same person can be entrusted with the responsibility to maintain requiredquality standards

3.7 Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter concludes the environmental acceptability of the proposed project and key
findings and recommendations of the assessment.

The comparative advantage of project site is located in the heart of Homagama city and natural
landscape is suitable for the proposed building structures, car parks and other recreational
facilities to be provided under the project. Under the EIA study every effort has been taken to
minimize the environmental impacts. The study has given high priority to the ecological
importance of the project and ensured that the project is no way will contribute to
environmental degradation. The project will support for following:
 Allowing maximum utilization of high valued pieces of lands in the heart of
Homagama
 Ensure the guests’ enjoyment when they stay in Homagama

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  Increase in disposable income of local and foreign visitors
 Improve the living condition of dwellers in Homagama
 Increase in number of direct and indirect employment opportunities
The main goals of the project are for economic growth and prosperity, good governance,
creation of an efficient and well-planned region, social equity and harmony as well as
environmentalsustainability. Although most of the conditions in Homagama are same as in
Colombo there are some salient features unique to Homagama which needs special scrutiny.
For example landslides, embankment erosion and land utilization plan etc. are some of unique
features to be considered. The present EIA study has considered the following key elements:
1. The existing environment of the project area
2. The scale of environmental impacts caused by the proposed developments
3. The significance and impacts on socio-economic environment
4. The ability to minimize and/or eliminate the negative impacts effectively with
mitigation measures
The study has given high priority to the ecological importance of the project and ensured that
the project is no way will contribute to environmental degradation. The evidence of socio-
economic assessment reveal that proposed Township Development project may alsocontribute
to reduction of poverty and improved living standards of the local community providing more
than 1000 direct and indirect new employment opportunities for livelihood.
It is intended to improve the surrounding environmental conditions by several activitiessuch
as,
1. Improving drainage system along the periphery roads
2. Maintaining the CEA accepted water quality standards for effluents/wastewater
3. Adequate landscaping

On the basis of the analysis of these elements, and on the assumption that the recommendations
for the mitigation of identified impacts are adopted and adequately implemented, the EIA study
has concluded that there are no any major/significant environmental impacts associated with
the construction and operation of the proposed ‘Township Development’ Project, Homagama.

Executive Summary

Chapter One The proposed project ‘Apartment Complex’ will be located at Pitipana -
Thalagala Rd, Homagama Homagama. Group six of CINEC Campus Malabe is the project
proponent and has agreed to establish and implement the project as a joint venture with
Homagama Municipal Council and Urban Development Authority. The primary aim of this
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is to provide environmental information to
decision makers with respect to the environmental sustainability and acceptability of the
proposed ‘Apartment Complex’ in Homagama. The total investment will be Rs. 07 billion. The
technical scope of the EIA is clearly defined in the Terms of Reference of the study and covers
in detail the physical, ecological and socio-economic environment. Further, required consents
and approvals from different organizations are also discussed in this chapter.

Chapter Two provides the location and project details. The project consists of 12 story 5 km
far away from Colombo. The residential Building have 12 floors (G+1st+10). The maximum
height of the tower will be less than 50 m. The tower will include basements floor for parking.
Internal parking lots for 40 vehicles, 40 apartments, swimming pool offices, maintenance
offices, drivers’ quarters, shops and food courts are main components in this project. Above
infrastructure facilities will be established 71200 sqm2. The total project period is three years

1-43
and one year is allocated for getting approvals for the project. The project proponentwill use
Ceylon Electricity Board supplied electricity and pipe borne water will be used forconstruction
and operation of the project. The treated waste water will be reused for toilet flushing and
irrigating the landscape. Solid waste and construction/excavated waste will be properly
managed with the support of Homagama Municipal Council.

Chapter Three describes the existing environment in the project site/study area. The studyarea
includes the project sites and the influenced area. The project site is located in a congested and
developed area so site was considered as the influenced zone which includes the
Homagamatown area. According to the NBRO report the proposed project site is located within
a low risk land by means of landslide hazards. The existing project sites are flat lands, and not
an erodible land, but soil erosion prevention measures will be applied to minimize soil erosion.
According to the Zoning Plan of UDA (2012-2017), the study area is found within the
‘Commercial Zone’, and therefore, the Township Development Project will fit with the
proposed zoning proposed by UDA. The study area could be considered as ‘commercial zone’,
and no special kind of wildlife habitats are found. There are no any landmarks or evidence of
historic, religious, archaeological, scientific or cultural importance known to be in the study
area. The golf ground which is located in front of the project sites, has a historic value, because
it has been established during the colonial period. A detailed analysis of the socio-economic
environment including land use, socio-economic status of the community, existing economic
activities, and availability of infrastructure in the study is presented.

Chapter Four describes the anticipated environmental impacts and the proposed impact
mitigatory measures. These impacts are on physical, ecological and sociological environments,
and these impacts are primarily classified as construction and operational impacts. There will
be no any impacts on historical and cultural values of the study area. The anticipated negative
impacts on the physical and ecological environments wereidentified, the main impacts or issues
are soil erosion, solid waste management and wastewater treatment, the proposals are presented
to mitigate these impacts and handle the issues. Therefore, if mitigatory measures are
implemented, these negative impacts will notbe significant. Human, social and cultural impacts
have been discussed in detail identifyingthe positive contributions, the project would extend to
the local community. There are no negative impacts on socio-economic environment and the
socio-economic benefits can beincreased directly and indirectly during the construction and
operational phases of the project. The proposed project will not cause negative impacts on the
socio-economic environment. Under the project activities more positive impacts will be
resulted on the social environment including more than 1000 direct and indirect employment
opportunities and luxurious infrastructure development.

Chapter Five sets out the proposed measures to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate the
impacts identified in Chapter four to acceptable levels including conformity to the gazette Sri
Lankan Standards. The proceeding section of this EIA report has identified the potential
environmental impacts associated with construction and operation of ‘Township
Development project’ (Grand Renaissance Project) in Homagama. Mitigatory measures have
been mainly proposed for soil conservation, solid waste management, and avoiding/minimizing
ecological impacts, handling negative social and cultural impacts, minimizing the increased
traffic, dust, noise, vibration, maintaining water quality, storm water management and
minimizing the safety issues. More practical recommendations and activities have been
proposed under the each aspect. Especially, during the construction period National Building
Research Organization (NBRO) proposedguidelines and recommendations will be implemented
hiring professional to ensure the soilstability.

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Chapter Six proposes a detailed environmental monitoring programme for the proposed
project. In the environmental monitoring plan, amount of solid waste generation, disposalof
solid waste, effluent quality from sewage treatment plant, functioning level of water treatment
plant, discharge of excess storm water drainage, conformity with building permit and other
parameters such as soil erosion, noise, dust, air emission etc. and maintaining more than 50%
plot coverage in the project site are identified as the parameters to be monitored. Once in every
three month, all parameters will be monitored and regular projectmonitoring committee meeting
will be conducted. For monitoring each activity/parameter responsible agencies are also
proposed. Further, for the monitoring purposes ‘Environmental Impact Monitoring Committee’
will be formed chaired by the Central Environmental Authority. Especially, ambient water
quality standards will be monitored for the discharged water from the water treatment plant.

Chapter Seven summarizes the key findings and recommendations of the assessment and
acceptability of the proposed project. The EIA study has concluded that there are no any major
environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed ‘Grand
Renaissance’ township development project will be located in Homagama, if the mitigatory
measures and environmental monitoring plan is implemented properly. The proposed township
project may also contribute to reduction of poverty and improve the living standards of the
local community providing new opportunities for livelihood.

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 Chapter 4 - ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

Architectural drawings are an essential part of the design and construction process for any
building project, including a 12-story apartment complex in Homagama. These drawings are
used by architects, engineers, and builders to communicate the design and technical details of
the project, ensuring that everyone involved has a clear understanding of the building's layout,
materials, and specifications.

The architectural drawings for a 12-story apartment complex at Homagama typically include a
range of detailed plans, elevations, and sections that show the layout of the building, including
the placement of walls, doors, and windows, as well as the location of utilities and mechanical
systems. These drawings also include information about the materials and finishes to be used
throughout the building, as well as any special features or amenities.

In addition to the technical details, architectural drawings for a 12-story apartment complex
may also include renderings or visualizations of the building's exterior and interior spaces,
giving a sense of the overall look and feel of the complex. These visualizations can help
potential buyers or renters understand what the completed building will look like and imagine
themselves living in it.

Overall, architectural drawings are a crucial component of the design and construction process
for a 12-story apartment complex in Homagama, ensuring that everyone involved in the project
has a clear understanding of the building's design and specifications.

Figure 6-Site Plan

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Figure 7-Elevation View

Figure 8-Parking

1-47
Figure 9-First Floor

Figure 10-Typical Floor Plan

1-48
 Chapter 5 – STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWINGS

5.1 Slab Design

5.1.1 Slab Design procedure

1. Finding Cover

2. Finding the Required Thickness

3. Finding the Design Load

4. Finding Bending and Shear Moments

5. Design for Flexure

6. Deflection and shear check

5.1.2 Slab Layout

Figure 11-Slab panel layout

1-49
5.1.3 Slab Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Selection of cover for the concrete

4.4.1.1 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑣

4.1 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 + ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝛾 − ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑠𝑡

− ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑎𝑑𝑑 ; 10𝑚𝑚}
4.2

Table 4.1 Since our apartment is in Homagama, we take exposure class

condition as XC2.

Design life is 50 years. So recommended structural class is S4.

∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝛾 = ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑠𝑡 = ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 0

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚
N.A
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 = 20𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{10𝑚𝑚; 20𝑚𝑚 + 0 − 0 − 0; 10𝑚𝑚}

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20𝑚𝑚

∆𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 10𝑚𝑚
Table 4.4N
𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 20 + 10
4.2
𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 30𝑚𝑚

N.A 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚
= 30𝑚𝑚

1-50
Reference Calculation Results

Slab Design

B6 Slab
lx

ly 6488.5mm

6550mm

𝑙𝑦 6550
𝑙𝑥
= 6487.5
= 1.009 = 1.0
Table 7.4N

Note 01 Two-way slab

Slab thickness
𝑙𝑥
K = 1.3 ρ= 0.5% 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓
= 26

6487.5
deff = 26
= 249.5mm

𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Overall height = deff + cover + 2

10
= 249.5 + 30 +
2

= 284.5mm

Considering a 1000mm wide strip

Self-weight of the slab = 0.284 × 24 × 1

= 6.816kN/m

Dead load

Self-load = 6.816 × 1 = 6.816kN/m

Finishers = 1 × 1 = 1kN/m

Partitions = 1.25 × 1 = 1.25kN/m

Total dead load =
Total dead load = 9.066kN/m 9.066kN/m

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Reference Calculation Results

Live load

Imposed load = 16 × 1 = 16kN/m

Services = 0.5 × 1 = 0.5kN/m

Total live load = 16.5kN/m

Total design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk Total live load =

16.5kN/m
= 1.35 × 9.066 + 1.5 × 16.5
Total design load
= 36.239kN/m = 36.239kN/m
Finding bending moments

βsx(mid) = 0.034kNm

βsy(mid) = 0.034kNm

βsx(edge) = 0.045kNm

Table 3.14 βsy(edge) = 0.045kNm

Finding shear forces

Long span Short span

Mid span βnlx2 = 0.034 × 36.239 × 51.849kN/m

6.48752 = 51.849kN/m

Edges βnlx2 = 0.045 × 36.239 × 68.634kN/m

6.48752 = 68.634kN/m

βvx = 0.26kNm

βvy = 0.40kNm
Long span Short span
Table 3.15
Edges βnlx = 0.40 × βnlx = 0.26 ×
36.239 × 6.4875 = 36.239 × 6.4875 =
94.032kN/m 61.121kN/m

1-52
Reference Calculation Results

d = 249.511m h = 284.5mm

Short span Long span

Mid span Edges Mid span Edges

MRd 311.901 311.901 311.901 311.901

(b=1000,
d=249.511)

K0 0.0275 0 0.0275 0.0367

Z 235.150mm 237.035mm 235.150mm 237.035mm

Asl,required 506.881 0 506.881 665.637

Minimum 376.262 376.262 376.262 376.262

r/f

Asl,provided 506.881 376.262 506.881 665.637

Design for flexure

MRd = 0.167fckbd2

MRd = 0.167 × 30 × 249.5112

MRd = 311.901kN/m
𝑀𝐸𝑑
K0 = 𝑓 2
𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

long(edge)
68.634×106
K0 = 30×1000×249.5112

K0 = 0.0367

long(mid)
51.849×106
K0 =
30×1000×249.5112

K0 = 0.0275

short(edge)

K0 = 0

short(mid)

K0 = 0.0275

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Reference Calculation Results

3𝑘0
Z = d[0.5+√0.25 − ]
3.4

Z = 0.95d

Z = 0.95 × 249.511

Z = 237.035mm

Long(edge)

30.036
Z = 249.511[0.5+√0.25 − 3.4
]

Z = 241.151mm

Long(mid)

Z = 235.150mm

Short(edge)

Z = 249.511mm

Short(mid)

Z = 235.150mm
𝑀𝐸𝑑
Asl,required =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧

Long(edge)
68.634 × 106
Asl,required =
0.87 ×500 ×237.035

Asl,required = 665.637mm2

Long(mid)
51.849× 106
Asl,required = 0.87 ×500 ×235.150

Asl,required = 506.881mm2

Short(mid)
51.849 × 106
Asl,required = 0.87 ×500 ×235.150

Asl,required = 506.881mm2

Short(edge)

Asl,required = 0

1-54
Reference Calculation Results

9.2.1.1(1) Minimum reinforcement

9.1N 0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑
As,min = 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.9
Table 3.1
0.26 ×2.9 ×1000 ×249.511
As,min = 500

As,min = 376.262𝑚𝑚

But not less than 0.0013btd = 0.0013 × 1000 × 249.511 = 324.364mm

Therefore, As,min = 376.262𝑚𝑚

Calculating the spacing

As,min=
Smax.slabs = 2h ≤ 250mm 376.262𝑚𝑚

Smax.slabs = 2 × 249.511 ≤ 250mm

Smax.slabs = 499.022 ≤ 250mm

Therefore the minimum spacing is 250mm.

9.3.1.1(3)
Reinforcement bars

Short span Long span

Mid span Edges Mid span Edges Smax.slabs = 250mm

5T12 @ 4T12 @ 5T12 @ 6T12 @

250mm 250mm 250mm 250mm

Deflection check

Deflection check is for the short span mid,

𝐴𝑠𝑙
ρ= 𝐴0

506.881
ρ = 1000 ×249.511

ρ = 2.031 × 10-3

ρ0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3

7.16(a) ρ0 = 5.477 × 10−3

ρ > ρ0
3
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝑘[11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 × + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ]
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌 𝜌
3
𝑙 5.477 5.477 2
= 1.3[11 + 1.5√30 × + 3.2√30 ( − 1) 𝑙
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 2.031 2.031 = 93.459
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐

1-55
Reference Calculation Results

𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
=
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒. 𝑑
𝑙 6487.5
=
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 249.511
𝑙
𝑙 = 26
= 26 𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
>
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

Therefore panel is safe from deflection.

Shear check

Checking for short span continuous edge

Ved = 61.121kN/1m width

fcd = 0.567fck

fcd = 0.567 × 30

fcd = 17.01
Cl 6.2.3(3) 𝑐𝑘 𝑓
v1 = 0.6(1 − 250 )
6.9
30
v1 = 0.6(1 − 250)

v1 = 0.528

Getting 𝜃 = 45

𝑉 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑅𝑑,max=
(cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max =
𝑉 1000×237.035×0.528×17.01
𝑅𝑑,max=
(cot 45+tan 45) 1064.438 𝑘𝑛
/1𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max= 1064.438 𝑘𝑛/1𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

Ved,max < VRd,max

Therefore slab face won’t fail.

Cl 6.2.3(3) Shear resistance of concrete(VRd,c)

1
6.9 VRd,c = [𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12
0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 =
𝛾𝑐
0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 1.5

1-56
Reference Calculation Results

200
K = 1+ √ 𝑑

200
K = 1+ √249.511

K = 1.89 < 2

Therefore it is okay. 𝜌1
= 1.508 × 10−3
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
376.262
𝜌1 =
1000 × 249.511
𝜌1 = 1.508 × 10−3 ≤ 0.02

Therefore it is okay.

𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
3 1 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.498kN
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035 × 1.892 × 302

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.498
1
VRd,c = [0.12 × 1.89(100 × 1.508 × 10−3 × 30 )3 + 0] 1000 × 249.511

VRd,c = 93592.334𝑁 ≥ (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

VRd,c = 93592.334𝑁 ≥ (0.498 + 0)1000 × 249.511

VRd,c = 93592.334𝑁 ≥ 124256.478𝑁

VRd,c = 124.256𝑘𝑁 VRd,c =124.256𝑘𝑁

124.256 > 61.121

VRd,c > VEd

Therefore no need shear reinforcement.

1-57
Figure 12-B6 Slab Reinforcement Details

1-58
Reference Calculation Results

Slab Design

C5 and C6 Slab
lx

ly 5850mm

3925mm

𝑙𝑦 5850
𝑙𝑥
= 3925
= 1.49 = 1.50

Two-way slab

Slab thickness
𝑙𝑥
K = 1.3 ρ= 0.5% = 26
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓

3925
deff = 26
= 150.962mm

𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Overall height = deff + cover +
2

10
= 150.962 + 30 + 2

= 185.962mm
Table 7.4N
Considering a 1000mm wide strip
Note 01
Self-weight of the slab = 0.185 × 24 × 1

= 4.463kN/m

Dead load

Self-load = 4.463 × 1 = 4.463kN/m

Total dead load =
6.71308kN/m
Finishers = 1 × 1 = 1kN/m

Partitions = 1.25 × 1 = 1.25kN/m

Total dead load = 6.71308kN/m

1-59
Reference Calculation Results

Live load

Imposed load = 16 × 1 = 16kN/m

Services = 0.5 × 1 = 0.5kN/m

Total live load = 16.5kN/m

Total design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk Total live load =

16.5kN/m
= 1.35 × 6.713 + 1.5 × 16.5
Total design load
= 33.8127kN/m = 33.8127kN/m
Table 3.14 Finding bending moments

βsx(mid) = 0.055kNm

βsy(mid) = 0.028kNm

βsx(edge) = 0.073kNm

βsy(edge) = 0.037kNm

Long span Short span

Mid span βnlx2 = 0.028× 33.81 × 28.699kN/m

3.9252 = 14.585kN/m

Edges βnlx2 = 0.037× 33.81 × 38.026kN/m

3.9252 = 19.273kN/m

Finding shear forces

βvx(continuous) = 0.51kNm

βvx= 0.34kNm

βvy = 0.36kNm

Long span Short span

Table 3.15
Edges βnlx = 0.36 × 33.81 βnlx = 0.51 × 33.81
× 3.95 = × 3.95=
47.777kN/m 67.684kN/m

1-60
Reference Calculation Results

d = 150.962mm h = 185.962mm

Short span Long span

Mid span Edges Mid span Edges

MRd 114.174 114.174 114.174 114.174

(b=1000,
d=249.511)

K0 0.04191 0.05562 0.02133 0.02819

Z 143.413mm 143.153mm 143.153mm 143.413mm

Asl,required 459.243 610.649 233.796 308.946

Minimum 227.65 227.65 227.65 227.65

r/f

Asl,provided 459.243 610.649 233.796 308.946

Design for flexure

MRd = 0.167fckbd2

MRd = 0.167 × 30 × 150.9622

MRd = 114.174kN/m
𝑀𝐸𝑑
K0 = 𝑓 2
𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

long(edge)
19.273×106
K0 =
30×1000×150.9622

K0 = 0.02819

long(mid)
14.585×106
K0 = 30×1000×150.9622

K0 = 0.02133

short(edge)

K0 = 0.05562

short(mid)

K0 = 0.04191

1-61
Reference Reference Calculation Results

3𝑘0
Z = d[0.5+√0.25 − 3.4
]

Z = 0.95d

Z = 0.95 × 150.962

Z = 143.413mm

Long(edge)

30.036
Z = 150.962[0.5+√0.25 − 3.4
]

Z = 143.413mm

Long(mid)

Z = 143.153mm

Short(edge)

Z = 143.153mm

Short(mid)

Z = 143.413mm
𝑀
Asl,required = 0.87𝑓𝐸𝑑
𝑦𝑘 𝑧

Long(edge)
19.273 × 106
Asl,required = 0.87 ×500 ×143.153

Asl,required = 308.946mm2

Long(mid)
14.585× 106
Asl,required = 0.87 ×500 ×143.413

Asl,required = 233.796mm2

Short(mid)
28.699 × 106
Asl,required = 0.87 ×500 ×143.413

Asl,required = 459.243mm2

Short(edge)

Asl,required = 610.649mm2

1-62
 Reference Calculation Results

9.2.1.1(1) Minimum reinforcement

9.1N 0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑
As,min = 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.9
Table 3.1
0.26 ×2.9 ×1000 ×150.962
As,min = 500

As,min = 227.65𝑚𝑚

But not less than 0.0013btd = 0.0013 × 1000 × 150.962 = 196.251mm

Therefore, As,min = 227.65𝑚𝑚

Calculating the spacing

As,min=227.65𝑚𝑚
Smax.slabs = 2h ≤ 250mm

Smax.slabs = 2 × 150.962 ≤ 250mm

Smax.slabs = 301.924 ≤ 250mm

Therefore the minimum spacing is 250mm.

9.3.1.1(3)
Reinforcement bars

Short span Long span

Smax.slabs = 250mm
Mid span Edges Mid span Edges

T12 @ 250mm T12 @ 250mm T12 @ 250mm T12 @ 250mm

Deflection check

Deflection check is for the short span mid,

𝐴𝑠𝑙
ρ=
𝐴0

459.243
ρ = 1000 ×150.962

ρ = 3.0421 × 10-3

ρ0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3
7.16(a) ρ0 = 5.477 × 10−3

ρ < ρ0
3
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝑘[11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 × + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ]
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌 𝜌
3 𝑙
𝑙 5.477 5.477 2 = 49.845
= 1.3[11 + 1.5√30 × + 3.2√30 ( − 1) ] 𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 3.0421 3.0421

1-63
 Reference Calculation Results

𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
=
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒. 𝑑
𝑙 3925
=
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 150.962
𝑙
= 25.99
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
> 𝑙
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 25.99
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
Therefore panel is safe from deflection.

