BIO122

HISTOLOGY OF CELLS AND TISSUE

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment :
Microscopy and the Cells
Students Name & ID 1. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI YUSDI
(2022605768)
2. NUR AIFA BINTI MOHAMAD RIFA’AI
(2022661758)
3. NURUL AMIRA SYAHIDA BINTI AZNAN
(2022476482)
4. NOOR ALIA BINTI ZAKI
5. NUR MAISARAH BINTI ZAINUDDIN
(2022880424)
6.NUR DINI DAMIA BINTI MOHD AMRAN
(2022469958)
Class A4AS120131
Group 31
Lecturer’s Name RABIHAH BINTI ISMAIL
Date of Submission

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Declaration of Academic Honesty

Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students should uphold at all times.

I declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely our group work, and that no part of it has been
copied from any work produced by other person(s)/ source(s) or provided by any other student(s).

I understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and I am willing to be penalized if any form of
copying is found valid.
OBJECTIVES :
1. To describe the parts and functions of the compound light and dissecting microscope.
2. To state the steps in proper order for bringing cells’s image into focus with the compound light
microscope.
3. To calculate the diameter of field and the total magnification of the cells’s image.
4. To identify the difference between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.
5. To identify the difference between animal and plant cell.

INTRODUCTION
In this globalisation world, the use of microscope has been widely used. There are varieties of microscopes with
different properties and functions. For example, stereoscopic microscope, compound microscope and electron
microscope. However, in this particular experiment, students will only be using two types of microscopes, which
is compound light microscope and dissecting microscope.
Compound light microscope also known as light microscope. This microscope is used to view specimens that are
too small to see with naked eyes. This is because the objective lens of compound light microscope can be up to
100X, enable you to look through a specimen with more details. Dissecting microscope also known as
stereomicroscope. This microscope is used to observe the surface of the specimens. However, this microscope has
a lower magnification ability than compound light microscope. that is why you can’t see through the specimens
with details.
Compound light microscope can be used to determine prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. What is the meaning of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic? Prokaryotic comes from a Greek word that is ‘pro’ which means pro and ‘karyon’
which means kernel. Eukaryotic also comes from a Greek word that is ‘eu’ which means good and ‘karyon’ which
means kernel. Prokaryotic is known as bacteria cells while Eukaryotic is known as plant and animal cell. For this
experiment, students will be using yogurt that is a prokaryotic and chicken liver and onion that is eukaryotic. At
the end of this experiment, students are able to see the cells structure of the specimens mentioned and are able to
draw the cells structure in their datasheets

PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.What is the parts and functions of the compound light microscope and dissecting microscope?
2.How to focus with compound light microscope with proper order on the cell's image?
3.What is the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
4.How to identify the differences between animal and plant cells?

HYPOTHESIS
The higher the magnification of the lens, the higher resolution of the images will be
MATERIAL
1. Compound light microscope
2. Stereomicroscope/ dissecting microscope
3. Slides
- Plant cell ( onion )
- Animal cell ( human cheek cell )
- Bacteria cell ( yoghurt )
4. Lens paper
5. Immersion oil
6. Methylene blue stain
7. Toothpick
8. Tap water

PROCEDURE
EXPERIMENT 1.1
Identification of Parts
1. After instructor has explained how to carry a microscope.One from the cabinet is taken and place it securely on the table.
2. The various parts on microscope is identified.

Focusing the Microscope - Lowest Power and Higher Power

1. The nosepiece is turned so that the lowest power objective in straight alignment over the stage.
2. focusing with the lowest power objective (4x or 10x) is began.
3. With the coarse-adjustment knob, the stage is lowered until it stops.
4. The letter 'e' slide on the stage is placed and stabilize it with the clips (if your microscope has a