Shear check

Checking for short span continuous edge

Ved = 67.684kN/1m width

fcd = 0.567fck

fcd = 0.567 × 30

fcd = 17.01
𝑓𝑐𝑘
v1 = 0.6(1 − )
250

30
v1 = 0.6(1 − 250)
Cl 6.2.3(3)

6.9 v1 = 0.528

Getting 𝜃 = 45

𝑉 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑅𝑑,max=
(cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃)

𝑉 1000×143.153×0.528×17.01
𝑅𝑑,max=
(cot 45+tan 45)

𝑉𝑅𝑑,max= 642.848 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max =

Ved,max < VRd,max 642.848 𝑘𝑁

/1𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
Therefore slab face won’t fail.

Shear resistance of concrete(VRd,c)

1
VRd,c = [𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Cl 6.2.3(3) 0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 =
6.9 𝛾𝑐
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12
0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 1.5

1-64
Reference Calculation Results

200
K = 1+ √
𝑑

200
K = 1+ √150.962

K = 2.15

K=2

Therefore it is okay.
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝜌1
= 1.507 × 10−3
227.65
𝜌1 =
1000 × 150.962
𝜌1 = 1.507 × 10−3 ≤ 0.02

Therefore it is okay.

𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035 × 22 × 302

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.54
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.498kN
1
−3
VRd,c = [0.12 × 2(100 × 1.507 × 10 × 30 ) + 0] 1000 × 150.962
3

VRd,c = 59908.7675𝑁 ≥ (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

VRd,c = 59908.7675𝑁 ≥ (0.54 + 0)1000 × 150.962

VRd,c = 59908.7675𝑁 ≥ 83254.0𝑁

VRd,c = 83254.0𝑘𝑁

83.254 > 59.908

VRd,c > VEd VRd,c =83.254𝑘𝑁

Therefore no need shear reinforcement.

1-65
Figure 13-C5 and C6 Slab Reinforcement Details

1-66
Reference Calculation Results

Slab Design

A1 and A10 Slab

lx
Table 7.4N

Note 01
ly 5002.849mm

6262.5mm

𝑙𝑦 6262.5
𝑙𝑥
= 5002.849
= 1.2

Two-way slab

Slab thickness
𝑙𝑥
K = 1.3 ρ= 0.5% 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓
= 26

5002.849
deff = 26
= 192.417mm

𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Overall height = deff + cover + 2

10
= 192.417+ 30 +
2

= 227.417mm

Considering a 1000mm wide strip

Self-weight of the slab = 0.2274 × 24 × 1

= 5.4576kN/m

Dead load

Self-load = 5.4567 × 1 = 5.4567kN/m

Finishers = 1 × 1 = 1kN/m

Partitions = 1.25 × 1 = 1.25kN/m

Total dead load =
Total dead load = 7.7076kN/m 7.7076kN/m

Live load

Imposed load = 16 × 1 = 16kN/m

Services = 0.5 × 1 = 0.5kN/m Total live load =

16.5kN/m
Total live load = 16.5kN/m

1-67
Reference Calculation Results

Total design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk Total design load

= 35.1553kN/m
= 1.35 × 7.7076 + 1.5 × 16.5

= 35.1553kN/m

Table 3.14 Finding bending moments

βsx(mid) = 0.047kNm

βsy(mid) = 0.034kNm

βsx(edge) = 0.063kNm

βsy(edge) = 0.045kNm

Finding shear forces

Long span Short span

Mid span βnlx2 = 0.034 × 35.1553 × 41.354kN/m

5.0022 = 29.910kN/m

Edges βnlx2 = 0.045 × 35.1553 × 55.432kN/m

5.0022 = 39.59kN/m

βvx = 0.47kNm

βvx = 0.31kNm

βvy = 0.40kNm

βvy = 0.26kNm

Long span Short span

Edges Continuous = Continuous =

Table 3.15 45.7278 kN/m 82.661 kN/m
Discontinuous = Discontinuous =
70.350 kN/m 54.521 kN/m

1-68
Reference Calculation Results

Short span Long span

Mid span Edges Mid span Edges

MRd 185.492 185.492 185.492 185.492

(b=1000,
d=249.511)

K0 0.037 0.049 0.02693 0.0356

Z 185.878mm 183.540mm 187.733mm 190mm

Asl,required 520.075 697.123 376.225 497.945

Minimum 290.165 290.165 290.165 290.165

r/f

Asl,provided 520.075 697.123 376.225 497.945

Deflection check

Deflection check is for the short span mid,

𝐴𝑠𝑙
ρ=
𝐴0

520.075
ρ = 1000 ×192.417

ρ = 2.7 × 10-3

ρ0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3

ρ0 = 5.477 × 10−3

ρ > ρ0
3
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝑘[11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 × + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ]
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌 𝜌
3
𝑙 5.477 5.477 2
= 1.3[11 + 1.5√30 × + 3.2√30 ( − 1) ]
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 2.7 2.031
𝑙
= 86.323
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
=
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒. 𝑑
𝑙 5002.849
=
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 192.417

1-69
Reference Calculation Results

𝑙
= 26
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
>
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

Therefore panel is safe from deflection.

Shear check

Checking for short span continuous edge

Ved = 82.661kN/1m width

fcd = 0.567fck

fcd = 0.567 × 30

fcd = 17.01
𝑐𝑘 𝑓
v1 = 0.6(1 − 250 )

30
v1 = 0.6(1 − )
250

v1 = 0.528

Getting 𝜃 = 45

𝑉 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑅𝑑,max=
(cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃)

𝑉 1000×182.796×0.528×17.01
𝑅𝑑,max=
(cot 45+tan 45)

𝑉𝑅𝑑,max= 1641.742 𝑘𝑛/1𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

Ved,max < VRd,max

Therefore slab face won’t fail.

Shear resistance of concrete(VRd,c)

1
VRd,c = [𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 =
𝛾𝑐
0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 1.5

𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12

1-70
Reference Calculation Results

200
K = 1+ √ 𝑑

200
K = 1+ √192.417

K = 2.01 < 2

Therefore it is okay.
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
697.123
𝜌1 =
1000 × 192.417
𝜌1 = 3.622 × 10−3 ≤ 0.02

Therefore it is okay.

𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035 × 22 × 302

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.54221
1
VRd,c = [0.12 × 2(100 × 3.622 × 10−3 × 30 )3 + 0] 1000 × 192.417

VRd,c = 99778.341𝑁 ≥ (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

VRd,c =99778.341𝑁 ≥ (0.542 + 0)1000 × 249.511

VRd,c = 99778.341𝑁 ≥ 104328.497𝑁

VRd,c = 104.326𝑘𝑁

124.256 > 61.121

VRd,c > VEd

Therefore no need shear reinforcement.

1-71
Figure 14-A1 and A10 Slab Reinforcement Details

1-72
Reference Calculation Results

Slab Design

Tank over slab

lx

ly 6488mm

3337mm

𝑙𝑦 6488
𝑙𝑥
= 3337
= 1.9

Two-way slab

Slab thickness
𝑙𝑥
K=1 ρ= 0.5% = 20
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓

3337
deff = = 166.850mm
20

𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Overall height = deff + cover + 2

10
= 166.850+ 30 +
2

= 201.850mm

Considering a 1000mm wide strip

Self-weight of the slab = 0.2018 × 24 × 1

= 4.844kN/m

Dead load

Self-load = 4.844 × 1 = 4.844kN/m

Finishers = 1 × 1 = 1kN/m

Partitions = 1.25 × 1 = 1.25kN/m

Total dead load = 5.844kN/m

Live load

Total live load = 1kN/m

1-73
Reference Calculation Results

Total design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

= 1.35 × 5.844 + 1.5 × 1

= 9.39kN/m

Finding bending moments

βsx(mid) = 0.109kNm

βsy(mid) = 0.056kNm

βsx(edge) = 0kNm

βsy(edge) = 0kNm

Finding shear forces

Long span Short span

Mid span βnlx2 = 0.056 × 35.1553 × 11.40kN/m

3.3372 = 5.86kN/m

Edges βnlx2 = 0 0

βvx = 0kNm

βvx = 0.49kNm

βvy = 0kNm

βvy = 0.33kNm

Long span Short span

Edges Continuous = 0 Continuous = 0

Discontinuous = Discontinuous =
10.34kN/m 15.52kN/m

1-74
Reference Calculation Results

Short span Long span

Mid span Edges Mid span Edges

MRd 139.47 139.47 139.47 139.47

(b=1000,
d=249.511)

K0 0.013 0 0.007 0

Z 164.816mm 166.850mm 165.811mm 166.850mm

Asl,required 165.34 0 84.99 0

Minimum 225.581 225.581 225.581 225.581

r/f

Asl,provided 226.195 226.195 226.195 226.195

Deflection check

Deflection check is for the short span mid,

𝐴𝑠𝑙
ρ= 𝐴0

226.195
ρ=
1000 ×166.850

ρ = 1.3 × 10-3

ρ0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3

ρ0 = 5.477 × 10−3

ρ > ρ0
3
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝑘[11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 × + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ]
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌 𝜌
3
𝑙 5.477 5.477 2
= 1.3[11 + 1.5√30 × + 3.2√30 ( − 1) ]
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 1.3 1.3
𝑙
= 137.70
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
=
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒. 𝑑
𝑙 3337
=
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 166.850

1-75
Reference Calculation Results

𝑙
= 20
𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
>
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

Therefore panel is safe from deflection.

Shear check

Checking for short span continuous edge

Ved = 15.52kN/1m width

fcd = 0.567fck

fcd = 0.567 × 30

fcd = 17.01
𝑓𝑐𝑘
v1 = 0.6(1 − )
250

30
v1 = 0.6(1 − 250)

v1 = 0.528

Getting 𝜃 = 45

𝑉 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑅𝑑,max=
(cot 𝜃+tan 𝜃)

𝑉 1000×166.850×0.528×17.01
𝑅𝑑,max=
(cot 45+tan 45)

𝑉𝑅𝑑,max= 711.80 𝑘𝑛/1𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

Ved,max < VRd,max

Therefore slab face won’t fail.

Shear resistance of concrete(VRd,c)

1
VRd,c = [𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 =
𝛾𝑐
0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 1.5

𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12

1-76
Reference Calculation Results

200
K = 1+ √ 𝑑

200
K = 1+ √166.850

K = 1.09 < 2

Therefore it is okay.
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
225.581
𝜌1 =
1000 × 166.850
𝜌1 = 1.352 × 10−3 ≤ 0.02

Therefore it is okay.

𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035 × 22 × 302

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.54221
1
VRd,c = [0.12 × 2(100 × 3.622 × 10−3 × 30 )3 + 0] 1000 × 192.417

VRd,c = 90.469𝑘𝑁 ≥ (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

VRd,c =90.469𝑘𝑁 ≥ (0.542 + 0)1000 × 166.850

VRd,c = 90.469𝑘𝑁 ≥ 90.432𝑘𝑁

VRd,c = 90.469𝑘𝑁

90.469 > 15.52

VRd,c > VEd

Therefore no need shear reinforcement.

1-77
Figure 15-Tank over Slab Reinforcement Details

1-78
5.2 Beam Design

5.2.1 Beam Design Procedure

1. Finding Cover
2. Assume the Section Size
3. Finding Total UDL Load and Point Load
4. Calculate the Factored Moment
5. Revised the size and Grade if required
6. Reinforcement Details

5.2.2 Beam Layout

Figure 16-Beam Layout

1-79
5.2.3 Beam Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Beam Design

Beam Span Initial

Beam type ρ=0.5% No. Length Depth
End span of
continuous 26 B52/B53 6400 246.153846
26 B95/B94 5662.5 217.788462
26 B1 4397.15 169.121154
26 B2 4397.15 169.121154
26 B3 4397.15 169.121154
26 B4 4397.15 169.121154
26 B5 4397.15 169.121154

Beam Span Longi Bar Shear link Overall Eff.

No length Diameter Diameter Cover Depth Depth

B1 4400 16 10 35 500 447

B2 4400 16 10 35 500 447
B3 4400 16 10 35 500 447
B4 4400 16 10 35 500 447
B5 4400 16 10 35 500 447
B52 6400 25 10 35 500 442.5
B73 5250 20 10 35 500 445
B74 4397 16 10 35 500 447
B95 5662.5 20 10 35 500 445

Bending Moments
Mid
Beam ULS Span Supports Span
B1 68.13585 4.4 109.925838 54.96292
B2 161.1414 4.4 259.974792 129.9874
B3 66.28635 4.4 106.941978 53.47099
B52 68.13585 6.4 232.570368 116.2852
B73 60.8499 5.25 139.7646141 69.88231

Mid 30 B73/B72 5250 175

30 B74/B75 4397 146.566667

MRd = 0.5845kNm

1-80
Reference Calculation Results

Self
Beam Weifgt
Beam Eff Beam Beam Beam Concrete of
No Depth Depth Breadth Width Density Beam Shear1 ULS

B1 447 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8 45.671 68.13585

B2 447 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8 114.564 161.1414

B3 447 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8 44.301 66.28635

B4 447 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8

B5 447 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8

B52 442.5 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8 45.671 68.13585

B73 445 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8 40.274 60.8499

B74 447 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8

B95 445 0.5 0.4 1 24 4.8

Beam 01

Roof top slab

B79/80

Design load = 94.338kn/m MEd = 25.2Kn/m

Design moment (MEd) = 25.2Kn/m

Eq A.5 MRd = 0.167 × fck × bd2

MRd = 0.167 × 30 × 300 × 3502

MRd = 184.11kNm MRd =

184.11kNm
MRd > MEd

Therefore design as singly reinforcement beam.

𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝑘0 =
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2

Eq A.6 25.2 × 106

𝑘0 =
30 × 300 × 3502
𝑘0 = 0.0228

3𝑘0
Z = d(0.5 + √0.25 − 3.4
)
𝑘0 = 0.0228
3×0.0228
Z = d(0.5 + √0.25 − 3.4
)

1-81
Reference Calculation Results

Z = 0.95d

Z = 0.95 × 350

Z = 332.5mm
𝑀
Asl = 0.87𝑓𝐸𝑑
𝑦𝑘 𝑧
Z = 332.5mm
25.2×106
Asl = 0.87×500×332.5

Eq A.9 Asl = 174.23𝑚𝑚2

Check for the minimum area of steal region.

0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Asl = 174.23𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘

0.26 × 2.9 × 400 × 350

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
500
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 211.12𝑚𝑚2 > 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 211.12𝑚𝑚2 > 0.0013× 400 × 350

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 211.12𝑚𝑚2 > 182𝑚𝑚2

9.2.1.1(1)
𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 211.12𝑚𝑚2
Eq 9.1N
For mid span tension region at bottom region

For B1 mid span

2T12 𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑟𝑒𝑔 =
𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 226.2𝑚𝑚2
211.12𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑟𝑒𝑔 < 𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
2T12
Therefore it is okay. 𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =
For supports 226.2𝑚𝑚2

Design moment (MEd) = 69.04Kn/m

MRd = 184.11kNm

MRd > MEd

Therefore design as singly reinforcement beam.

𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝑘0 =
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
69.04 × 106 𝑘0 = 0.062
𝑘0 =
Table 3.1 30 × 300 × 3502

1-82
Reference Calculation Results

Eq A.6 3𝑘0
Z = d(0.5 + √0.25 − 3.4
)

3×0.0626
Z = d(0.5 + √0.25 − 3.4
)

Z = 0.9413d (Z≤0.95d)

Z = 0.9413d

Z = 0.9413 × 350

Z = 329.46mm
𝑀
Asl = 0.87𝑓𝐸𝑑
𝑦𝑘 𝑧

69.04×106 Z = 329.46mm
Asl = 0.87×500×329.46

Asl = 481.73𝑚𝑚2
Eq A.9
Check for the minimum area of steal region.
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 Asl= 481.73𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦𝑘

0.26 × 2.9 × 300 × 350

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
500
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 158.34𝑚𝑚2 > 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 158.34𝑚𝑚2 > 0.0013× 300 × 350

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 158.34𝑚𝑚𝑚2 > 136.5𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 481.73𝑚𝑚2
Eq 9.1N
For B1 supports

𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 515.22𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑟𝑒𝑔 < 𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Therefore, it is okay. 𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑟𝑒𝑔 =

481.73𝑚𝑚2
2T16 + 1T12
𝐴𝑠𝑙,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =
9.2.1.1(1)
515.22𝑚𝑚2

2T20

1-83
Reference Calculation Results

Checking in maximum shear

Supporting column dimensions = 400 x 400

d= 450
275
𝑙1 = 7100 − 2 ( ) = 6825𝑚
2
𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 110𝑘𝑁

𝑓𝑐𝑘
ʋ1 = 0.6 × (1 − )
250
30
= 0.6 × (1 − 250)

= 0.53
Eq 6.6N
ɤ𝑐 = 1.5

𝛼𝑐𝑒 = 0.85
0.85 × 30
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 17𝑁𝑚𝑚2
1.5
𝑏𝑤 𝑧ʋ1 𝑓𝑐𝑑
(𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡ʋ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛ʋ
= 0.5𝑏𝑤 𝑧ʋ1 𝑓𝑐𝑑
2.4..2.4(1)
= 445.265𝑘𝑁
3.1.6(1)
𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 < (𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
SL NA
Column face won’t fail

𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 107.7𝑘𝑁 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 300𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒)

OK
Shear resistance of concrete 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶

𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30𝑁𝑚𝑚−2
6.2.3(3)
0.18
Eq 6.9 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝐶 =
ɤ𝑐
OK
0.18
= = 0.12𝑁𝑚𝑚−2
ɤ𝑐

6.2.2(1)
200 200
𝐾 =1+√ =1+√ = 1.71 < 2.0
𝑑 400

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken on to support & anchored.

1-84
Reference Calculation Results

Asl 515.22
𝑃1 = = = 0.0042 < 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 300 × 400

𝜎𝐶𝑃 = 0

3 1 3 1
Cl 6.2.3(3) 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ) = 0.035 × 1.712 × 302 = 0.428

Eq(6.8) 1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝐶 𝐾(100𝑃1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝐾1 𝜎𝐶𝑃 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑
OK
1
= {0.12 × 1.71 × (100 × 0.0042 × 30) } 300 × 400 3

= 57229.23𝑁 ≥ (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝐾1 𝜎𝐶𝑃 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

= 57.299𝑘𝑁 ≥ (0.428 + 0) × 400 × 300 = 51360𝑁

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶 < 𝑉𝐸𝑑

Shear reinforcement must be provided.

Finding Ɵ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
−1 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Ɵ = 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑓
0.153𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1− 𝑐𝑘 )
250

107700

= 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 { 300×400
30 }
0.153×30(1− )
250

= 6.4𝑜
EC6 7.4.2
Ɵ < 21.8𝑜

Ɵ = 21.8𝑜

Diameter & spacing at shar links

𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡Ɵ
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = = 10700𝑁
𝑆
𝐴𝑠 𝑤 10700
=
𝑆 275
329.46 × × 𝑐𝑜𝑡21.8
1.15
Eqn 7.16a 𝐴𝑠 𝑤
= 0.546
𝑆
Assume S = 200mm

T 7.4N 𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 109.35𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 157.07𝑚𝑚2

1-85
Reference Calculation Results

Deflection check

2𝜋62
𝒫= = 0.0018
300 × 400

𝒫𝑜 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3

= √30 × 10−3

= 0.0054

𝒫𝑜 > 𝒫
𝑙 𝒫𝑜 𝒫𝑜 3
( )𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 = 𝐾[11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1)2 ]
𝑑 𝒫 𝒫
𝐾 = 1[𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚]
𝑙 0.0054 0.0054 3
( )𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 = 1 × [11 + 1.5√30 × + 3.2√30( − 1)2 ]
𝑑 0.0018 0.0018
= 85.22

𝑓1 = 1

𝑓2 = 1

𝑓3 = 1
𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
( )=
𝑑 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
7100
= 350

= 20.28
𝑙 𝑙
( )𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 > ( )𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑑 𝑑

1-86
 Figure 17-Section of Beam

5.3 Column Design

1-87
5.3.1 Column Design Procedure

1. Determine design life.

2. Combination of action applies.
3. Cover, concrete requirements
4. Calculate the critical moment and axial forces.
5. Checking slenderness
6. Reinforce details.

5.3.2 Column Layout

Figure 18-Column Layout

1-88
5.3.3 Column Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Column type 1 – GF to 5F

Action on columns

Axial force 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 13330 𝑘𝑁

Column size for 1st floor level 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 13330 𝑘𝑁

n = 1+w
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑
n = 1+ 0.002Ac < Asc < 0.04Ac
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
Etabs
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴 𝑓
module
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑
= 𝑛 = 1+ 𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑓 𝑦𝑑
𝑐 𝑐𝑑

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0.567 × 35
Cl 5.8.8.3
𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 19.845𝑁𝑚𝑚−2

Substituting into above equation,

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑
= 𝑛 = 1+ 𝐴
𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

500
13330 ×103 0.02Ac×
1.15
𝐴𝑐 ×19.845
= 1+ 𝐴 Assume Asc = 0.02 Ac
𝑐 ×19.845

𝐴𝑐 = 136526 𝑚𝑚2

d = b = 369.5 mm Column size

600mm× 600𝑚𝑚
Let’s assume column size as, d × b = 600mm× 600𝑚𝑚
Cl
Slenderness
5.8.3.2(3)
Column size = 600mm× 600𝑚𝑚
Eq 5.15
Fcd = 0.567 × fck

Fcd = 0.567 × 35

Fcd = 19.845𝑁𝑚𝑚−2

1 𝑘 2 𝑘
Effective length (l0) = 0.5𝑙√(1 + 0.45+𝑘 ) (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )
1 2

Beam height = 0.4 m

Clear height 𝑙 = (3.6-0.4) = 3.2

1-89
Reference Calculation Results

Assume 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 = 0.1

0.1 0.1
l0 = 0.5𝑙√(1 + ) (1 + )
0.45+0.1 0.45+0.1
l0= 1.891m
(l0) = 1.891m
Cl
5.8.3.2(1) 𝐼
Radius of Gyration (i) = √
𝐴
Eq 5.14
𝑑𝑏3
Radius of Gyration (i) = √𝐴×12
Cl 5.8.3.1
Radius of Gyration (i) = 0.173m i = 0.173m
𝑙0
Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 𝑖

Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 10.93

20𝐴𝐵𝐶
Allowable slenderness ratio(ƛmin) =
√𝑛

A = 0.7

B = 1.1

C = 1.7
𝑁𝐸𝑑
n=
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑

Column 01 (C1)
𝑁𝐸𝑑 13330 ×103 𝑁
n=𝐴 = 600×600×19.845 = 1.865
𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20×0.7×1.1×1.7 ƛmin=19.17

ƛmin = = = 19.17
√𝑛 √1.865

ƛmin > ƛ

Column type 1 is a shorter column.

Column design

For column

ƛmin > ƛ

Therefore, columns are short.

-Longitudinal steel-

Design moment

1-90
Reference Calculation Results

𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀02 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒1

𝑙0 1 1891
𝑒1 = 𝜃𝑖 = × = 4.73𝑚𝑚
2 200 2
𝑙
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀02 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 (𝜃𝑖 20 )= 20.59 + 13330 × 4.73 × 10−3 = 83.64 𝑘𝑁𝑚

ℎ 600
Minimum eccentricity (e0) = 30 = 30
= 20 ≤ 20𝑚𝑚

Minimum design moment = 𝑒0 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 20 × 10−3 × 13330 𝑘𝑁𝑚 =

266.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Therefore, 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 266.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 266.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Design chart,

Exposure class = X3

Concrete grade = C30

Assuming longitudinal steel bars(∅) = 32𝑚𝑚

Shear link(∅/ ) = 10𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 25 + 10

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 35𝑚𝑚
∅ 32
d = 2 + ∅1 + 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 2
+ 10 + 35 = 61

𝑑 61
= = 0.1
ℎ 600

Longitudinal steel area,

𝑁𝐸𝑑 13330×103
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 600×600×30 = 1.0

𝑀𝐸𝑑 266.6 ×106

𝑏ℎ 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 600×600×600×30 = 0.04

From the column chart,

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.5 𝑑
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.1
ℎ
We should apply minimum reinforcement requirement; therefore,
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 × 500
= = 0.5
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 600 × 600 × 30

As = 10800 𝑚𝑚2
Provide 16H32
Provides 16H32 (12867.96mm2)

1-91
Cl 9.5.3 Shear link

The diameter of the link is greater of.

I. 10
1 1
II. ∅ = × 20 = 5
4 4

The spacing of links should not exceed the lesser of.

I. 20∅ = 20×32 = 640mm

II. Least dimension on column = 600mm
III. 600mm

1-92
Reference Calculation Results

Column type 1 - 11F to Roof level

Axial force

𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 1190𝑘𝑁

Column size for 1st floor level 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 1190𝑘𝑁

Cl 5.8.8.3 n = 1+w
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑
n = 1+ 0.002Ac < Asc < 0.04Ac
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑

= 𝑛 = 1+
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0.567 × 30

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 17.01𝑁𝑚𝑚−2

Substituting into above equation,

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴 𝑓
Cl 5.8.3.2
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑
= 𝑛 = 1+ 𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑓 𝑦𝑑
𝑐 𝑐𝑑

500
1190×103 0.02Ac×
1.15
𝐴𝑐 ×17.01
= 1+ 𝐴𝑐 ×17.01
Assume Asc = 0.02 Ac

𝐴𝑐 = 46330.36𝑚𝑚2

d = b = 215.24 mm,

Let’s assume column size as, d × b = 400mm× 400𝑚𝑚

Slenderness Column size = 400mm×

400𝑚𝑚
Column size = 600mm× 600𝑚𝑚

Fcd = 0.567 × fck

Fcd = 0.567 × 30

Cl Fcd = 17.01Nmm-2
5.8.3.2(3)
1 𝑘 2 𝑘
Effective length (l0) = 0.5𝑙√(1 + 0.45+𝑘 ) (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )
Eq 5.15 1 2

Beam height = 0.4 m

Clear height 𝑙 = (3.3-0.4)=2.9

Assume 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 = 0.1

1-93
Reference Calculation Results

Cl 0.1 0.1
5.8.3.2(1) l0 = 0.5𝑙√(1 + ) (1 + )
0.45+0.1 0.45+0.1
Eq 5.14
(l0) = 1710mm
l0 = 1710mm
𝐼
Cl 5.8.3.1 Radius of Gyration (i) = √
𝐴

𝑑𝑏3
Radius of Gyration (i) = √𝐴×12

Radius of Gyration (i) = 115.47mm i = 115.47mm

𝑙0
Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 𝑖
ƛ = 14.8
Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 14.8
20𝐴𝐵𝐶
Allowable slenderness ratio(ƛmin) =
√𝑛

A = 0.7

B = 1.1

C = 1.7
𝑁𝐸𝑑
n=
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑

Column 01 (C1)
𝑁𝐸𝑑 1190×103
n= = = 0.437
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑 400×400×17.01

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20×0.7×1.1×1.7
ƛmin = = = 59.9
√𝑛 √0.437
ƛmin= 59.9
ƛmin > ƛ

Column 01 (C1) is a short column.

Column design

For column

ƛmin > ƛ

Therefore, columns are short.

-Longitudinal steel-

Design moment

𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀02 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒1

𝑙0 1 1710
𝑒1 = 𝜃𝑖 = × = 4.28𝑚𝑚
2 200 2

1-94
Reference Calculation Results

𝑙
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀02 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 (𝜃𝑖 20 )= 157.63 + 1190 × 4.28 × 10−3 = 162.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚

ℎ 400
Minimum eccentricity (e0) = 30 = 30
= 13.34 ≥ 20𝑚𝑚

Minimum design moment = 𝑒0 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 20 × 10−3 × 1190 𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 23.8 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 162.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Therefore, 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 162.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Design chart,

Exposure class = X3

Concrete grade = C30

Assuming longitudinal steel bars(∅) = 20𝑚𝑚

Shear link(∅/ ) = 10𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑣

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 + ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝛾 − ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑠𝑡 − ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑎𝑑𝑑 ; 10𝑚𝑚}

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{20𝑚𝑚; 25𝑚𝑚 + 0 − 0 − 0; 10𝑚𝑚}

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 25 + 10

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 35𝑚𝑚
∅ 20
d = + ∅1 + 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = + 10 + 35 = 55
2 2

𝑑 55
ℎ
= 400 = 0.13

Longitudinal steel area,

𝑁𝐸𝑑 1190×103
= = 0.25
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 400×400×30

𝑀𝐸𝑑 162.72 ×106

𝑏ℎ 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 400×400×400×30 = 0.08

From the column chart,

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.1

We should apply minimum reinforcement requirement; therefore,

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 × 500
= = 0.1
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 400 × 400 × 30

As = 960 𝑚𝑚2
Provides 4H20
Provides 4H20 (1256.637mm2)

1-95
 Shear link

Cl 9.5.3 The diameter of the link is greater of.

I. 10
1 1
II. ∅ = × 20 = 5
4 4

The spacing of links should not exceed the lesser of.

I. 20∅ = 20×20 = 400mm

II. Least dimension on column = 400mm
III. 400mm

1-96
Reference Calculation Results

Column type 1 - 5F to 10F

Action on columns

Axial force 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 7164 𝑘𝑁

Column size for 1st floor level 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 7164 𝑘𝑁

n = 1+w
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑
n = 1+ 0.002Ac < Asc < 0.04Ac
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
Cl 5.8.8.3
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑑
= 𝑛 = 1+
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0.567 × 35

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 19.845𝑁𝑚𝑚−2

Substituting into above equation,

𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴 𝑓
Cl 5.8.3.2
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑
= 𝑛 = 1+ 𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑓 𝑦𝑑
𝑐 𝑐𝑑

500
7164 ×103 0.02Ac×
1.15
𝐴𝑐 ×19.845
= 1+ 𝐴 Assume Asc = 0.02 Ac
𝑐 ×19.845

𝐴𝑐 = 250693 𝑚𝑚2

d = b = 500 mm

Let’s assume column size as, d × b = 600mm× 600𝑚𝑚

Slenderness Column size = 600mm×

600𝑚𝑚
Column size = 600mm× 600𝑚𝑚

Fcd = 0.567 × fck

Fcd = 0.567 × 35

Cl Fcd = 19.845𝑁𝑚𝑚−2
5.8.3.2(3)
𝑘 𝑘
Eq 5.15 1
Effective length (l0) = 0.5𝑙√(1 + 0.45+𝑘 2
) (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )
1 2

Beam height = 0.4 m

Clear height 𝑙 = (3.3-0.4) = 2.9

Assume 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 = 0.1

0.1 0.1
l0 = 0.5𝑙√(1 + 0.45+0.1) (1 + 0.45+0.1)

1-97
Reference Calculation Results

Cl (l0) = 1710 mm l0 = 1710 mm

5.8.3.2(1)
Eq 5.14 𝐼
Radius of Gyration (i) = √𝐴

𝑑𝑏3
Cl 5.8.3.1 Radius of Gyration (i) = √
𝐴×12

Radius of Gyration (i) = 173mm

𝑙0
Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 𝑖
i = 173mm
Slenderness ratio (ƛ) = 9.8
20𝐴𝐵𝐶
Allowable slenderness ratio(ƛmin) =
√𝑛

A = 0.7

B = 1.1 ƛ = 9.8
C = 1.7
𝑁𝐸𝑑
n=
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑

Column 01 (C1)
𝑁𝐸𝑑 7164×103
n= = =1
𝐴𝑐 ×𝐹𝑐𝑑 600×600×19.8451

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20×0.7×1.1×1.7
ƛmin = = = 26.18
√𝑛 √1 ƛmin= 26.18
ƛmin > ƛ

Column is a short column.

Column design

For column

ƛmin > ƛ

Therefore, columns are short.

-Longitudinal steel-

Design moment

𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀02 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑒1

𝑙0 1 1710
𝑒1 = 𝜃𝑖 = × = 4.28𝑚𝑚
2 200 2
𝑙
𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀02 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 (𝜃𝑖 20 )= 73.93 + 7164 × 4.28 × 10−3 = 104.59 𝑘𝑁𝑚

1-98
Reference Calculation Results

Cl 9.5.3 ℎ 600
Minimum eccentricity (e0) = 30 = 30
= 20 ≥ 20𝑚𝑚

Minimum design moment = 𝑒0 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 20 × 10−3 × 7164 𝑘𝑁𝑚 =

143.28 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Therefore, 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 143.28 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Design chart, 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 143.28 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Exposure class = X3

Concrete grade = C30

Assuming longitudinal steel bars(∅) = 20𝑚𝑚

Shear link(∅/ ) = 10𝑚𝑚

Shear link(∅/ ) = 10𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑣

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 + ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝛾 − ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑠𝑡 − ∆𝐶𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑎𝑑𝑑 ; 10𝑚𝑚}

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{20𝑚𝑚; 25𝑚𝑚 + 0 − 0 − 0; 10𝑚𝑚}

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 25 + 10

𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 35𝑚𝑚
∅ 20
d = 2 + ∅1 + 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 2
+ 10 + 35 = 55

𝑑 55
ℎ
= 600 = 0.09

Longitudinal steel area,

𝑁𝐸𝑑 7164×103
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 600×600×30 = 0.6

𝑀𝐸𝑑 143.28 ×106

𝑏ℎ 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 600×600×600×30 = 0.02

From the column chart,

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.1

We should apply minimum reinforcement requirement; therefore,

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 × 500 Provides 8H20
= = 0.1
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 600 × 600 × 30

As = 2160 𝑚𝑚2

1-99
Provides 8H20 (2513.274mm2)

Shear link

The diameter of the link is greater of.

I. 10
1 1
II. 4
∅ = 4 × 20 = 5

The spacing of links should not exceed the lesser of.

I. 20∅ = 20×20 = 400mm

II. Least dimension on column = 400mm
III. 400mm

1-100
Figure 19-Section of Column

1-101
5.4 Staircase Design

5.4.1 Staircase Design Procedure

1. Determine the landing of slab

2. Determining Floor to floor height
3. Determining the width
4. Finding No of Threads
5. Finding No of Rises
6. Reinforcement Details

5.4.2 Staircase Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Staircase Design

Characteristic variable actions = 3.0kN/m2

Finishes and hand drill = 1.2Kn/m2

Characteristic strength of concrete = 25N/mm2

Characteristic strength of steel = 460N/mm2

Concrete cover to reinforcement = 25mm

Thread and going (G) = 300mm

Riser (R) = 150mm

Characteristic Actions

Permanent 𝑔𝑘 = 1.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Variable 𝑞𝑘 = 3𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Materials

𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25kN/mm2

Assumed

Cover = 25mm

Φbar = 10mm

1-102
Reference Calculation Results

Average thickness
1⁄
{𝐺 2 + 𝑅 2 } 2
𝑦=ℎ
𝐺
1⁄
Note 4 {3002 + 1502 } 2
= 150
300
= 168𝑚𝑚

Average thickness t = 𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑅)/2

= 168 + (168 + 150)/2

= 243mm

Action on lading

Slab self-weight = 0.285 × 25 = 7.125𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Permanent load = 1.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Characteristic permanent action 𝑔𝑘 = 7.125 + 1.2

= 8.325𝑘𝑁

Characteristic variable action 𝑞𝑘 = 3.0

Design action, 𝑛𝑑 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘

= 15.739

Action on Flight

Slab self-weight = 0.243 × 25 = 5.85𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Permanent load = 1.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Characteristic permanent action 𝑔𝑘 = 7.05𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Characteristic variable action 𝑞𝑘 = 3.0𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Design action, 𝑛𝑑 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘

= 1.35 × 7.05 + 1.5 × 3

= 14.02𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

1-103
Reference Calculation Results

Analysis and design of stairs

Effective span = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿𝑎 + 0.5{𝐿𝑏1 + 𝐿𝑏2 }

𝐿𝑎 = 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝐿𝑏1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝐿𝑏2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝐿𝑒 = 3000 + 0.5(300 + 1200) = 3750𝑚𝑚

Consider 1m width

Total action

𝐹 = 14.02 × 3.15 = 44.163𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Bending moment,
𝐹𝐿 44.163 × 3.75
𝑀= = = 16.56𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Eq. A.5 10 10
Main reinforcement

Effective depth,

𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐 − 0.5Φbar

= 150 − 25 − (0.5 × 10) = 120𝑚𝑚

Design moment, 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 16.56𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑀 16.56 × 106
𝑘= =
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1000 × 1202 × 25

= 0.046 < 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.167

Compression reinforcement is not required.

9.2.1.1 𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } = 0.95𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.34

𝑀 16.56 × 106 2
𝐴𝑆 = = = 421.82 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑍 0.87 × 500 × 0.95 × 95

1-104
Reference Calculation Results

EN 1992-1- Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,

1
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.56(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶25, 𝐶30 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒)
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26( )𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘
2.56
= 0.26 × ( 500 )𝑏𝑑

= 0.0013𝑏𝑑

= 0.0013 × 1000 × 120

𝑚𝑚2
= 156 𝑚

𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝐶 = 0.04 × 1000 × 150 = 160
𝑚
Shear Check

{14.02 × 3.15 × 1.575 − 16.56}

𝑉𝐵 = = 14.13𝑘𝑁/𝑚
3.75
𝑉𝐴 = (14.02 × 3.15) − 14.13 = 30.03𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Design shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 30.03𝑘𝑁

Design shear resistance,

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶 = {0.12𝑘(100𝒫1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 } 𝑏𝑑

1
200 2
𝑘 =1+( ) ≤ 2.0
𝑑
1
= 1 + (200/120)2 = 2.3 ≤ 2.0

𝒫1 = 𝐴𝑆1 /𝑏𝑑 ≤ 0.02

= 471.24/(1000 × 120)

= 0.0039 ≤ 0.02 OK

1-105
Reference Calculation Results

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶 = {0.12 × 2 × (100 × 0.0039 × 25)3 } × 1000 × 120

= 61526.3𝑁/𝑚 = 61.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ) 𝑏𝑑

3 1
= 0.035 × 22 × 252 × 1000 × 120

= 59396.97𝑁/𝑚 = 59.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚

So, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶 = 61.5𝐾𝑛/𝑀 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑

Deflection

Percentage of required tension reinforcement,

𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 421.82
𝒫= =
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 120

7.4.2(2) = 0.0035

Reference reinforcement ratio,

1
𝑃0 = (𝑓𝑐𝑘 )2 × 10−3 = 0.005

Factor for structural system, k = 1.3

𝒫 < 𝑃0

𝑙 𝑃0 𝑃0 3
= 𝑘[11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 × + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1)2 ]
𝑑 𝒫 𝒫
0.005 0.005 3
= 1.3[11 + 1.5√25 × + 3.2√25( − 1)2 ]
0.0035 0.0035

= 34.06

Modification factor for span less than 7m, = 1.0

Table 7.4
Modification factor for steel area provided,

Eq. 7.16a 𝐴𝑆,𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣 471.24

= = 1.12 < 1.5
𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 421.82

Therefore, allowable span effective depth ratio,

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 34.06 × 1 × 1.12 = 38.15

1-106
Reference Calculation Results

Actual span effective depth

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 3750/120 = 31.25 < (𝑙/𝑑)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Analysis & Design of landing

OK
Effective span, L=360mm, b=150mm

Loading
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟
= 15.739 × 1.5 + 14.13
= 37.74𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐹 37.74 × 3.6
𝑉= =
2 2
= 67.932𝑘𝑁

𝑀 = 𝐹𝐿2 /8
37.74×3.62
= 8
= 61.14𝑘𝑁𝑚

Main Reinforcement
Effective depth,

6.1 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐 − 0.5Φbar

= 285 − 25 − (0.5 × 10) = 255𝑚𝑚

Design moment, 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 61.14𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑀 61.14 × 106
𝑘= = = 0.03 < 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.167
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1500 × 2552 × 25

1-107
Reference Calculation Results

Compression reinforcement is not required. Mian bar:

8H10(628.3mm2)
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } = 0.97𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.34

𝑀 61.14 × 106 2
𝐴𝑆 = = = 580.2 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑍 0.87 × 500 × 0.95 × 255

Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.56(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶25, 𝐶30 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒)

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26( )𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘
2.56
= 0.26 × ( 500 )𝑏𝑑

= 0.0013𝑏𝑑

= 0.0013 × 1500 × 255

𝑚𝑚2
= 497 𝑚

𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝐶 = 0.04 × 1500 × 285 = 17100
𝑚
Shear Check

Design shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 67.932𝑘𝑁

Design shear resistance,

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶 = {0.12𝑘(100𝒫1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 } 𝑏𝑑

1
200 2
𝑘 =1+( ) ≤ 2.0
𝑑
1
= 1 + (200/255)2 = 1.9 ≤ 2.0

𝒫1 = 𝐴𝑆1 /𝑏𝑑 ≤ 0.02

= 628.3/(1500 × 255)

= 0.0016 ≤ 0.02
1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶 = {0.12 × 1.9 × (100 × 0.0016 × 25)3 } × 1500 × 255

= 138437.2𝑁/𝑚 = 138.44𝑘𝑁/𝑚

1-108
Reference Calculation Results

3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ) 𝑏𝑑

3 1
= 0.035 × 1.92 × 252 × 1500 × 255

= 175307𝑁/𝑚 = 175.31𝑘𝑁/𝑚

So, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝐶 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑

Deflection

Percentage of required tension reinforcement,

𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 580.2
𝒫= =
𝑏𝑑 1500 × 255
= 0.0015

Reference reinforcement ratio,

1
𝑃0 = (𝑓𝑐𝑘 )2 × 10−3 = 0.005

Factor for structural system, k = 1.0(Simply supported beam)

𝒫 < 𝑃0

𝑙 𝑃0 𝑃0 3
= 𝑘[11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 × + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1)2 ]
𝑑 𝒫 𝒫
0.005 0.005 3
= 1.3[11 + 1.5√25 × + 3.2√25( − 1)2 ]
0.0015 0.0015

= 93.0

Modification factor for span less than 7m, = 1.0

Modification factor for steel area provided,

𝐴𝑆,𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣 628.3
= = 1.08 < 1.5
𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 580.2

Therefore, allowable span effective depth ratio,

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 93.0 × 1 × 1.08 = 100.44

Actual span effective depth

OK
(𝑙/𝑑)𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 3600/255 = 14.11 < (𝑙/𝑑)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

1-109
Figure 20-Staircase Reinforcement Drawing

Figure 21-Staircase Structural Drawing

1-110
5.5 Sump Design
5.5.1 Sump Design Procedure

1. Finding Capacity of Tank

2. Finding Load cases in Critical condition
3. Moment Calculations
4. Calculating Thickness
5. Vertical Reinforcement on Water Face
6. Vertical Reinforcement on Soil Face

5.5.2 Sump Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Sump Design

Capacity of the tank = 24000l = 24m3

Free board = 0.2m

Depth of tank = 3m

Length of tank = 4m

Height of tank = 3m

Storage height = 3-0.2 = 2.8m

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Area = 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

24
Area = 2.8 = 8.57

There are two conditions.

1. Tank full
𝛾𝑤 𝐻 3
M= 6

10×2.83
M= 6

M = 36.586𝑘𝑁𝑚
(𝛾𝐻)𝐵
M = 36.586𝑘𝑁𝑚
T= 2

(10×2.8)3
T= 2

T = 42𝑘𝑁

For M20 and Fe415 T = 42𝑘𝑁

Q = 1.16, j = 0.87

1-111
Reference Calculation Results

M = Qbd2

36.586×106 = 1.16×1000× d2

d = 177.45 = 178mm
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟
D = d + cover +
2

12
D = 178 + 30 + 2

D = 214mm
𝑀
Ast =
𝜎𝑗𝑑

36.586×106
Ast =
0.87×178×150
D = 214mm
Ast = 1575.01𝑚𝑚2

Using 12mm bars

1000
Spacing = 𝐴𝑠𝑡
⁄118

1000
Spacing = 1575.01 Ast= 1575.01𝑚𝑚2
⁄118

Spacing = 71.74 = 70𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐

Minimum requirements
0.24×1000×214
Ast,min = 100

Ast,min = 513.6𝑚𝑚2
Spacing=70𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐
1000
Providing 8mm bars for distribution = 513.6 = 139.68 = 140mm
⁄71.74

Check for tension

Considering 1000mm height of the tank, Ast,min= 513.6𝑚𝑚2

𝑇
Tensile stress induced = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

42×1000
Tensile stress induced = 1000×214
Tensile stress
Tensile stress induced = 0.19𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 1.2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 induced = 0.19𝑁/
Hence safe. 𝑚𝑚2

2. Tank empty
𝑘𝑎 ×𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 ×𝐻 3
M= 6

1-112
Reference Calculation Results

1 − sin 𝜃
𝑘𝑎 =
1 + sin 𝜃
1 − sin 30
𝑘𝑎 =
1 + sin 30
1
𝑘𝑎 =
3
1⁄ ×15×2.83
3
M= 6

M = 18.29𝑘𝑁𝑚 M = 18.29𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀
Ast = 𝜎𝑗𝑑

36.586×106
Ast = 0.87×178×150

Ast = 1575.01𝑚𝑚2
Ast=1575.01𝑚𝑚2
Using 12mm bars
1000
Spacing = 𝐴𝑠𝑡
⁄118

1000
Spacing = 1575.01
⁄118

Spacing = 71.74𝑚𝑚
Spacing=71.74𝑚𝑚
Provide distribution reinforcement horizontally in both faces @ 140mm.

Spacing = 2 × 140

Spacing = 280𝑚𝑚

Provide 8mm bars @ 250mm.

1-113
5.6 Foundation Design

5.6.1 Foundation Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results

Input Data from Geotechnical Report

Soil Details

𝛾 = 20.0𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 Unit weight of soil (gamma)

𝐶 1 (𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢) = 140.0𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 For undrained soil use phi =0

∅ = 26.0 𝑑𝑒𝑔 Angle of friction(phi)

𝛼 = 0.2 Adhesion Factor

𝛿 = 2.0 𝑑𝑒𝑔 Angle of friction between pile and soil

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 4.2𝑚 Depth of water table

Pile Details

𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.2𝑚 Diameter of pile

𝑇𝑜𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 7.0𝑚 Depth to base of pile

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 15473.0𝑘𝑁 Applied load- includes weight of pile

Safety Factor

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 2.0

𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 2.0

SF = 2.0

Pile Capacity

Bearing capacity Factor

𝑁𝑞 = 11.16 (Barezantzev et al)

𝑁𝑐 = 20.83

𝐷⁄ = 5.83
𝐿

1-114
Reference Calculation Results

Overburden stress

∑ 𝑏 = 112.53 (At base)

𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 64.51 (Average for shaft)

Base Bearing Capacity

𝑞𝑢 = 𝑠𝑢𝑁𝑐 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠)

𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + ∑ 𝑏 × 𝑁𝑞 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠)

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝐴𝑏) = 1.13𝑚2

𝑞𝑢 = 4171.61 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝑄𝑏 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝐴𝑏 = 4717𝑘𝑁 Base Resistance

Shaft skin friction

𝑓𝑠 =∝ 𝑠 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠)

𝑓𝑠 = 𝐶 1 + 𝐾𝑠 ×∝ 𝑠 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠)

𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡(𝐴𝑠) = 26.39𝑚2

𝑓𝑢 = 141.27 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑓𝑢 × 𝐴𝑠 = 3727.90𝑘𝑁 Shaft Resistance

Analysis Results

Vertical Load

𝑃 = 15473.0𝑘𝑁

𝐾𝑠 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐾𝑠 = 0.6 Coefficient of Earth Pressure

Base Resistance

𝑄𝑏 = 4718.0𝑘𝑁

Shaft Resistance

𝑄𝑠 = 3727.9𝑘𝑁

Total ultimate resistance

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑠

1-115
Reference Calculation Results

Allowable Load

𝑄𝑏 𝑄𝑠
𝑄𝑎 = + = 4222.9𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑆𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡

Overall factor of safety

𝑄𝑢
= 0.55
𝑃

𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 > 𝑸𝒂 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 > 𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅

1-116
Project : Apartmet Projec Homgama Footing Number : 1

1.Input Data SI-Units FPS-Units

Column. width (b) = 0.6 m 23.6 in
Column. depth (h) = 0.6 m 23.6 in
2.Material Properties

Rebar fy = 500 Mpa 72.5 ksi

Concrete fc' = 40 Mpa 5.8 ksi

Modulus of Elasticity steel bars (Es) = 200,000 Mpa 29007.6 ksi

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete (Ec) = 29,725 Mpa 4311.3 ksi
n = 7

3.Pile data (From Geo-Technical Report)

Pile diameter/width (D) = 1.5 m 59.1 in
safe load of pile (Capacity) = 4,223 KN 949.4 Kip
length of Pile (L) 7 m 275.6 in
4.Loadind Data
Axial Load (Px) = 3 KN 0.7 Kip
Axial Load (Py) -8 KN -1.7 Kip
Axial Load (Pz) 14,656 KN 3294.8 Kip
Mx = 100 KN-m 73.8 Kip-ft
My = 250 KN-m 184.4 Kip-ft
Mz = 0 KN-m 0.0 Kip-ft

4. Spring Constant or Point Spring (Kv)

Area of Cross Section of Pile (A) = 1.7671 m2 0.4 in2

Spring Constant (K=(EA/L) = 7,504,162 KN/m 42849.9 kip/in

1-117
5.Pile Arrangement

Required No. of Piles = 4.0

Use number of total pile = 4.0

X - direction FPS-Units Y - direction FPS-Units

number of row 2 number of column 2

number of pile on each number of pile on each

2 2
row column

spacing between pile 4.5 m 177.2 inch spacing between pile 4.5 m 177.2 inch

spacing at edge of
1.5 m 59.1 inch spacing at edge of footing 1.5 m 59.1 inch
footing

total length 7.5 m 295.3 inch total width 7.5 m 295.3 inch

dx-1 2.3 m 88.6 inch dy-1 2.25 m 88.6 inch

dx-2 0 m 0.0 inch dy-2 0 m 0.0 inch

Figure 22-Pile Layout

1-118
5.7 Shear Wall Design
5.7.1 Shear Wall Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

IStructE Effective height of the wall

Manual
(Table 5.19) It is taken that condition 1 exits at the bottom and condition 2 at the
top of the wall

𝑙0 = 𝛽𝑙𝑐 = 0.8 × 3.3 = 2.64𝑚

Loadings
𝑙0 = 2.64𝑚
Assuming wind acts at mid height of wall,

wind moment = (200) × 41.4/2 = 4140𝑘𝑁𝑚

4140
Hence, critical wind loading= ±6 × 62
= ±690𝑘𝑁/𝑚

2 + (𝑛 − 2)𝜑0
∝𝑛 =
𝑛
EN 1991-1-
1 𝑛 = 12 (𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦)
(6.3.1.2(11)) 𝜑 = 0.7(𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐴, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
0

2 + (12 − 2)0.7
∝𝑛 = = 0.75
12
Imposed load (QK) = ∝𝑛 × 2.3 = 1.95𝑘𝑁

Hence, ultimate loads per unit length of wall are –

Combination 1

𝐹1 = 1.35𝐺𝐾 + 1.5𝑄𝐾

𝐹1 = 1.35 × 76.52 + 1.5 × 1.95 = 106.227𝑘𝑁/𝑚

EN 1990 Combination 2
(6.3.1)
𝐹2 = 1.35𝐺𝐾 ± 1.5𝑊𝐾 𝑜𝑟 1.00𝐺𝐾 ± 1.5𝑊𝐾
(Table
A1.2.B) (Eq 𝐹21 = 1.35 × 76.52 + 1.5 × 690 = 1138.30𝑘𝑁/𝑚
6.10a)
𝐹22 = 1.00 × 76.52 − 1.5 × 690 = −958.48𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Combination 3

𝐹2 = 1.35𝐺𝐾 + 1.5𝑄𝐾 + 1.5𝜑0 𝑊𝐾 𝑜𝑟 1.35𝐺𝐾 + 1.5𝑊𝐾

+ 1.5𝜑0 𝑄𝐾
EN 1990 𝐹31 = 1.35 × 76.52 + 1.5 × 1.95 + 1.5 × 0.6 × 690
(Table = 727.227𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
A1.1) Note = 1140.34𝑘𝑁
4 /𝑚

1-119
Reference Calculation Results

𝐹32 = 1.35 × 76.52 + 1.5 × 690 + 1.5 × 0.7 × 1.95 =

1140.34𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Classification of wall
IStructE
Manual 𝑙𝑜𝑧 2640
(Table = = 8.8
ℎ 300
5.6.2.1)
𝑀
1.7 − 𝑀1𝑍 1.7 𝑙𝑜𝑧
2𝑍
5.6 × = 5.6 × = 24.42 >
𝑁𝐸𝑑 3 ℎ
Note 6 √ √ 1140.34 × 10
1000ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 1000 × 300 × 25
= 8.8

Hence the wall is short

There are no moments acting at right angles to the wall, except due
to its load eccentricity and misalignment.

The first-floor loadings can be taken as acting at h/6 from wall Wall is short
center-line, then the composite load eccentricity is,

IStructE 300
(74.52 + 1.95) × (
Manual 𝑒1 = 6 ) = 9.8𝑚𝑚
(Table {74.52 + 1.95 + 76.52(0.9)}
5.16) The eccentricity due to misalignment is given by,
(Table 3.1)
Note 7 𝜃1 𝑙0 1 1
𝑒𝑎 = = × × 2640 = 4.4𝑚𝑚
2 300 2
𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒1 = 9.8𝑚𝑚 + 4.4𝑚𝑚 = 14.2𝑚𝑚
6.1(4)
ℎ 300
But minimum eccentricity = max (20𝑚𝑚; ) = = 10𝑚𝑚 =
30 30
20𝑚𝑚 > 14.2𝑚𝑚

The moment due to eccentricity and misalignment is less than the

minimum moment that has to be designed for. So, it can be
considered that the walls are not subject to significant bending
moments.

Hence ensure that

𝑓𝑡 ℎ ≤ 0.43𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 0.67𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑐

1140.34 × 300 ≤ (0.43 × 25 × 300) + (0.67 × 460 × 𝐴𝑠𝑐 )

342102 ≤ 3225 + 308.2𝐴𝑠𝑐

IStructE
Manual 338877 ≤ 308.2𝐴𝑠𝑐
(5.6.4.1) 338877 2
𝐴𝑠𝑐 ≥ = 1099.5 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚
308.2

1-120
Reference Calculation Results

9.6.2(1) Minimum reinforcement

(SLNA)
2
Note8 𝐴𝑆𝑉,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.004𝐴𝑐 = 0.004 × 300 × 1000 = 1200 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚
Note9 Assuming 2 × 𝑇16@300𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

2 Vertical R/F
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1206.37 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚 < 𝐴𝑆𝑉,𝑚𝑖𝑛 (= 0.004𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) 2T16@300mm
Maximum allowable spacing = 400𝑚𝑚(< 3ℎ), >
9.6.2(3) 300𝑚𝑚; ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑂𝐾

Horizontal reinforcement is provided such that it is higher than the

area of half the vertical reinforcement per face. Horizontal steel =
𝑇10@125(< 600𝑚𝑚) in each face
2
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 628.318 𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑚 < (0.001𝐴𝑐 ) (8𝑇10)

9.6.3(1)

9.6.3(2)

Horizontal R/F
T10@125mm

1-121
Figure 23-Shear Wall Section Drawing

1-122
 Chapter 6 - ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE USING ETABS
ETABS (Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of Building Systems) is a software application
used for structural analysis and design of buildings. It is a powerful tool that can perform a
wide range of analyses, including static and dynamic analysis, response spectrum analysis, and
seismic analysis.
When analysing a 12-story building with ETABS, the following steps are typically followed:
 Building geometry input: The first step in analysing a building with ETABS is to input
the building geometry. This includes the number of stories, floor heights, column sizes,
beam sizes, and wall thicknesses.
 Load input: The next step is to input the loads that the building will be subjected to.
This includes dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads. ETABS can
automatically generate loads based on various building codes and standards.
 Analysis setup: Once the building geometry and loads have been input, the analysis
setup can be performed. This involves defining the analysis type, such as static or
dynamic analysis, and selecting the appropriate analysis options.
 Analysis: After the analysis setup is complete, ETABS can perform the structural
analysis of the building. This involves calculating the internal forces and deformations
in the building under the applied loads.
 Results: The results of the analysis can then be viewed in various forms, such as tables,
graphs, and animations. The results can be used to evaluate the structural performance
of the building and to design the structural elements to ensure that they meet the desired
performance criteria.
Overall, ETABS is a powerful tool for analysing the structural performance of buildings. It
allows engineers to evaluate various design options and to ensure that the building is safe and
meets the desired performance criteria.

1-123
 Chapter 7 - DESIGN OF SERVICES
7.1 Lift Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Lift Design

Passenger lift

2505mm

2100mm

1300mm

2100mm

Lobby space = 1.5×1300 = 1950

Apartment : Population = 2-3 per bedroom

Population handle in 5 mins = 6-8% (assume 8%)

Average interval = 80-120s

Population per floor = 16

Population for lift = 16×10 = 160

Population served = 160×0.08 = 12.8 = 13

Passengers :

Maximum = 16

Average = 13

Capacity = 1150kg

Round Trip Time(RTT) = 120s (assume speed 2ms-1)

𝑅𝑇𝑇 No of cars = 1
Average time interval =
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑠

120
Capacity = 16
No of cars = 120
Speed = 2ms-1
No of cars = 1

1-124
7.2 Swimming Pool Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Swimming pool

Calculate the volume of the swimming pool,

Length = 12m

Width = 6m

Depth = 2m

The volume of rectangular prism = Length x Width x Depth

= 12 x 6 x 1

= 72m2
1
The volume of a triangular prism = 2 x base x depth x width

Base = (12 - 4)m

= 8m

Depth = (2 - 1)m

= 1m

Width = 6m
1
Volume = x 8 x 1 x 6
2

= 24m2

Full volume = Section 1 + section 2

Full volume=
= (72m2 + 24m2) 96m2
= 96m2

The maximum water holding capacity of the swimming pool,

Maximum capacity of swimming pool = (Total volume x 1000 liters)

= 96 x 1000

= 96,000 liters

Load = 96,000 N

= 960 kN Load = 960kN

1-125
 Figure 24-Swimming Pool Design

7.3 Water Tank Design Calculation

Reference Calculation Results
Water tank

Volume of water requirement

Daily use per person per day = 100l

Water tank size and capacity calculations

Total water requirement (for 5person per one unit) = 100 × 5 = 500l
per day

For one typical floor(4 units) = 500 × 4 = 2000l

For 10 floors = 2000 × 10 = 20000l

Total = 20,000l =
Total = 20,000l = 20m3 20m3

Therefore two 10,000l PVC tanks will be used on top of the roof
floor slab.

1-126
7.4 Rain Water Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Design for rainwater

Rational formula - 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴

We generally use 50mm/h rainfall.

Rainfall intensity(i) = 2inch/h

Runoff coefficient(C) = This apartment complex located at residential

area, so value should be between 0.3 – 0.7

Area(A)

Area of the building = (20 × 15) + (6.3 × 6.3) + (9.5 × 6.6)

Area of the building = 402𝑚2

Roof area = 75𝑚2

Land area = 402 – 75 = 327𝑚2

327
Total perch = 25
= 13 perch

Rainfall discharge for the apartment

Q per land = flow rate on the roof + flow rate on land

3 13
Q per land = (0.7 × 2 × )+ (0.3 × 2 × )
160 160

Q per land = 0.075ft3/s

For total housing units

Q = 0.075 × 40

Q = 0.084 = 84l/s

Q = VA
1 𝜋𝑑 2
0.084 = 8 × 2 × 4
(half full condition)

0.084×8
d=√ 𝜋×8

d = 0.163m = 163mm

Hence we have to use 200mm pipe for rain water drainage pipe.

V = C√𝑚𝑖
𝑑 0.2
m=2 = 2
= 0.1

1-127
0.8 = 55√𝑖
0.82
i= 55

i = 2.115 × 10-4
𝑙
= 4728.132
𝑖

Hence drop 0.2m for every 4728.132 horizontal length.

1-128
7.5 A/C Load Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

AC load calculation

Typical floor – 1 housing unit

Split type air condition

05 peoples

10 lights – 3w/m2

Other equipment - 10w/m2

W3 – (1.5×1.5)m

W2 – (1.8×175)m

DW1 – (3× 2.7)m

DW2 – (2.25×1.7)m

W4 – (0.75×1.35)m

D1 – (1.2×2.1)m

Suitable outdoor temperature = 900f

1m = 3.28ft

Area of the floor = (13.7×9.625) ×(3.28)2

Area of the floor = 1418.629ft2

1-129
Reference Calculation Results

Windows exposed to sun

N and E

Windows = ((1.5×1.5) ×(3.28)2) ×2× 42 + ((1.8×1.75) ×(3.28)2) × 42 +

((3× 2.7) ×(3.28)2) × 42 + ((2.25×1.7) ×(3.28)2) × 42 +
((0.75×1.35) ×(3.28)2) × 42

Windows = 930.51952ft2

Wall exposed to sun

Assuming this as hears construction

Total = (13.7×3.28× 90) + (9.625×3.28× 40)

Total = 3060.24lnft

All exterior walls not include in item 3

Total = (13.7×3.28× 22) + (9.625×3.28× 22)

Total = 1683.132lnft

No partitions.

Ceiling

We use ceilings with no insulation.

Total = 1418.629×8

Total = 11349.032ft2

Floor over unconditional place

Total = 1418.629×2

Total = 2837.258ft2

People

Total = 5×1000

Total = 5000

Light and electrical equipment

Total equipment = (10×3) + (13.7×9.625×10)

Total equipment= 1348.625

Total = 1348.625×3.41

Total = 4598.811w

1-130
Reference Calculation Results

Doors

No. of doors = 1×250

No. of doors = 250

Total cooling load = (9302.519 + 3060.24 + 1683.132 + 11349.032 +

2837.258 + 5000 + 4598.811 + 250)

Total cooling load = 38080.992BT4/h

We can use 12000 BT4/h capacity AC and 18000 BT4/h AC for 1 housing
unit.

1st Floor

30 peoples

50 lights – 3w/m2

Other equipment - 10w/m2

Suitable outdoor temperature = 900f

Area of the floor = (43.525×26.425) ×(3.28)2

Area of the floor = 12373.753ft2

1-131
Reference Calculation Results

W1 area = (3×2.7) ×(3.28)2 = 87.143ft2

W2 area = 24.206ft2

W3 area = 10.892ft2

W4 area = 116.190ft2

Windows exposed to sun

N and E

Windows = (87.143×42) ×2+ (3×206 × 42)+ (3× 10.892) × 42

Windows = 16622.34ft2

Windows = (87.143×2) + (4×10.892 × 42)

Windows = 9149.868ft2

Windows not in item

Windows = (87.143×20)

Windows = 1742.86ft2

Wall exposed to sun

Total = (43.525×3.28× 40) × 2+ (26.425×3.28× 40) × 2

Total = 18354.88lnft

Ceiling

Total = 290.141× 3.282 ×8

Total = 24971.623ft2

Floor over unconditional place

Total = 290.141× 3.282 ×2

Total = 6242.905ft2

1-132
People

Total = 30×1000

Total = 30000

Light and electrical equipment

Total equipment = (30×3) + 11501.481

Total equipment= 11651.481

Total = 11651.481×3.41

Total = 39731.551w

Doors

No. of doors = 11×250

No. of doors = 2750

Total cooling load = (16622.34 + 9149.868 + 1742.86 + 18354.88 +

24971.623 + 30000 + 6242.905 + 2750 + 39731.551)

Total cooling load = 149566.027BT4/h

18000×6 ACs

12000×4 ACs

1-133
7.6 Below Ground Water Disposal System Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Below ground water disposal system

Amount of water usage per person = 100l

Area = 1132024375.0004mm2 = 1132m2

75
Usable area = 1132 × 100 = 849𝑚2

Assuming area per person = 8m2

849
No of people at floor = 8
=106

Amount of water usage per floor = 100 ×106 = 10600l

Assuming that drinking water is also 100% converted to waste water.

Waste water for building = 10600 × 12 = 127200l

127200
Average waste water flow =
24×3600

(since this is apartment 24h is should get)

Peak flow discharge = 1.472 × 6

Peak flow discharge = 8.832l/s

Peak flow discharge = 0.008832m3/s

Calculating the diameter of the pipe

Assuming self-cleaning velocity as 0.8m/s

𝜃 = 𝐴𝑉
𝑑2
0.008832 = 0.5× 𝜋 × 4
× 0.8

0.008832 × 4
𝑑=√
0.5 × 𝜋 × 0.8

𝑑 = 0.167𝑚3 = 167mm

1-134
So we take 200mm diameter pipe.

Slope of the pipe

𝑣 = 𝑐√𝑚𝑖

Chezy constant = 55

𝜋𝑑2
( ) × 0.5
4
0.8 = 55 × √ 𝑖
𝜋𝑑
2

0.8 𝑑
=√ 𝑖
55 4

𝑑
2.1025× 10-4 = 4 𝑖

i = 4.205× 10-3 1⁄ = 237.812

𝑖

1-135
7.7 Above Ground Water Disposal System Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Above ground water disposal system

Two pipe system

Typical floors (10)

 8 W/C
 4 Sinks
 8 Bath
 8 Wash basin
 Washing machine
 Dish wash
 Showers

First floor

 14 W/C
 8W/B
 6 Urinals

Wash-down WC with 6l high or low level ,

Assuming 10min level discharge = 14 Discharge units

Discharge units for ,

W/C =11 x14 =154 Du

Urinal= 6x1=6 Du

Wash basin (32 mm branch)

=8x3=24 Du (10 min level discharge)

Sink (40mm branch)

= (10 min level discharge)

=13x4=52Du

1-136
 Bath (40 mm branch)

=domestic 75min level discharge

=8x7 = 56Du

Washing Machine = 250 min level discharge

=3x4 =12 Du

Dish washing

=1x4 = 4 Du

Total discharge units

= 154+6+24+52+56+12+4

= 308 Du

(we will take it as 350 Du)

Approximate Discharge units = 350

Vertical pipe size is 90mm

SO the capacity of the stack = 5.3 l/s

Horizontal,

Slope gradient is 2.5 ‫( ﹾ‬45mm) with 90mm for 460 Discharge units

Ventilating Stack size

 100mm discharge stack size

 20 min frequency use
 Domestic usage
 12 floors
 Ca or Cb arrangements
 Appliance groups
w/c + w/b+ sink+bath+wm = one group
8w/c and 8 w/b = 8 groups

So, 50mm diameter ventilation stack is required.

1-137
7.8 Septic Tank Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Septic tank design

One housing unit = 5 people

40 housing unit = 40×5 = 200 people

1st floor = 30 people

Total = 200 + 30 = 230 people

Daily water usage

Cooking = 10l ×40 = 400l

Bathing and toilet = 80l×230 1840l

Washing clothes and utensils = 40l×40 = 1600l

Cleaning house = 20×40 + 200 = 1000l

Other = 500l

Total = 21900l = 22kl/per day

We consider detention time as 3 days. So water retain for at least 3 days.

Total waste water for 3 days = 22000×3 = 66000l

So we will take 20000l capacity 4 septic tanks.

Sludge settle removal 2 year once.

Sludge settled per person 30l/year.

Total sludge = 30×230×2 = 13800l

Total septic tank capacity = 66000l + 13800l = 79800l = 80000l

1m3 = 1000l

2000l = 20m3

We will take depth as 5m.

1-138
Reference Calculation Results

Area required = 20/5 = 4m2

We will take length and width ratio as 4:1

4B×B=4

B = 1m

L = 4×1

L = 4m

Depth = 5 + 0.3(free board)

Depth = 5.3m

Septic tank capacity = 4 × 5.3×1 = 21.2m3

Septic tank design capacity = 21.2×1000 = 21200l

We will have 3 chambers in septic tank;

1st chamber = ¼ ×21200 = 5300l

2nd chamber = 2/4 ×21200 = 10600l

3rd chamber = 5300l

Because this is a high rise building waste water capacity is very high. So
we have to go with water treatment system.

1-139
7.9 Water Supply Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

Pipe diameters
Pipe number Pipe diameter

1,8,15 76

22,29,36,43,50 76

57,64,71 62

2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24,30,31,37,38,44,45,51,52, 54

58,59,66,65,72,73,74,75

4,5,5,7,11,12,13,14,18,19, 54

20,21,25,26,27,28,32,33,

34,35,39,40,41,42,46,47,

48,49,53,54,55,56,60,61,

62,63,67,68,69,70,76,77,

78,79

80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87, 42

88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,

96,97,98,99,100,101,102,

103,104,105,106,107,108,

109,110,111,112,113,114,

115,116,117,118,119

1-140
Reference Calculation Results

Loading units for each pipe

Pipe number Units Loading
units

Pipe 1 48 W.C.S, 48 WB, 40 Showers, 300

4 UR

Pipe 8 44 W.C.S, 44 WB, 36 Showers, 274

4 UR

Pipe 15 40 W.C.S, 40 WB, 32 Showers, 248

4 UR

Pipe 22 36 W.C.S, 36 WB, 28 Showers, 222

4 UR

Pipe 29 32 W.C.S, 32 WB, 24 Showers, 196

4 UR

Pipe 36 28 W.C.S, 28 WB, 20 Showers, 170

4 UR

Pipe 43 24 W.C.S, 24 WB, 16 Showers, 144

4 UR

Pipe 50 20 W.C.S, 20 WB, 12 Showers, 118

4 UR

Pipe 57 16 W.C.S, 16 WB, 08 Showers, 92

4 UR

Pipe 64 12 W.C.S, 12 WB, 04 Showers, 66

4 UR

Pipe 71 8 W.C.S, 8 WB, 4 UR 40

Pipe 74 - -

Pipe 75 4 UR 12

Pipe 72/73 4 WB 6

Pipe 76/77/78/79 2 W.C.S 4

Pipe set A 2 WB 3

Pipe set B 1 W.C.S 2

Pipe set C 1 shower 3

1-141
Reference Calculation Results

Flow rates
Pipe number Flow rate

Pipe 1 2.8

Pipe 8 2.7

Pipe 15 2.6

Pipe 22 2.5

Pipe 29 2.4

Pipe 36 1.6

Pipe 43 1.5

Pipe 50 1.4

Pipe 57 1.3

Pipe 64 1.0

Pipe 71 0.7

Pipe 74 0.35

Pipe 75 0.38

Pipe 72/73 0.35

Pipe 76/77/78/79 0.35

Pipe set A 0.35

Pipe set B 0.35

Pipe set C 0.35

1-142
Determine pipe lengths.
Pipe number Pipe length

Pipe 1 3.3 + 9.8 + 13.5 + 3.3 = 29.9

Pipe 8 3.3

Pipe 15 3.3

Pipe 22 3.3

Pipe 29 3.3

Pipe 36 3.3

Pipe 43 3.3

Pipe 50 3.3

Pipe 57 3.3

Pipe 64 3.3

Pipe 71 3.6

Pipe 74 3.338

Pipe 75 4.463

Pipe 72/73 2.12 + 1.3 = 3.42

Pipe 76/77/78/79 1.988 + 1.3 = 3.288

Pipe set A1 3.34

Pipe set A2 2.84

Pipe set B 1.888

Pipe set C 1 + 0.3 + 2 = 3.3

1-143
Reference Calculation Results

Equivalent pipe length of fittings

 (76mm) pipe 1 = 4 elbow + 1 tee

 4 ×3.4 + 1 ×5.8 = 19.4m
 (76mm) pipe 8, 15 = 1 tee
 1 ×5.8 = 5.8m
 (76mm) pipe 22, 29, 36, 43, 50 = 1 tee
 1 ×5.8 = 5.8m
 (62mm) pipe 57, 64, 71 = 1 tee
 1 ×4.5 = 4.5m
 (54mm) pipe 74 = 1 tee
 1 ×3.5 = 3.5m
 (54mm) pipe 75 = 3 tees
 3×3.5 = 10.5m
 (54mm) pipe 72, 73 = 1 elbow + 1 tee
 1 ×2.3 + 1 ×3.5 = 5.8m
 (54mm) pipe 76, 77, 75, 79 = 1 elbow +1 tee
 1 ×2.3 + 1 ×3.5 = 5.8m
 (54mm) pipe set A = 2 tee
 2 ×3.5 = 7m
 (54mm) pipe set B = 1 elbow + 1 tee
 1 ×2.3 + 1 ×3.5 = 5.8m
 (42mm) pipe set C = 1 elbow
 1 ×1.7 = 1.7m

Effective pipe length

Effective pipe length = Pipe length + Equivalent pipe length of fittings

 Pipe 1 = 29.9 + 19.4 = 49.3m

 Pipe 8 = 3.3 + 5.8 = 9.1m
 Pipe 15 = 3.3 + 5.8 = 9.1m
 Pipe 22, 29, 36, 43, 50 = 3.3 + 5.8 = 9.1m
 Pipe 57, 64 = 3.3 + 4.8 = 8.1m
 Pipe 71 = 3.6 + 4.8 = 8.4m
 Pipe 74 = 3.338 + 3.5 = 6.838m
 Pipe 75 = 4.463 + 10.5 = 14.963m
 Pipe 72, 73 = 3.42 + 5.8 = 9.22m
 Pipe 76, 77, 78, 79 = 3.288 + 5.8 = 9.088m
 Pipe set A1 = 3.34 + 7 = 10.34m
 Pipe set A2 = 2.84 + 7 = 9.84m
 Pipe set B = 1.888 + 5.8 = 7.688m
 Pipe set C = 3.3 + 1.7 = 5m


1-144
Reference Calculation Results

Head loss per meter run

 Pipe 1 = Flow rate = 2.8 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 76 mm

o HL = 0.005 m/m run
 Pipe 8 = Flow rate = 2.7 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 76 mm
o HL = 0.0048 m/m run
 Pipe 15 = Flow rate = 2.6 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 76 mm
o HL = 0.0043 m/m run
 Pipe 22 = Flow rate = 2.5 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 76 mm
o HL = 0.004 m/m run
 Pipe 29 = Flow rate = 2.4 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 76 mm
o HL = 0.0038 m/m run
 Pipe 36 = Flow rate = 1.6 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 76 mm
o HL = 0.002 m/m run
 Pipe 43 = Flow rate = 1.5 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 76 mm
o HL = 0.0018 m/m run
 Pipe 50 = Flow rate = 1.4 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 76 mm
o HL = 0.0015 m/m run
 Pipe 57 = Flow rate = 1.3 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 62 mm
o HL = 0.0033 m/m run
 Pipe 64 = Flow rate = 1.0 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 62 mm
o HL = 0.0023 m/m run
 Pipe 71 = Flow rate = 0.7 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 62 mm
o HL = 0.0012 m/m run
 Pipe 72, 73 = Flow rate = 0.35 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 54 mm
o HL = 0.001 m/m run
 Pipe 76, 77, 78, 79 = Flow rate = 0.35 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 54
mm
o HL = 0.001 m/m run
 Pipe 75 = Flow rate = 0.38 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 54 mm
o HL = 0.0012 m/m run
 Pipe 74 = Flow rate = 0.35 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 54 mm
o HL = 0.001 m/m run
 Pipe set A = Flow rate = 0.35 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 54 mm
o HL = 0.001 m/m run
 Pipe set B = Flow rate = 0.35 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 54 mm
o HL = 0.001 m/m run
 Pipe set C = Flow rate = 0.35 l/s, PVC external ∅ = 42 mm
o HL = 0.001 m/m run

1-145
Reference Calculation Results

Pressure reduction valves (PRV)

Energy wasted in the pressure relief valve.

The presence of PRVs will cause a waste of built-up pressure and thus
energy.

A high-rise building needs pressure boosting from the basement floor. As

the example, a maximum water tap pressure of 4 bar is allowed. However,
due to the system layout, excessive pressure is present in the lower part of
the system, this is dealt with by installing PRVs in main branches before the
taps. Below it is illustrated how an excess pressure of 8 bar is reduced to the
allowed 4 bar. The pipe will supply a water flow of 4 𝑚3 ⁄ℎ.

Available hydraulic power before the PRV:

P1 = q1/3600 × p1 × 102

P1 = 4 𝑚3 ⁄ℎ / 3600 s/h × 8 bar × 102kPa/bar = 0.91kW

After the PRV, the pressure is halved from 8 bar to 4 bar resulting in only
half the hydraulic power P2 = 0.45 kW. As such, the PRV represents a power
loss of 0.45 kW. Depending on the number of Operating hours, this
necessary excess pressure will potentially consume a lot of energy rot, e.g.

4,000 hour of operation per year, this PRV alone will “consume”
1800 kWh/year.

1-146
 Length Effective Loss of Tot
Pip Loadi Flow Pipe Pipe Head Head Adequ
of pipe head al
e ng rate diamete length consu availa acy of
fittings length (m/m hea
No. Units (l/s) r (mm) (m) med ble pipe
(m) (m) run) d
29.60 0.1276 0.12
1 180 1.9 76 16 45.6000 0.0028 3.3 OK
00 8 768
3.300 0.0236 0.15
8 166 1.85 76 5.8 9.1000 0.0026 6.6 OK
0 6 134
3.300 0.0209 0.17
15 152 1.7 76 5.8 9.1000 0.0023 9.9 OK
0 3 227
3.300 0.19
22 138 1.6 76 5.8 9.1000 0.002 0.0182 13.2 OK
0 047
3.300 0.0163 0.20
29 124 1.52 76 5.8 9.1000 0.0018 16.5 OK
0 8 685
3.300 0.0145 0.22
36 110 1.4 76 5.8 9.1000 0.0016 19.8 OK
0 6 141
3.300 0.0118 0.23
43 96 1.25 76 5.8 9.1000 0.0013 23.1 OK
0 3 324
0.24
3.300 0.0104
50 82 1.15 76 5.8 9.1000 0.00115 370 26.4 OK
0 65
5
0.26
3.300 0.0179
57 68 1 62 4.5 7.8000 0.0023 164 29.7 OK
0 4
5
0.27
3.300 0.0132
64 54 0.88 62 4.5 7.8000 0.0017 490 33 OK
0 6
5
0.28
3.600 0.0097
71 40 0.7 62 4.5 8.1000 0.0012 462 36.3 OK
0 2
5
0.29
3.338 0.0068
74 0 0.35 54 3.5 6.8380 0.001 146 36.3 OK
0 38
3
0.30
4.463 0.0164
75 12 0.37 54 10.5 14.9630 0.0011 108 36.3 OK
0 593
43
72 0.29
3.420 0.0092
&7 6 0.35 54 5.8 9.2200 0.001 384 35 OK
0 2
3 5
76 0.30
3.288 0.0090
&7 4 0.35 54 5.8 9.0880 0.001 055 35 OK
0 88
7 1
78 0.31
3.288 0.0090
&7 4 0.35 54 5.8 9.0880 0.001 017 35 OK
0 88
9 23
3.340 0.0103 0.13
2 3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 3.3 OK
0 4 802
3.340 0.0103 0.16
3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 6.6 OK
9 0 4 168
3.340 0.0103 0.18
3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 9.9 OK
16 0 4 261
3.340 0.0103 0.20
23 3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 13.2 OK
0 4 081
3.340 0.0103 0.21
30 3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 16.5 OK
0 4 719

1-147
 Length Effective Loss of Tot
Pip Loadi Flow Pipe Pipe Head Head Adequ
of pipe head al
e ng rate diamete length consu availa acy of
fittings length (m/m hea
No. Units (l/s) r (mm) (m) med ble pipe
(m) (m) run) d
3.340 0.0103
37 3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 0.23 19.8 OK
0 4
175
3.340 0.0103
44 3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 0.24 23.1 OK
0 4
358
0.25
3.340 0.0103
51 3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 404 26.4 OK
0 4
5
0.27
3.340 0.0103
58 3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 198 29.7 OK
0 4
5
0.28
3.340 0.0103
65 3 0.35 54 7 10.3400 0.001 524 33 OK
0 4
5
2.840 0.0098 0.13
3 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 3.3 OK
0 4 752

2.840 0.0098 0.16

10 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 6.6 OK
0 4 118

2.840 0.0098 0.18

17 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 9.9 OK
0 4 211

2.840 0.0098 0.20

24 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 13.2 OK
0 4 031

2.840 0.0098 0.21

31 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 16.5 OK
0 4 669

2.840 0.0098 0.23

38 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 19.8 OK
0 4 125

2.840 0.0098 0.24

45 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 23.1 OK
0 4 308
0.25
2.840 0.0098
52 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 354 26.4 OK
0 4
5
0.27
2.840 0.0098
59 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 148 29.7 OK
0 4
5
0.28
2.840 0.0098
66 3 0.35 54 7 9.8400 0.001 474 33 OK
0 4
5
0.14
4& 2.225 0.0045
2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 254 OK
5 0 25
5 2
11 0.16
2.225 0.0045
&1 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 620 OK
0 25
2 5 5.3
18 0.00
2.225
&1 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 452 0.187
0
9 5 135 8.6
25 0.00
2.225
&2 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 452 0.205
0
6 5 335 11.9

1-148
Pip Length Effective Loss of Tot
Load Flow Pipe Pipe Head Head Adequ
e of pipe head al
ing rate diamete lengt consu availa acy of
No fittings length (m/m hea
Units (l/s) r (mm) h (m) med ble pipe
. (m) (m) run) d
32 2.225 0.004 0.22
&3 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 171 OK
0 525
3 5 15.2
39 2.225 0.004 0.23
&4 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 627 OK
0 525
0 5 18.5
46 2.225 0.004 0.24
&4 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 810 OK
0 525
7 5 21.8
53 2.225 0.004
&5 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 0.25 OK
0 525
4 857 25.1
60 2.225 0.004
&6 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 0.27 OK
0 525
1 651 28.4
67 2.225 0.004
&6 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 0.28 OK
0 525
5 977 31.7
0.14
6& 2.225 0.004
2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 204 2 OK
7 0 525
5
13 0.16
2.225 0.004
&1 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 570 5.3 OK
0 525
4 5
20 0.18
2.225 0.004
&2 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 663 8.6 OK
0 525
1 5
27 0.20
2.225 0.004
&2 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 483 11.9 OK
0 525
8 5
34 0.22
2.225 0.004
&3 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 121 15.2 OK
0 525
5 5
41 0.23
2.225 0.004
&4 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 577 18.5 OK
0 525
2 5
48 0.24
2.225 0.004
&4 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 760 21.8 OK
0 525
4 5
55
2.225 0.004 0.25
&5 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 25.1 OK
0 525 807
6
62
2.225 0.004 0.27
&6 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 28.4 OK
0 525 601
3
69
2.225 0.004 0.28
&7 2 0.35 54 2.3 4.5250 0.001 31.7 OK
0 525 927
0

1-149
Figure 25-Water Supply Design

1-150
7.10 Fire Fighting Design Calculation
Reference Calculation Results

NFPA13 Water Sprinkler Calculation

Hazard classification – Ordinary Hazard group 01

Max spacing of sprinkler heads – 4m

Max floor are covered by one sprinkler head – 12m2

Total area protection of sprinkler or area of sprinkler – 462.64m2

area
Total number of sprinkler in remote area =
area covered by one sprinkler

462.64
Total number of sprinkler in remote area = 12

Total number of sprinkler in remote area = 38.55 = 49

Remote area length = 1.2√462.64 = 25.81m

462.64
Remote area width = 25.81
= 17.92m

Distance between sprinkler = max 15ft and min 6ft , let take 3m
3
Distance sprinkler to wall = 2 = 1.5m

12
Distance between branches = 3
= 4m

Distance of branch from wall shall be L/2 as per NFPA13. We take here
4/2 = 2m Distance
sprinkler to wall
1.2√462.64 = 1.5m
Number of sprinkler per branch = 3
= 8.60
Distance between
Number of branches = 49/7 = 7
branches = 4m

Flow rate per sprinkler = density × area of single sprinkler

Flow rate per sprinkler = 4.1mm/min × 462.64

Flow rate per sprinkler = 0.031m3/s

Flow rate per
sprinkler =
0.031m3/s
𝑄2
Residual pressure of sprinkler = 𝐾 Residual pressure
of sprinkler =
0.031m3/s2 0.0055m3/s
Residual pressure of sprinkler = = 0.0055m3/s
5.6

1-151
 Figure 26-Water Sprinkler Design

7.10.1 Positioning of Sprinklers

Sprinklers must be located in such a way that the deflectors are not more than 300 mm away
from the non-fire resisting ceiling (should be within 450 mm for a fire resisting ceiling).
Further, there must be a clear space of 300 mm below the deflector within a radius of 600 mm
from the deflector Therefore, no columns or beams shall be places within 600 mm from the
sprinkler.

7.10.2 Water Supply to sprinklers

Usually the supply is from the drinking water tank or sump this is to ensure that the water will
be of good quality in the case of an emergency the water requirement and the appropriate
pressure will be dependent upon the fire hazard. It is expected to provide 90 minute supply of
water.

1-152
7.11 Sanitary Appliances

Typical floors – For 1 housing unit

 2 water closet = 700×500mm

 1 sink = 500×500mm (for kitchen)
 2 showers = 900×900mm
 2 wash basins = 700×600mm
 1 washing machine = 600×600mm
 1 dishwasher = 600×600mm

1st floor

 14 water closet = 700×500mm

 5 wash basins = 700×600mm
 6 urinals = 400× 𝟒00mm
 Hand dryer = 400×300mm

Figure 27-Sanitary Appliances Design

1-153
 Chapter 8 - BILL OF QUANTITIES

Table 13- Bill of Quantity Summery

AMOUNT
LKR
1 SITE CONSTRUCTION 30,485,203.40

2 CONCRETE WORKS 1,210,684,740.92

3 MASONRY 190,660,280.00

4 FORMWORK 83,837,630.20

5 REINFORCEMENT 4,835,775,000.00

6 DOORS AND WINDOWS 80,251,600.00

7 FINISHES 150,000,000.00

8 SPECIALITIES 1,860,000.00

9 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION 52,132,800.00

10 CONVERTING SYSTEMS 89,800,000.00

11 MECHANICAL 78,548,200.00

12 ELECTRICAL 85,548,200.00

TOTAL RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 6,889,583,654.52

1-154
 Chapter 9 – CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the 12-story apartment complex group project in Homagama is a modern and
spacious residential building that provides a comfortable and convenient living option for its
residents. The project involves a range of design and construction elements, including
architectural drawings, technical specifications, and material selection, all of which are
essential to ensure the success of the project.

The apartment complex is designed to offer a variety of living spaces, from smaller studios to
larger multi-bedroom units, all of which provide comfortable and modern amenities. The
complex also includes a range of on-site amenities, such as secure parking, fitness center,
swimming pool, and community room, making it an ideal living option for people who value
convenience and community.

Overall, the 12-story apartment complex project in Homagama is a testament to the importance
of careful planning and execution in building design and construction. With a focus on quality
materials, state-of-the-art design, and attention to detail, this apartment complex provides an
excellent living option for residents in Homagama and beyond.

1-155
 REFERENCES

 EN 1992-1-1: Euro code 2: Design of concrete structures

 BS 8110-1: 1997Structural use of concrete —Part 1: Code of practice for design and
construction

 Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures to EC2

 Sri Lanka national annex to Euro code 2 - Part 1-1, General rules and rules for building

 Guidance for Implementing the Environmental Impact Assessment Process, Ministry

of Environmental 2006

 Building Services Handbook

 BS 5572:1994 - Code of practice for Sanitary pipework

 Planning & Building Regulations - UDA

 NSBM Borehole Reports

 Building Schedule of Rates 2022

1-156
APPENDIXES

Slab (Loads)

1-157
 Slab Panel Summery (Ground Floor)
7.5
DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT
LIV
DE
(L/d)b E n
Self AD BM
PAN LY/L asic LO (KN/m Sp Posit
LY LX k ρ0 deff h wei LO slab type β (KNm/
EL X (7.16 AD /1m an ion
ght AD 1m)
(a)) (Qk width)
(Gk)
)
0.0
lon edge 45 22.67
1.3 Two
g 0.0
adjacent
A1/A 6.2 1. 0.00 192. 227. 5.45 7.7 6.5 mid 34 17.13
5 26 20.15 edges
10 62 Tw 3 49 308 308 5 05 0 0.0
discontin
o sh edge 69 34.76
uous
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 59 29.72
0.0
lon edge 37 4.43
2.4 One
g 0.0
short
A2/A 6.2 2.6 1. 0.00 101. 136. 3.27 5.5 6.5 mid 28 3.35
26 17.21 edge
9 62 37 3 49 423 423 4 24 0 0.0
One discontin
sh edge 68 8.14
Wa uous
ort 0.0
y
mid 51 6.10
0.0
lon edge 37 10.80
1.6 One
g 0.0
short
A3/A 6.2 3.9 1. 0.00 151. 186. 4.47 6.7 6.5 mid 5 14.59
26 18.83 edge
8 62 37 Tw 3 49 423 423 4 24 0 0.0
discontin
o sh edge 44 12.84
uous
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 33 9.63
0.0
lon edge 37 5.35
2.2 One
g 0.0
short
A4/A 6.2 2.8 1. 0.00 110. 145. 3.49 5.7 6.5 mid 28 4.05
26 17.50 edge
7 62 75 3 49 577 577 4 44 0 0.0
One discontin
sh edge 39 5.64
Wa uous
ort 0.0
y
mid 3 4.34
0.0
lon edge 45 13.04
1.6 Two
g 0.0
adjacent
A5/A 6.2 3.9 1. 0.00 150. 185. 4.46 6.7 6.5 mid 34 9.85
26 18.81 edges
6 62 25 Tw 3 49 962 962 3 13 0 0.0
discontin
o sh edge 9 26.08
uous
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 8 23.18

1-158
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
PANE Spa Positio Z= (selecte Bars No (Provide
(KNm K0 Z (selected Asl,req As,min
L n n 0.95d d) (Torstee s d)
) )
(mm2) l) (mm2)

A1/A1 0.0255414 187.87 182.692 285.2

0 edge 52 2 6 6 285.26 12 3 339.292
long
0.0192997 188.97 182.692 215.5 260.000
mid 148.2 38 5 182.692 6 5 260.000 4 12 3 339.292
3 6 4
0.0391628 185.41 182.692 437.3
shor edge 08 6 6 9 437.39 12 4 452.389
t
0.0334844 186.44 182.692 373.9
mid 26 8 6 7 373.97 12 4 452.389

A2/A9 0.0179440 96.3518 105.6 137.123

edge 13 99.791 5 9 9 12 2 226.195
long
100.19 96.3518 137.123
mid 0.0135694 4 96.3518 5 79.93 137.123 9 12 2 226.195
41.23
5 9
0.0329716 96.3518 194.2
shor edge 18 98.381 5 1 194.21 12 2 226.195
t
0.0247084 96.3518 145.5
mid 61 99.161 5 4 145.54 12 2 226.19

A3/A8 0.0196258 148.75 143.851 172.5

edge 66 4 85 9 204.72 12 2 226.19
long
0.0265130 147.79 143.851 233.1
mid 91 4 143.851 85 6 204.723 233.16 12 3 339.29
91.90
9 9
0.0233329 148.23 143.851 205.1
shor edge 74 9 85 9 205.19 12 2 226.19
t
0.0174997 149.04 143.851 153.8
mid 3 8 85 9 204.72 12 2 226.19

A4/A7 0.0182311 108.76 105.048 117.0

edge 03 9 15 8 149.50 12 2 226.19
long
0.0138011 109.21 105.048
mid 15 4 105.048 15 88.63 149.500 149.50 12 2 226.19
49.01
2 1
0.0192193 108.66 105.048 123.4
shor edge 31 9 15 2 149.50 12 2 226.19
t
0.0147893 109.11 105.048
mid 43 5 15 94.98 149.50 12 2 226.19

A5/A6 0.0238413 147.71 143.413 209.0

edge 62 7 9 2 209.02 12 2 226.19
long
0.0180090 148.52 143.413 157.8
mid 05 4 143.413 9 9 204.100 204.10 12 2 226.19
91.34
9 6
0.0476827 144.31 143.413 418.0
shor edge 25 8 9 5 418.05 12 4 452.39
t
0.0423805 145.08 143.413 371.5
mid 81 8 9 6 371.56 12 4 452.39

1-159
 DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status Needs

(l/d) (lX/d) (From SF (From of
PANEL Span Position β VRd,max K P1 VRD.C
Basic ACTUAL excessive (KN/1m) SHEAR shear
deflection) FAILURE) r/f

A1/A10
- - cont. 0.4 40.30
long
-
- discont. 0.26 26.20 No
674.23 Pass 2 0.0022744 93.264
need
-
- cont. 0.5 50.38
short
76.53
26.00 Pass discont. 0.33 33.25

A2/A9
- - cont. 0.4 18.15
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 No
355.59 Pass 2 0.0019149 49.188
need
-
- cont. 0.5 22.69
short
123.35
26.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

A3/A8
- - cont. 0.33 24.46
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 No
530.88 Pass 2 0.0015398 73.436
need
-
- cont. 0.41 30.39
short
135.52
26.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

A4/A7
- - cont. 0.36 18.11
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 No
387.68 Pass 2 0.0013520 53.627
need
-
- cont. 0.36 18.11
short
135.52
26.00 Pass discont. 0.24 12.08

A5/A6
- - cont. 0.4 29.53
long
-
- discont. 0.26 19.20 No
529.27 Pass 2 0.0027692 73.213
need
-
- cont. 0.56 41.34
short
53.40
26.00 Pass discont. 0.35 25.84

1-160
 INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT
LIV
DE
(L/d)b E n
Self AD BM
PAN LY/L asic LO (KN/m Sp Posit
LY LX k ρ0 deff h wei LO slab type β (KNm/
EL X (7.16 AD /1m an ion
ght AD 1m)
(a)) (Qk width)
(Gk)
)

0.0
lon edge 37 18.64
1.4
One long g 0.0
B1/B 7.0 1. 0.00 192. 227. 5.45 7.7 6.5 edge mid 28 14.11
5 26 20.15
11 87 Tw 3 55 308 308 5 05 0 discontin 0.0
o uous sh edge 68 34.26
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 51 25.69
0.0
lon edge 37 4.31
2.7
g 0.0
B2/B 7.0 2.6 1. 0.00 87.9 122. 2.95 5.2 6.5 Interior mid 28 3.27
30 16.77
10 87 37 5 55 00 900 0 00 0 panels 0.0
One
sh edge 68 7.93
Wa
ort 0.0
y
mid 51 5.95
0.0
lon edge 32 9.01
1.8
g 0.0
B3/B 7.0 3.9 1. 0.00 131. 166. 3.99 6.2 6.5 Interior mid 24 6.76
30 18.17
9 87 37 Tw 5 55 233 233 0 40 0 panels 0.0
o sh edge 6 16.84
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 45 12.62
0.0
lon edge 37 5.21
2.5
g 0.0
B4/B 7.0 2.8 1. 0.00 95.8 130. 3.14 5.3 6.5 Interior mid 28 3.94
30 17.03
8 87 75 5 55 33 833 0 90 0 panels 0.0
One
sh edge 39 5.49
Wa
ort 0.0
y
mid 3 4.22
0.0
lon edge 32 9.27
1.8
g 0.0
B5/B 7.0 3.9 1. 0.00 150. 185. 4.46 6.7 6.5 Interior mid 24 6.95
26 18.81
7 87 25 Tw 3 55 962 962 3 13 0 panels 0.0
o sh edge 61 17.68
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 46 13.33
0.0
lon edge 45 43.25
1.1 Two g 0.0
short
7.0 6.5 1. 0.00 253. 288. 6.92 9.1 6.5 mid 34 32.68
B6 26 22.13 edges
87 9 Tw 3 55 462 462 3 73 0
discontin
o ous sh edge 0 0.00
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 34 32.68

1-161
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
PANEL Span Position K0 Z Z = 0.95d Asl,req As,min (selected) Bars Nos (Provided)
(KNm) (selected)
(mm2) (Torsteel) (mm2)

B1/B11
edge 0.0168008 189.414 182.6926 234.55 260.0004 12 3 339.292
long

mid 0.012717773 190.125 182.6926 177.55 260.0004 12 3 339.292

185.28 182.6926 260.0004

edge 0.030879581 186.917 182.6926 431.10 431.1 12 4 452.389

short

mid 0.023155179 188.295 182.6926 323.26 323.26 12 3 339.292

B2/B10
edge 0.018594233 86.433 83.505 118.65 118.8408 12 2 226.195
long

mid 0.014107457 86.792 83.505 90.02 118.8408 12 2 226.195

38.71 83.505 118.8408

edge 0.034211663 85.161 83.505 218.31 218.31 12 2 226.195

short

mid 0.025669533 85.862 83.505 163.80 163.80 12 2 226.19

B3/B9
edge 0.017438833 129.182 124.67135 166.14 177.43 12 2 226.19
long

mid 0.013083964 129.700 124.67135 124.65 177.43 12 2 226.19

86.28 124.6714 177.427

edge 0.032593779 127.344 124.67135 310.52 310.52 12 3 339.29

short

mid 0.024425979 128.341 124.67135 232.70 232.70 12 3 339.29

B4/B8
edge 0.018909772 94.206 91.04135 131.56 131.56 12 2 226.19
long

mid 0.014300289 94.608 91.04135 99.49 129.57 12 2 226.19

46.01 91.04135 129.5662

edge 0.019926037 94.117 91.04135 138.63 138.63 12 2 226.19

short

mid 0.015316553 94.520 91.04135 106.56 129.57 12 2 226.19

B5/B7
edge 0.013558861 149.134 143.4139 148.59 204.10 12 2 226.19
long

mid 0.010165489 149.596 143.4139 111.40 204.10 12 2 226.19

114.18 143.4139 204.1006

edge 0.025859833 147.435 143.4139 283.40 283.40 12 3 339.29

short

mid 0.019497261 148.319 143.4139 213.67 213.67 12 2 226.19

B6
edge 0.022440842 248.340 240.7889 412.91 412.91 12 4 452.39
long

mid 0.016956456 249.611 240.7889 312.00 342.68 12 4 452.39

321.86 240.7889 342.6806

edge 0 253.462 240.7889 0.00 342.68 12 4 452.39

short

mid 0.016956456 249.611 240.7889 312.00 342.68 12 4 452.39

1-162
 DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
Need
(From SF (From
(l/d) (lX/d) Spa Positio s of
PANEL excessive β (KN/1m VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C
Basic ACTUAL n n shear
deflection ) FAILURE
r/f
) )

B1/B1
1 - - cont. 0.36 36.27
long
- discont
- . 0.36 36.27 0.002241 104.27 No
820.41 Pass 2
7 3 need
-
- shor cont. 0.49 49.37
126.4 t
discont
3 26.00 Pass . 0.34 34.26
B2/B1
0 - - cont. 0.33 14.59
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.002483 No
374.99 Pass 2 47.661
6 need
- 0.48
- shor cont. 4 21.40
123.7 t
discont
2 30.00 Pass . 0 0.00

B3/B9
- - cont. 0.33 23.61
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.002366 No
559.85 Pass 2 71.157
2 need
-
- shor cont. 0.41 29.33
133.9 t
discont
4 30.00 Pass . 0 0.00

B4/B8
- - cont. 0.36 17.63
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.001446 No
408.83 Pass 2 51.962
6 need
-
- shor cont. 0.36 17.63
206.5 t
discont
4 30.00 Pass . 0.24 11.75

B5/B7
- - cont. 0.33 24.36
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.001877 No
644.02 Pass 2 81.854
3 need
-
- shor cont. 0.49 36.18
166.4 t
discont
0 26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

B6
- - cont. 0.26 37.92
long
- discont
- . 0.00 1081.3 1.88829 0.001629 126.08 No
Pass
0 8 1 0 need
-
- shor cont. 0.4 58.33
179.0 t
discont
1 26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

1-163
 INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT

LIV
DE
(L/d)b E n
Self AD BM
PAN L Y/ asic LO (KN/m Sp Positi
LY LX k ρ0 deff h wei LO slab type β (KNm/
EL LX (7.16 AD /1m an on
ght AD 1m)
(a)) (Qk width)
(Gk)
)

0.0
lon edge 45 22.67
1.2
g
One long 0.0
C1/C 5. 1. 0.00 192. 227. 5.45 7.7 6.5 edge mid 28 14.11
5 26 20.15
10 85 3 55 308 308 5 05 0 discontinu
Tw 0.0
ous
o sho edge 56 28.21
W rt
0.0
ay
mid 42 21.16

0.0
lon edge 37 4.31
2.2
g
0.0
C2/C 5. 2.6 1. 0.00 87.9 122. 2.95 5.2 6.5 Interior mid 28 3.27
30 16.77
9 85 37 5 55 00 900 0 00 0 panels
On 0.0
e sho edge 68 7.93
W rt
ay 0.0
mid 51 5.95
0.0
lon edge 32 9.01
1.5
g
0.0
C3/C 5. 3.9 1. 0.00 131. 166. 3.99 6.2 6.5 Interior mid 24 6.76
30 18.17
8 85 37 5 55 233 233 0 40 0 panels
Tw 0.0
o sho edge 53 14.93
W rt
0.0
ay
mid 4 11.27
0.0
lon edge 32 4.63
2.0
g
0.0
C4/C 5. 2.8 1. 0.00 110. 145. 3.49 5.7 6.5 Interior mid 24 3.47
26 17.50
7 85 75 5 55 577 577 4 44 0 panels
Tw 0.0
o sho edge 63 9.11
W rt
ay 0.0
mid 48 6.94
0.0
lon edge 28 8.11
1.5
g
One long 0.0
C5/C 5. 3.9 1. 0.00 150. 185. 4.46 6.7 6.5 edge mid 55 15.94
26 18.81
6 85 25 3 55 962 962 3 13 0 discontinu
Tw 0.0
ous
o sho edge 73 21.15
W rt
0.0
ay
mid 37 10.72

1-164
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
PANE Spa Positio Z= (selecte Bars No (Provide
(KNm K0 Z (selected Asl,req As,min
L n n 0.95d d) (Torsteel s d)
) )
(mm2) ) (mm2)

C1/C1 0.0204331 188.77 182.692 285.2

0 edge 61 6 6 6 285.26 12 3 339.292
long
0.0127177 190.12 182.692 177.5 260.000
mid 185.2 73 5 182.692 6 5 260.000 4 12 3 339.292
8 6 4
0.0254265 187.89 182.692 354.9
shor edge 32 2 6 7 354.97 12 4 452.389
t
0.0190721 189.01 182.692 266.2
mid 52 5 6 6 266.26 12 3 339.292

C2/C9 0.0185942 118.6 118.840

edge 33 86.433 83.505 5 8 12 2 226.195
long
0.0141074 118.840
mid 57 86.792 83.505 90.02 118.840 8 12 2 226.195
38.71 83.505
8
0.0342116 218.3
shor edge 63 85.161 83.505 1 218.31 12 2 226.195
t
0.0256695 163.8
mid 33 85.862 83.505 0 163.80 12 2 226.19

C3/C8 0.0174388 129.18 124.671 166.1

edge 33 2 35 4 177.43 12 2 226.19
long
0.0130839 129.70 124.671 124.6
mid 64 0 124.671 35 5 177.43 12 2 226.19
86.28 177.427
4
0.0288969 127.79 124.671 275.3
shor edge 79 7 35 0 275.30 12 3 339.29
t
0.0218130 128.65 124.671 207.8
mid 58 7 35 1 207.81 12 2 226.19

C4/C7 0.0126220 109.33 105.048 101.3

edge 57 1 15 2 149.50 12 2 226.19
long
0.0094597 109.64 105.048
mid 27 6 105.048 15 75.94 149.500 149.50 12 2 226.19
61.26
2 1
0.0248351 108.09 105.048 199.3
shor edge 92 8 15 6 199.36 12 2 226.19
t
0.0189194 108.69 105.048 151.8
mid 54 9 15 7 151.87 12 2 226.19

C5/C6 0.0118621 149.36 143.413 130.0

edge 75 5 9 0 204.10 12 2 226.19
long
0.0233148 147.79 143.413 255.5
mid 114.1 05 0 143.413 9 1 204.100 255.51 12 3 339.29
8 9 6
0.0309352 146.72 143.413 339.0
shor edge 65 2 9 2 339.02 12 4 452.39
t
0.0156797 148.84 143.413 171.8
mid 18 4 9 4 204.10 12 2 226.19

1-165
 DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
(From SF (From
(l/d) (lX/d) Positio Needs of
PANEL excessive Span β (KN/1m VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C
Basic ACTUAL n shear r/f
deflection ) FAILURE
) )

C1/C1
0 - - cont. 0.36 36.27
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 820.4 104.27
Pass 2 0.0018458 No need
1 3
-
- cont. 0.44 44.33
short
172.3
5 26.00 Pass discont. 0.31 31.23

C2/C9
- - cont. 0.33 14.59
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 374.9
Pass 2 0.0024836 47.661 No need
9
- 0.48
- cont. 4 21.40
short
123.7
2 30.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

C3/C8
- - cont. 0.33 23.61
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 559.8
Pass 2 0.0020978 71.157 No need
5
-
- cont. 0.45 32.19
short
160.5
0 30.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

C4/C7
- - cont. 0.3 15.09
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 471.7
Pass 2 0.0018029 59.957 No need
3
-
- cont. 0.5 25.16
short
201.4
4 26.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

C5/C6
- - cont. 0.36 26.58
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 644.0
Pass 2 0.0022457 81.854 No need
2
-
- cont. 0.51 37.65
short
179.0
1 26.00 Pass discont. 0.34 25.10

1-166
 INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT

DE LIV
(L/d)b n
Self AD E BM
PAN L L Y/ asic (KN/m Sp Positi
LX k ρ0 deff h weig LO LO slab type β (KNm/
EL Y LX (7.16( /1m an on
ht AD AD 1m)
a)) width)
(Gk) (Qk)

0.0
lon edge 45 22.67
1.4 Two g 0.0
adjacent
D1/D 1. 0.00 192.3 227.3 5.45 7.7 6.5 mid 34 17.13
7 5 26 20.15 edges
11 Tw 3 55 08 08 5 05 0 0.0
discontin
o uous sho edge 74 37.28
Wa rt 0.0
y mid 55 27.71
0.0
lon edge 37 4.43
2.7 One g 0.0
short
D2/D 2.6 1. 0.00 101.4 136.4 3.27 5.5 6.5 mid 28 3.35
7 26 17.21 edge
7 37 On 3 55 23 23 4 24 0 0.0
discontin
e uous sho edge 68 8.14
Wa rt 0.0
y mid 51 6.10
0.0
lon edge 37 10.80
1.8 One g 0.0
short
D3/D 3.9 1. 0.00 151.4 186.4 4.47 6.7 6.5 mid 28 8.17
7 26 18.83 edge
9 37 Tw 3 55 23 23 4 24 0 0.0
discontin
o uous sho edge 65 18.97
Wa rt 0.0
y mid 45 13.13
0.0
lon edge 37 5.35
2.4 One g 0.0
short
D4/D 2.8 1. 0.00 110.5 145.5 3.49 5.7 6.5 mid 28 4.05
7 26 17.50 edge
8 75 On 3 55 77 77 4 44 0 0.0
discontin
e uous sho edge 39 5.64
Wa rt 0.0
y mid 3 4.34
0.0
lon edge 37 10.72
1.8 One g 0.0
short
D5/D 3.9 1. 0.00 150.9 185.9 4.46 6.7 6.5 mid 28 8.11
7 26 18.81 edge
7 25 Tw 3 55 62 62 3 13 0 0.0
discontin
o uous sho edge 39 11.30
Wa rt 0.0
y mid 3 8.69
0.0
lon edge 45 43.25
1.1 Two g 0.0
short
6.5 1. 0.00 253.4 288.4 6.92 9.1 6.5 mid 34 32.68
D6 7 26 22.13 edges
9 Tw 3 55 62 62 3 73 0
discontin
o ous sho edge 0 0.00
Wa rt 0.0
y mid 34 32.68

1-167
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
Spa Positio Z= (selecte Bars No (Provide
PANEL (KNm K0 Z (selected Asl,req As,min
n n 0.95d d) (Torstee s d)
) )
(mm2) l) (mm2)

D1/D1 0.0204331 188.77 182.692 285.2

1 edge 61 6 6 6 285.26 12 3 339.292
long
0.0154397 189.65 182.692 215.5 260.000
mid 185.2 91 1 182.692 6 5 260.000 4 12 3 339.292
8 0.0336015 186.42 6 182.692 469.1 4
shor edge 99 6 6 0 469.1 12 5 565.487
t
0.0249758 187.97 182.692 348.6
mid 67 2 6 8 348.68 12 3 339.292

D2/D7 0.0143552 100.12 96.3518 105.6 137.123

edge 11 2 5 9 9 12 2 226.195
long
0.0108555 100.44 96.3518 137.123
mid 2 2 96.3518 5 79.93 137.123 9 12 2 226.195
51.54
5 9
0.0263772 96.3518 194.2
shor edge 94 99.005 5 1 194.21 12 2 226.195
t
0.0197667 96.3518 145.5
mid 68 99.622 5 4 145.54 12 2 226.19

D3/D9 0.0157006 149.29 143.851 172.5

edge 93 5 85 9 204.72 12 2 226.19
long
0.0118772 149.81 143.851 130.5
mid 114.8 83 9 143.851 85 6 204.723 204.72 12 2 226.19
7 0.0275779 147.64 9 143.851 303.1 9
shor edge 76 4 85 5 303.15 12 3 339.29
t
0.0190879 148.82 143.851 209.8
mid 72 8 85 3 209.83 12 2 226.19

D4/D8 0.0145848 109.13 105.048 117.0

edge 82 5 15 8 149.50 12 2 226.19
long
0.0110408 109.48 105.048
mid 92 9 105.048 15 88.63 149.500 149.50 12 2 226.19
61.26
0.0153754 109.05 2 105.048 123.4 1
shor edge 64 6 15 2 149.50 12 2 226.19
t
0.0118314 109.41 105.048
mid 74 0 15 94.98 149.50 12 2 226.19

D5/D7 0.0156797 148.84 143.413 171.8

edge 18 4 9 4 204.10 12 2 226.19
long
0.0118621 149.36 143.413 130.0
mid 114.1 75 5 143.413 9 0 204.100 204.10 12 2 226.19
8 0.0165280 148.72 9 143.413 181.1 6
shor edge 61 7 9 3 204.10 12 2 226.19
t
0.0127105 149.25 143.413 139.3
mid 18 0 9 0 204.10 12 2 226.19

D6 0.0224408 248.34 240.788 412.9

edge 42 0 9 1 412.91 12 4 452.39
long
0.0169564 249.61 240.788 312.0
mid 321.8 56 1 240.788 9 0 342.680 342.68 12 4 452.39
6 9 6
253.46 240.788
shor edge 0 2 9 0.00 342.68 12 4 452.39
t
0.0169564 249.61 240.788 312.0
mid 56 1 9 0 342.68 12 4 452.39

1-168
 DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
Need
(From SF (From
(l/d) (lX/d) Positio s of
PANEL excessive Span β (KN/1 VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C
Basic ACTUAL n shear
deflectio m) FAILUR
r/f
n) E)

D1/D1
1 - - cont. 0.4 40.30
long
discont
-
- . 0.34 34.26 0.002439 104.27 No
820.41 Pass 2
3 3 need
-
- cont. 0.4 40.30
short
112.0 discont
2 26.00 Pass . 0.26 26.20

D2/D7
- - cont. 0.33 14.98
long
discont
-
- . 0 0.00 0.001914 No
432.68 Pass 2 54.993
0.48 9 need
-
- cont. 4 21.97
short
162.7 discont
9 26.00 Pass . 0 0.00
D3/D9
- - cont. 0.36 26.69
long
discont
-
- . 0.24 17.79 0.002002 No
645.99 Pass 2 82.104
0 need
-
- cont. 0.53 39.29
short
172.1 discont
2 26.00 Pass . 0 0.00
D4/D8
- - cont. 0.36 18.11
long
discont
-
- . 0 0.00 0.001352 No
471.73 Pass 2 59.957
0 need
-
- cont. 0.36 18.11
short
179.0 discont
1 26.00 Pass . 0.24 12.08
D5/D7
- - cont. 0.36 26.58
long
discont
-
- . 0.24 17.72 0.001352 No
644.02 Pass 2 81.854
0 need
-
- cont. 0.53 39.13
short
179.0 discont
1 26.00 Pass . 0 0.00
D6
- - cont. 0.26 37.92
long
- discont
- . 0.00 1081.3 1.88829 0.001629 126.08 No
Pass
0 8 1 0 need
-
- cont. 0.4 58.33
short
179.0 discont
1 26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

1-169
 Slab Panel Summery (Typical Floor)

INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT

LIV
DE
(L/d)b E n
Self AD BM
PAN L Y/ asic LO (KN/m Sp Posit
LY LX k ρ0 deff h wei LO slab type β (KNm/
EL LX (7.16 AD /1m an ion
ght AD 1m)
(a)) (Qk width)
(Gk)
)

0.0
lon edge 45 39.54
1.3 Two g 0.0
adjacent
A1/A 6.2 1. 0.00 192. 227. 5.45 7.7 16. mid 34 29.88
5 26 35.15 edges
10 62 Tw 3 49 308 308 5 05 50 0.0
discontinu
o ous sh edge 69 60.63
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 59 51.85
0.0
lon edge 37 8.29
2.4
One short g 0.0
A2/A 6.2 2.6 1. 0.00 101. 136. 3.27 5.5 16. edge mid 28 6.27
26 32.21
9 62 37 On 3 49 423 423 4 24 50 discontinu 0.0
e ous sh edge 68 15.23
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 51 11.42
0.0
lon edge 37 19.40
1.6
One short g 0.0
A3/A 6.2 3.9 1. 0.00 151. 186. 4.47 6.7 16. edge mid 5 26.22
26 33.83
8 62 37 Tw 3 49 423 423 4 24 50 discontinu 0.0
o ous sh edge 44 23.07
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 33 17.30
0.0
lon edge 37 9.94
2.2
One short g 0.0
A4/A 6.2 2.8 1. 0.00 110. 145. 3.49 5.7 16. edge mid 28 7.52
26 32.50
7 62 75 On 3 49 577 577 4 44 50 discontinu 0.0
e ous sh edge 39 10.48
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 3 8.06
0.0
lon edge 45 23.44
1.6 Two g 0.0
adjacent
A5/A 6.2 3.9 1. 0.00 150. 185. 4.46 6.7 16. mid 34 17.71
26 33.81 edges
6 62 25 Tw 3 49 962 962 3 13 50 0.0
discontinu
o ous sh edge 9 46.88
Wa ort 0.0
y mid 8 41.67

1-170
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
Spa Positio Z= (selecte Bars No (Provide
PANEL (KNm K0 Z (selected Asl,req As,min
n n 0.95d d) (Torstee s d)
) )
(mm2) l) (mm2)

A1/A1 0.0445482 184.42 497.5

0 edge 57 6 182.6926 4 497.54 12 5 565.487
long
0.0336646 186.41 375.9
mid 148.2 92 5 182.692 182.6926 8 260.000 375.98 12 4 452.389
3 6 4
0.0683095 179.91 774.6
shor edge 81 9 179.919 8 774.68 12 7 791.681
t
0.0584174 181.82 655.5
mid 8 4 181.824 5 655.55 12 6 678.584

A2/A9 0.0335792 197.7

edge 03 98.323 96.35185 9 197.79 12 2 226.195
long
0.0253970 149.6
mid 57 99.097 96.3518 96.35185 0 137.123 149.6 12 2 226.195
41.23
5 9
0.0616901 366.3
shor edge 4 95.564 95.564 7 366.37 12 4 452.389
t
0.0462574 272.4
mid 79 97.099 96.35185 7 272.47 12 3 339.29

A3/A8 0.0352538 146.55 143.8518 310.0

edge 7 6 5 3 310.03 12 3 339.29
long
0.0476472 144.76 143.8518 419.0
mid 4 4 143.851 5 1 204.723 419.01 12 4 452.39
91.90
9 9
0.0419230 145.59 143.8518 368.6
shor edge 3 8 5 7 368.67 12 4 452.39
t
0.0314377 147.09 143.8518 276.4
mid 29 9 5 7 276.47 12 3 339.29

A4/A7 0.0338723 107.16 105.0481 217.5

edge 66 7 5 2 217.52 12 3 339.29
long
0.0256257 108.01 105.0481 164.5
mid 74 8 105.048 5 7 149.500 164.57 12 2 226.19
49.01
2 1
0.0357125 106.97 105.0481 229.3
shor edge 15 5 5 4 229.34 12 3 339.29
t
0.0274659 107.82 105.0481 176.3
mid 23 9 5 8 176.38 12 2 226.19

A5/A6 0.0428559 145.02 375.7

edge 46 0 143.4139 3 375.73 12 4 452.39
long
0.0323796 146.51 283.8
mid 42 8 143.413 143.4139 8 204.100 283.88 12 3 339.29
91.34
9 6
0.0857118 138.51 778.0
edge 92 9 138.519 2 778.02 12 7 791.68
0.0761863 140.02 684.1
mid 17 1 140.021 3 684.13 12 6 678.58

1-171
 DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
(From (From
(l/d) (lX/d) SF Needs of
PANEL excessive Span Position β VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C
Basic ACTUAL (KN/1m) shear r/f
deflection FAILURE
) )

A1/A1
0 - - cont. 0.4 70.30
long
- 0.2
- discont. 6 45.70 663.9 98.32
Pass 2 0.0040283 No need
9 3
-
- cont. 0.5 87.88
short
33.92 0.3
26.00 Pass discont. 3 58.00

A2/A9
- - cont. 0.4 33.98
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 352.6 50.00
Pass 2 0.0036123 No need
8 5
-
- cont. 0.5 42.47
short
46.95
26.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

A3/A8 0.3
- - cont. 3 43.95
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 530.8 73.43
Pass 2 0.0027671 No need
8 6
- 0.4
- cont. 1 54.61
short
84.44
26.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

A4/A7 0.3
- - cont. 6 33.64
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 387.6 53.62
Pass 2 0.0020740 No need
8 7
- 0.3
- cont. 6 33.64
short
104.3 0.2
9 26.00 Pass discont. 4 22.43

A5/A6
- - cont. 0.4 53.08
long
- 0.2
- discont. 6 34.50 511.2 83.78
Pass 2 0.0051537 No need
0 9
- 0.5
- cont. 6 74.31
short
25.10 0.3
26.00 Fail discont. 5 46.45

1-172
 INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT

LIV
DEA
(L/d) E n
Self D BM
PAN L Y/ basic LO (KN/m Sp Posit
LY LX k ρ0 deff h weig LOA slab type β (KNm/
EL LX (7.16 AD /1m an ion
ht D 1m)
(a)) (Qk width)
(Gk)
)

0.0
lon edge 37 32.51
1.4
One long g 0.0
B1/ 7.0 1. 0.00 192. 227. 7.70 16. edge mid 28 24.61
5 26 5.455 35.15
B11 87 Tw 3 55 308 308 5 50 discontinu 0.0
o ous sh edge 68 59.76
W ort 0.0
ay mid 51 44.82
0.0
lon edge 37 8.17
2.7
g 0.0
B2/ 7.0 2.6 1. 0.00 87.9 122. 5.20 16. Interior mid 28 6.19
30 2.950 31.77
B10 87 37 On 5 55 00 900 0 50 panels 0.0
e sh edge 68 15.02
W ort 0.0
ay mid 51 11.27
0.0
lon edge 32 16.45
1.8
g 0.0
B3/ 7.0 3.9 1. 0.00 131. 166. 6.24 16. Interior mid 24 12.34
30 3.990 33.17
B9 87 37 Tw 5 55 233 233 0 50 panels 0.0
o sh edge 6 30.75
W ort 0.0
ay mid 45 23.03
0.0
lon edge 37 9.80
2.5
g 0.0
B4/ 7.0 2.8 1. 0.00 95.8 130. 5.39 16. Interior mid 28 7.41
30 3.140 32.03
B8 87 75 On 5 55 33 833 0 50 panels 0.0
e sh edge 39 10.33
W ort 0.0
ay mid 3 7.94
0.0
lon edge 32 16.67
1.8
g 0.0
B5/ 7.0 3.9 1. 0.00 150. 185. 6.71 16. Interior mid 24 12.50
26 4.463 33.81
B7 87 25 Tw 3 55 962 962 3 50 panels 0.0
o sh edge 61 31.77
W ort 0.0
ay mid 46 23.96
0.0
lon edge 45 72.56
1.1
Two short g 0.0
7.0 6.5 1. 0.00 253. 288. 9.17 16. edges mid 34 54.82
B6 26 6.923 37.13
87 9 Tw 3 55 462 462 3 50 discontino
o us sh edge 0 0.00
W ort 0.0
ay mid 34 54.82

1-173
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
PANE Spa Positio Z= (selecte Bars No (Provide
(KNm K0 Z (selected Asl,req As,min
L n n 0.95d d) (Torstee s d)
) )
(mm2) l) (mm2)

B1/B1 0.0293022 187.20 409.0

1 edge 53 0 182.6926 8 409.08 12 4 452.389
long
0.0221817 188.46 309.6
mid 185.2 42 7 182.692 182.6926 7 260.000 309.67 12 3 339.292
8 0.0538635 182.68 6 751.9 4
shor edge 08 7 182.687 9 751.99 12 7 791.681
t 0.0403976 185.19 563.9
mid 31 0 182.6926 8 563.98 12 6 678.584
B2/B1 0.0352470 224.9
0 edge 72 85.076 83.505 2 224.92 12 2 226.195
long
0.0267049 170.4
mid 42 85.778 83.505 1 118.840 170.41 12 2 226.195
38.71 83.505
0.0647993 418.2 8
shor edge 92 82.548 82.548 9 418.29 12 4 452.389
t 0.0486211 310.2
mid 15 83.952 83.505 6 310.26 12 3 339.29

B3/B9 0.0318389 127.43 124.6713 303.3

edge 35 6 5 3 303.33 12 3 339.29
long
0.0238840 128.40 124.6713 227.5
mid 4 6 124.671 5 4 227.54 12 3 339.29
86.28 177.427
0.0595165 123.93 4 570.3
shor edge 5 6 123.936 7 570.37 12 6 678.58
t 0.0445745 125.85 124.6713 424.6
mid 09 1 5 6 424.66 12 4 452.39

B4/B8 0.0355692 247.4

edge 46 92.724 91.04135 6 247.46 12 3 339.29
long
0.0268947 187.1
mid 05 93.502 91.0413 91.04135 1 129.566 187.11 12 2 226.19
46.01
0.0374928 5 260.8 2
shor edge 88 92.550 91.04135 4 260.84 12 3 339.29
t 0.0288183 200.4
mid 48 93.331 91.04135 9 200.49 12 2 226.19

B5/B7 0.0243825 147.64 267.2

edge 47 1 143.4139 1 267.21 12 3 339.29
long
0.0182832 148.48 200.3
mid 114.1 53 6 143.413 143.4139 7 204.100 204.10 12 2 226.19
8 0.0464687 144.49 9 509.2 6
shor edge 17 5 143.4139 6 509.26 12 5 565.49
t 0.0350453 146.14 384.0
mid 4 0 143.4139 7 384.07 12 4 452.39

B6 0.0376487 244.74 692.7

edge 28 2 240.7889 4 692.74 12 7 791.68
long
0.0284440 246.93 523.3
mid 321.8 91 2 240.788 240.7889 8 342.680 523.38 12 5 565.49
6 253.46 9 6
shor edge 0 2 240.7889 0.00 342.68 12 4 452.39
t 0.0284440 246.93 523.3
mid 91 2 240.7889 8 523.38 12 5 565.49

1-174
 DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
Need
(From SF (From
(l/d) (lX/d) Positio s of
PANEL excessive Span β (KN/1m VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C
Basic ACTUAL n shear
deflectio ) FAILURE
r/f
n) )

B1/B1
1 - - cont. 0.36 63.27
long
- discont
- . 0.36 63.27 0.003910 104.87 No
820.38 Pass 2
3 0 need
-
- cont. 0.49 86.12
short
52.66 discont
26.00 Pass . 0.34 59.76
B2/B1
0 - - cont. 0.33 27.65
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.004758 No
370.69 Pass 2 51.176
0.48 7 need
-
- cont. 4 40.55
short
46.40 discont
30.00 Pass . 0 0.00

B3/B9
- - cont. 0.33 43.09
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.004346 No
556.55 Pass 2 74.131
2 need
-
- cont. 0.41 53.54
short
52.51 discont
30.00 Pass . 0 0.00

B4/B8
- - cont. 0.36 33.15
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.002721 No
408.83 Pass 2 51.962
8 need
-
- cont. 0.36 33.15
short
102.8 discont
8 30.00 Pass . 0.24 22.10

B5/B7
- - cont. 0.33 43.79
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.003373 No
644.02 Pass 2 81.854
4 need
-
- cont. 0.49 65.03
short
65.50 discont
26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

B6
- - cont. 0.26 63.62
long
- discont
- . 0.00 1081.3 1.88829 0.002733 126.08 No
Pass
0 8 1 0 need
-
- cont. 0.4 97.87
short
91.03 discont
26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

1-175
 INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT

LIV
DE
(L/d)b E n
Self AD BM
PAN L Y/ asic LO (KN/m Sp Positi
LY LX k ρ0 deff h wei LO slab type β (KNm/
EL LX (7.16 AD /1m an on
ght AD 1m)
(a)) (Qk width)
(Gk)
)

0.0
lon edge 45 39.54
1.2
g
One long 0.0
C1/C 5. 1. 0.00 192. 227. 5.45 7.7 16. edge mid 28 24.61
5 26 35.15
10 85 3 55 308 308 5 05 50 discontinu
Tw ous 0.0
o sho edge 56 49.21
W rt
ay 0.0
mid 42 36.91

0.0
lon edge 37 8.17
2.2
g
0.0
C2/C 5. 2.6 1. 0.00 87.9 122. 2.95 5.2 16. Interior mid 28 6.19
30 31.77
9 85 37 5 55 00 900 0 00 50 panels
On 0.0
e sho edge 68 15.02
W rt
ay 0.0
mid 51 11.27

0.0
lon edge 32 16.45
1.5
g
0.0
C3/C 5. 3.9 1. 0.00 131. 166. 3.99 6.2 16. Interior mid 24 12.34
30 33.17
8 85 37 5 55 233 233 0 40 50 panels
Tw 0.0
o sho edge 53 27.25
W rt
ay 0.0
mid 4 20.57

0.0
lon edge 32 8.60
2.0
g
0.0
C4/C 5. 2.8 1. 0.00 110. 145. 3.49 5.7 16. Interior mid 24 6.45
26 32.50
7 85 75 5 55 577 577 4 44 50 panels
Tw 0.0
o sho edge 63 16.92
W rt
ay 0.0
mid 48 12.89

0.0
lon edge 28 14.58
1.5
g
One long 0.0
C5/C 5. 3.9 1. 0.00 150. 185. 4.46 6.7 16. edge mid 55 28.65
26 33.81
6 85 25 3 55 962 962 3 13 50 discontinu
Tw ous 0.0
o sho edge 73 38.02
W rt
ay 0.0
mid 37 19.27

1-176
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
PANE Spa Positio Z= (selecte Bars No (Provide
(KNm K0 Z (selected Asl,req As,min
L n n 0.95d d) (Torstee s d)
) )
(mm2) l) (mm2)

C1/C1 0.0356386 186.05 497.5

0 edge 06 8 182.6926 4 497.54 12 5 565.487
long
0.0221817 188.46 309.6
mid 185.2 42 7 182.692 182.6926 7 260.000 309.67 12 3 339.292
8 6 4
0.0443544 184.46 619.2
shor edge 71 2 182.6926 2 619.22 12 6 678.584
t
0.0332681 186.48 464.4
mid 07 7 182.6926 4 464.44 12 5 565.487

C2/C9 0.0352470 224.9

edge 72 85.076 83.505 2 224.92 12 3 339.292
long
0.0267049 170.4
mid 42 85.778 83.505 1 118.840 170.41 12 2 226.195
38.71 83.505
8
0.0647993 418.2
shor edge 92 82.548 82.548 9 418.29 12 4 452.389
t
0.0486211 310.2
mid 15 83.952 83.505 6 310.26 12 3 339.29

C3/C8 0.0318389 127.43 124.6713 303.3

edge 35 6 5 3 303.33 12 3 339.29
long
0.0238840 128.40 124.6713 227.5
mid 4 6 124.671 5 4 227.54 12 3 339.29
86.28 177.427
4
0.0527423 124.81 124.6713 502.4
shor edge 09 2 5 7 502.47 12 5 565.49
t
0.0398131 126.44 124.6713 379.3
mid 85 8 5 0 379.30 12 4 452.39

C4/C7 0.0234448 108.24 105.0481 188.2

edge 57 0 5 0 188.20 12 2 226.19
long
0.0175836 108.83 105.0481 141.1
mid 43 4 105.048 5 5 149.500 149.50 12 2 226.19
61.26
2 1
0.0461263 105.87 105.0481 370.2
shor edge 93 7 5 7 370.27 12 4 452.39
t
0.0351400 107.03 105.0481 282.0
mid 24 5 5 8 282.08 12 3 339.29

C5/C6 0.0213255 148.06 233.7

edge 87 6 143.4139 1 233.71 12 3 339.29
long
0.0419052 145.15 459.2
mid 114.1 17 7 143.413 143.4139 4 204.100 459.24 12 5 565.49
8 9 6
0.0556103 143.15 610.5
shor edge 43 0 143.15 6 610.56 12 6 678.58
t
0.0281854 147.10 308.8
mid 63 9 143.4139 9 308.89 12 3 339.29

1-177
 DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
(From SF (From
(l/d) (lX/d) Positio Needs of
PANEL excessive Span β (KN/1m VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C
Basic ACTUAL n shear r/f
deflection ) FAILURE
) )

C1/C1
0 - - cont. 0.36 63.27
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 820.4 104.27
Pass 2 0.0032199 No need
1 3
-
- cont. 0.44 77.33
short
71.05
26.00 Pass discont. 0.31 54.48

C2/C9
- - cont. 0.33 27.65
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 370.6
Pass 2 0.0047587 51.176 No need
9
- 0.48
- cont. 4 40.55
short
46.40
30.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

C3/C8
- - cont. 0.33 43.09
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 559.8
Pass 2 0.0038288 71.157 No need
5
-
- cont. 0.45 58.77
short
62.12
30.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

C4/C7
- - cont. 0.3 28.03
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 471.7
Pass 2 0.0033485 59.957 No need
3
-
- cont. 0.5 46.72
short
75.26
26.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00

C5/C6
- - cont. 0.36 47.77
long
-
- discont. 0 0.00 642.8
Pass 2 0.0040445 83.254 No need
4
-
- cont. 0.51 67.68
short
92.37
26.00 Pass discont. 0.34 45.12

1-178
 INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT

DE LIV
(L/d)b n
Self AD E BM
PAN L L Y/ asic (KN/m Sp Positi
LX k ρ0 deff h weig LO LO slab type β (KNm/
EL Y LX (7.16( /1m an on
ht AD AD 1m)
a)) width)
(Gk) (Qk)

0.0
lon edge 45 39.54
1.4
Two g 0.0
adjacent
D1/D 1. 0.00 192.3 227.3 5.45 7.7 16. mid 34 29.88
7 5 26 35.15 edges
11 Tw 3 55 08 08 5 05 50 0.0
discontinu
o ous sho edge 74 65.03
W rt
0.0
ay
mid 55 48.33
0.0
lon edge 37 8.29
2.7
g 0.0
One short
D2/D 2.6 1. 0.00 101.4 136.4 3.27 5.5 16. edge mid 28 6.27
7 26 32.21
7 37 3 55 23 23 4 24 50 discontinu 0.0
On
ous edge 68 15.23
e sho
W rt
0.0
ay
mid 51 11.42
0.0
lon edge 37 19.40
1.8
g 0.0
One short
D3/D 3.9 1. 0.00 151.4 186.4 4.47 6.7 16. edge mid 28 14.68
7 26 33.83
9 37 Tw 3 55 23 23 4 24 50 discontinu 0.0
o ous sho edge 65 34.08
W rt
0.0
ay
mid 45 23.60
0.0
lon edge 37 9.94
2.4
g 0.0
One short
D4/D 2.8 1. 0.00 110.5 145.5 3.49 5.7 16. edge mid 28 7.52
7 26 32.50
8 75 On 3 55 77 77 4 44 50 discontinu 0.0
e ous sho edge 39 10.48
W rt
0.0
ay
mid 3 8.06
0.0
lon edge 37 19.27
1.8
g 0.0
One short
D5/D 3.9 1. 0.00 150.9 185.9 4.46 6.7 16. edge mid 28 14.58
7 26 33.81
7 25 Tw 3 55 62 62 3 13 50 discontinu 0.0
o ous sho edge 39 20.31
W rt
0.0
ay mid 3 15.63
0.0
lon edge 45 72.56
1.1
g
Two short 0.0
6.5 1. 0.00 253.4 288.4 6.92 9.1 16. edges mid 34 54.82
D6 7 26 37.13
9 3 55 62 62 3 73 50 discontino
Tw
us edge 0 0.00
o sho
W rt
0.0
ay
mid 34 54.82

1-179
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
Spa Positio Z= (selecte Bars No (Provide
PANEL (KNm K0 Z (selected Asl,req As,min
n n 0.95d d) (Torstee s d)
) )
(mm2) l) (mm2)

D1/D1 0.0356386 186.05 182.692 497.5

1 edge 06 8 6 4 497.54 12 5 565.487
long
0.0269317 187.62 182.692 375.9
mid 185.2 54 4 182.692 6 8 260.000 375.98 12 4 452.389
8 0.0586135 181.78 6 822.3 4
shor edge 19 7 181.787 6 822.36 12 8 904.779
t
0.0435613 184.60 182.692 608.1
mid 01 8 6 4 608.14 12 6 678.584

D2/D7 0.0268633 96.3518 197.7

edge 62 98.959 5 9 197.79 12 2 226.195
long
0.0203176 96.3518 149.6
mid 46 99.571 96.3518 5 0 137.123 149.6 12 2 226.195
51.54
0.0493521 5 96.3518 363.3 9
shor edge 12 96.795 5 7 363.37 12 4 452.389
t
0.0370059 96.3518 272.4
mid 83 97.995 5 7 272.47 12 3 339.29

D3/D9 0.0282030 147.55 143.851 310.0

edge 96 6 85 3 310.03 12 3 339.29
long
0.0213413 148.51 143.851 234.6
mid 114.8 12 6 143.851 85 0 204.723 234.60 12 3 339.29
7 0.0495444 144.48 9 143.851 544.6 9
shor edge 07 6 85 2 544.62 12 5 565.49
t
0.0343089 146.69 143.851 377.1
mid 21 1 85 4 377.14 12 4 452.39

D4/D8 0.0270978 107.86 105.048 217.5

edge 93 7 15 2 217.52 12 3 339.29
long
0.0205006 108.53 105.048 164.5
mid 19 9 105.048 15 7 149.500 164.57 12 2 226.19
61.26
0.0285700 107.71 2 105.048 229.3 1
shor edge 12 5 15 4 229.34 12 3 339.29
t
0.0219727 108.39 105.048 176.3
mid 38 0 15 8 176.38 12 2 226.19

D5/D7 0.0281854 147.10 143.413 308.8

edge 63 9 9 9 308.89 12 3 339.29
long
0.0213255 148.06 143.413 233.7
mid 114.1 87 6 143.413 9 1 204.100 233.71 12 3 339.29
8 0.0297066 146.89 9 143.413 325.5 6
shor edge 3 5 9 6 325.56 12 3 339.29
t
0.0228613 147.85 143.413 250.5
mid 8 3 9 4 250.54 12 3 339.29

D6 0.0376487 244.74 240.788 692.7

edge 28 2 9 4 692.74 12 7 791.68
long
0.0284440 246.93 240.788 523.3
mid 321.8 91 2 240.788 9 8 342.680 523.38 12 5 565.49
6 253.46 9 240.788 6
shor edge 0 2 9 0.00 342.68 12 4 452.39
t
0.0284440 246.93 240.788 523.3
mid 91 2 9 8 523.38 12 5 565.49

1-180
 DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
Need
(From SF (From
(l/d) (lX/d) Positio s of
PANEL excessive Span β (KN/1m VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C
Basic ACTUAL n shear
deflectio ) FAILURE
r/f
n) )

D1/D1
1 - - cont. 0.4 70.30
long
- discont
- . 0.34 59.76 0.004276 108.04 No
816.34 Pass 2
3 5 need
-
- cont. 0.4 70.30
short
47.07 discont
26.00 Pass . 0.26 45.70

D2/D7
- - cont. 0.33 28.03
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.003582 No
432.68 Pass 2 54.993
0.48 7 need
-
- cont. 4 41.11
short
60.20 discont
26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

D3/D9
- - cont. 0.36 47.95
long
- discont
- . 0.24 31.97 0.003596 No
645.99 Pass 2 82.104
7 need
-
- cont. 0.53 70.59
short
67.71 discont
26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

D4/D8
- - cont. 0.36 33.64
long
- discont
- . 0 0.00 0.002074 No
471.73 Pass 2 59.957
0 need
-
- cont. 0.36 33.64
short
137.4 discont
9 26.00 Pass . 0.24 22.43

D5/D7
- - cont. 0.36 47.77
long
- discont
- . 0.24 31.85 0.002156 No
644.02 Pass 2 81.854
6 need
-
- cont. 0.53 70.33
short
129.0 discont
4 26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

D6
- - cont. 0.26 63.62
long
- discont
- . 0.00 1081.3 1.88829 0.002733 126.08 No
Pass
0 8 1 0 need
-
- cont. 0.4 97.87
short
91.03 discont
26.00 Pass . 0 0.00

1-181
 Slab Panel Summery (Typical - Balcony)
INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT
DEA LIV
(L/d)b n
Self D E BM
PAN L Y/ asic (KN/m slab Sp Positi
LY LX k ρ0 deff h weig LOA LO β (KNm/
EL LX (7.16( /1m type an on
ht D AD 1m)
a)) width)
(Gk) (Qk)
lon edge 0 0.00
2.4
g mid 0 0.00
Balco 3. 1. On 0. 0.00 187.5 222.5 7.59 16. Cantilev edge 0 0.00
8 5.340 35.00
ny 1 6 5 e 4 55 00 00 0 50 er sho
Wa rt
y mid 0 4.52
edge 0 0.00
lon
2.0 0.0
g
mid 56 0.00
Balco 1. 0. 0.00 187.5 222.5 7.59 16. Cantilev
3 Tw 8 5.340 35.00 edge 0 39.38
ny 2 5 4 55 00 00 0 50 er
o sho
Wa rt 0.1
y mid 11 0.00

DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl
MRD Z
Spa Positio Z= (selected Bars No (Provide
PANEL (KNm K0 Z (selected Asl,req As,min
n n 0.95d ) (Torsteel s d)
) )
(mm2) ) (mm2)
Balcon 187.50
y1 edge 0 0 178.125 0.00 253.5 12 5 565.487
long
187.50
mid 176.1 0 0 178.12 178.125 0.00 253. 253.5 10 3 235.619
3 187.50 5 5
shor edge 0 0 178.125 0.00 253.5 10 4 314.159
t 186.78
mid 0.00428563 8 178.125 58.33 253.50 10 3 235.619
Balcon 187.50
y2 edge 0 0 178.125 0.00 253.5 10 3 235.619
long
187.50
mid 176.1 0 0 178.12 178.125 0.00 253. 253.5 10 3 235.619
3 0.03733807 181.10 5 508.2 5
shor edge 4 5 178.125 3 508.23 10 5 392.699
t 187.50
mid 0 0 178.125 0.00 253.50 10 4 314.16

DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
(From SF (From Needs
(l/d) (lX/d) Positio
PANEL excessive Span β (KN/1m VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C of shear
Basic ACTUAL n
deflection ) FAILURE r/f
) )
Balcon
y1 - - long cont. 0 0.00
- - discont. 0 0.00 799.9 0.001352 101.66
Pass 2 No need
0 0 6
- - cont. 0 14.00
short
55.08 8.00 Pass discont. 0 0.00
Balcon
y2 - - cont. 0 0.00
long
0.3
- 799.9 0.002710 101.66
- discont. 3 0.00 Pass 2 No need
0 6 6
- - cont. 0 52.50
short
55.08 8.00 Pass discont. 0.5 0.00

1-182
 Slab Panel Summery (Roof over tank)

INITIAL DESIGN DESIGN LOAD BENDING MOMENT

DE LIV
(L/d)b n
Self AD E BM
PAN L Y/ asic (KN/m Sp Positi
LY LX k ρ0 deff h weig LO LO slab type β (KNm/
EL LX (7.16( /1m an on
ht AD AD 1m)
a)) width)
(Gk) (Qk)

lon edge 0 0.00

1.9
Tan Four g 0.0
k 6.4 3.3 0.00 166.8 201.8 4.84 5.8 1.0 edge mid 56 5.86
1 20 9.39
over 88 37 Tw 55 50 50 4 44 0 discontin
slab o uous sho edge 0 0.00
Wa rt 0.1
y mid 09 11.40

DESIGN FOR FLEXURE RE BAR/m

Asl Dia of Asl

MRD Z
PANE Spa Positio Z= (selecte Bars No (Provide
(KNm K0 Z (selecte Asl,req As,min
L n n 0.95d d) (Torstee s d)
) d)
(mm2) l) (mm2)

Tank
over 166.85 158.507 225.581
slab long edge 0 0 5 0.00 2 12 2 226.195

0.0070165 165.81 158.507 225.581

mid 139.4 55 1 158.507 5 84.99 225.581 2 12 2 226.195
7 5 2
166.85 158.507 225.581
shor edge 0 0 5 0.00 2 12 2 226.195
t
0.0136499 164.81 158.507 165.3
mid 54 6 5 4 225.58 12 2 226.195

DEFLECTION CHECK SHEAR FORCE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRTE

Status Status
(From SF (From
PANE (l/d) (lX/d) Positio Needs of
excessive Span β (KN/1m VRd,max SHEAR K P1 VRD.C
L Basic ACTUAL n shear r/f
deflection ) FAILURE
) )

Tank
over
slab - - long cont. 0 0.00

- discont
- . 0.33 10.34 711.8 90.46
Pass 2 0.0013520 No need
0 9
-
- cont. 0 0.00
short
137.7 discont 0.495
0 20.00 Pass . 2 15.52

Beam Summery (Roof Top)

1-183
 Effective
Breadth Beam Med Med
depth Singly R/F
Beam Span (b) height Mid span Supports K mid K sup
(d) Doubly R/F
(mm) (mm) (kNm) (kNm)
(mm)

B52 300 400 348 29.1 42.0 0.027 0.039 Singly R/F
7.0

B53 300 400 348 30.1 53.0 0.028 0.049 Singly R/F
7.0

B54 300 400 348 43.1 24.3 0.040 0.022 Singly R/F
7.0

B55 300 400 348 33.7 58.4 0.031 0.054 Singly R/F
7.0

B56 300 400 348 42.4 19.0 0.039 0.017 Singly R/F
7.0

B57 300 400 348 32.4 69.0 0.030 0.063 Singly R/F
7.0

B58 300 400 348 31.0 67.6 0.029 0.062 Singly R/F
7.0

B59 300 400 348 43.1 19.6 0.040 0.018 Singly R/F
7.0

B60 300 400 348 32.8 59.9 0.030 0.055 Singly R/F
7.0

B61 300 400 348 43.2 56.3 0.040 0.052 Singly R/F
7.0

B62 300 400 348 31.6 42.9 0.029 0.039 Singly R/F
7.0

B63 300 400 348 29.1 22.0 0.027 0.020 Singly R/F
7.0

B64 300 400 348 12.2 42.9 0.011 0.039 Singly R/F
6.0

B65 300 400 348 15.0 26.1 0.014 0.024 Singly R/F
6.0

B66 300 400 348 16.0 42.7 0.015 0.039 Singly R/F
6.0

B67 300 400 348 14.1 21.0 0.013 0.019 Singly R/F
6.0

B68 300 400 348 20.0 20.5 0.018 0.019 Singly R/F
6.0

B69 300 400 348 20.0 45.7 0.018 0.042 Singly R/F
6.0

B70 300 400 348 15.3 25.3 0.014 0.023 Singly R/F
6.0

B71 300 400 348 16.0 40.7 0.015 0.037 Singly R/F
6.0

B72 300 400 348 14.1 21.7 0.013 0.020 Singly R/F
6.0

1-184
 As prov Mid span l/d l/d Deflection
Beam Z mid Z sup
(mm2) basic actual check

As req As req As prov

Mid span Supports As min Supports
(mm2) (mm2) (mm2) (mm2)

B52 339 386 197 250 157 226 2T12 336 3T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B53 339 382 204 319 157 226 2T12 402 2T16 42.9
20.1 Pass

B54 335 392 296 143 157 339 3T12 226 2T12 42.9
20.1 Pass

B55 338 380 229 353 157 339 3T12 402 2T16 42.9
20.1 Pass

B56 335 394 291 111 157 339 3T12 226 2T12 42.9
20.1 Pass

B57 338 376 220 422 157 226 2T12 515 2T16+1T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B58 339 377 211 413 157 226 2T12 515 2T16+1T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B59 335 394 296 114 157 336 3T12 226 2T12 43.5
20.1 Pass

B60 338 380 223 363 157 226 2T12 515 2T12+1T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B61 335 381 297 340 157 336 3T12 402 2T16 43.5
20.1 Pass

B62 338 386 215 256 157 226 2T12 339 3T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B63 339 393 197 129 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B64 344 386 82 256 157 226 2T12 339 3T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B65 343 391 100 153 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B66 343 386 107 255 157 226 2T12 339 3T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B67 343 393 95 123 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B68 342 393 135 120 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B69 342 385 135 273 157 226 2T12 339 3T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B70 343 392 103 149 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B71 343 386 107 242 157 226 2T12 339 3T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B72 343 393 94 127 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

1-185
 Effective
Breadth Beam Med Med
depth Singly R/F
Beam Span (b) height Mid span Supports K mid K sup
(d) Doubly R/F
(mm) (mm) (kNm) (kNm)
(mm)

B73 300 400 348 11.2 36.6 0.010 0.034 Singly R/F
6.0

B74 7.0 300 400 348 22.3 50.3 0.020 0.046 Singly R/F

B75 7.0 300 400 348 23.5 31.5 0.022 0.029 Singly R/F

B76 7.0 300 400 348 29.9 59.2 0.028 0.054 Singly R/F

B77 7.0 300 400 348 26.9 19.2 0.025 0.018 Singly R/F

B78 7.0 300 400 348 31.1 65.3 0.029 0.060 Singly R/F

B79 7.0 300 400 348 25.5 65.2 0.023 0.060 Singly R/F

B80 7.0 300 400 348 24.0 19.6 0.022 0.018 Singly R/F

B81 7.0 300 400 348 31.5 56.7 0.029 0.052 Singly R/F

B82 7.0 300 400 348 25.9 28.2 0.024 0.026 Singly R/F

B83 7.0 300 400 348 29.9 53.7 0.027 0.049 Singly R/F

B84 7.0 300 400 348 24.9 38.8 0.023 0.036 Singly R/F

B85 7.0 300 400 348 23.5 41.9 0.022 0.039 Singly R/F

B86 7.0 300 400 348 26.5 61.5 0.024 0.057 Singly R/F

B87 7.0 300 400 348 27.9 25.0 0.026 0.023 Singly R/F

B88 7.0 300 400 348 35.9 56.5 0.033 0.052 Singly R/F

B89 7.0 300 400 348 24.6 20.2 0.023 0.019 Singly R/F

B90 7.0 300 400 348 15.0 20.2 0.014 0.019 Singly R/F

B91 7.0 300 400 348 16.0 59.6 0.015 0.055 Singly R/F

B92 7.0 300 400 348 25.9 31.5 0.024 0.029 Singly R/F

B93 7.0 300 400 348 35.9 58.2 0.033 0.054 Singly R/F

1-186
 Med
Breadth Beam Effective Med Singly R/F Breadth
Mid
Beam Span (b) height depth Supports K mid K sup Doubly Beam Span (b)
span
(mm) (mm) (d) (kNm) R/F (mm)
(kNm)
(mm)

B73 344 388 75 217 157 226 2T12 339 3T12 81.1
17.3 Pass

B74 341 383 150 302 157 226 2T12 402 2T16 81.1
20.1 Pass

B75 341 390 159 186 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B76 339 380 203 358 157 226 2T12 402 2T16 81.1
20.1 Pass

B77 340 394 182 112 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B78 339 378 211 398 157 226 2T12 515 2T16+1T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B79 340 378 172 397 157 226 2T12 515 2T16+1T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B80 341 394 162 114 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B81 338 381 214 342 157 226 2T12 402 2T16 81.1
20.1 Pass

B82 335 391 178 166 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B83 339 382 203 323 157 226 2T12 402 2T16 81.1
20.1 Pass

B84 340 387 168 230 157 226 2T12 339 3T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B85 341 386 158 250 157 226 2T12 339 3T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B86 340 379 179 373 157 226 2T12 515 2T12+1T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B87 339 392 189 147 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B88 337 381 245 341 157 339 3T12 402 2T16 42.9
20.1 Pass

B89 340 393 166 118 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B90 343 393 100 118 157 226 2T12 226 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B91 343 380 107 361 157 226 2T12 402 2T16 81.1
20.1 Pass

B92 340 390 175 186 157 226 2T12 336 2T12 81.1
20.1 Pass

B93 337 380 245 352 157 339 3T12 402 2T16 42.9
20.1 Pass

1-187
 Foundation
Pile Spacing

Pile Edge Distance

1-188
Pile Arrangement

11 12

21 22

1-189
 ETAB Analysis
Elevation View – Displacement

1-190
 Elevation View – Moment 3-3 Diagram

Plan view (1st Floor) – Resultant M22 Diagram

1-191
Plan View (11th Story) – Moment 3-3 Diagram

Elevation View – Axial Force Diagram

1-192
Section Properties and Material Properties

1-193
1-194
1-195
 Bills of Quantity
Site Construction
Item Description Qty Unit Rate Amount
(LKR) (LKR)

02 SITE CONSTRUCTION

The Contractor is referred to the

specifications and drawings for all
details related to the works of this
division and he is to include for
complying with all the requirements
contained therein, whether or not they
are specifically mentioned within the
i

02300 EXCAVATION

NOTE: Excavation quantities are

based on the assumption that rock
layers are found at a depth less than
1.5 m from the natural ground level.

Mat Foundations 312070 m3 24.50 7,645,715.00

Isolated Footings 248799 m3 30.60 7,613,249.40

Grade Beams 207445 m3 36.70 7,613,231.50

02300 FILLING

Compacted replacement granual

material fill 310735 m3 24.50 7,613,007.50

02 SITE CONSTRUCTION
To Building Summary LKR 30,485,203.40

1-196
 Concrete Work
Item Description Qty Unit Rate Amount
(LKR) (LKR)

03 CONCRETE WORK
Reinforced concrete 30 Mpa,
using Ordinary Portland Cement,
including all necessary
formwork, reinforcement,
construction joints, additives,
etc. in accordance with
specifications and drawings

Pile 175 m3 918.00 160,650.00

1,101.6
Water tank top slab 13 m3 0 14,541.12

1,003.7
Slabs 2412 m3 0 2,421,175.33

1,101.6
beams 204 m3 0 224,726.40

1,224.0
Columns 320 m3 0 391,680.00

1,224.0
Cores 118 m3 0 145,026.86

1,224.0
Stairs 48 m3 0 58,752.00

Exposed balconies 237.6 m2 24.5 5,821.20

03 CONCRETE WORK
To Building Summary LKR 3,422,372.91

1-197
 Reinforcement
Item Description Qty Unit Rate Amount
(LKR) (LKR)

07 Reinforcement

Slab 4570.00 T 226,500.00 1,035,105,000.00

Beam 4250.00 T 226,500.00 962,625,000.0

Column 4510.00 T 226,500.00 1,021,515,000.00

Foundation 4550 T 226,500.00 1,030,575,000.00

Staircase 3470 T 226,500.00 785,955,000.00

07 Reinforcement
To Building Summary LKR 4,835,775,000.00

1-198
 Formwork
Item Description Qty Unit Rate Amount
(LKR) (LKR)

05 Formwork

Slab 264 m2 408 21,542,741.00

Beam 464 m2 408 19,542,740.80

Column 53.2 m2 408 8,217,096.32

Foundation 41096.87755 m2 408 16,767,526.04

Staircase 43548 m2 408 17,767,526.04

05 Formwork
To T6 Building Summary LKR 83,837,630.20

1-199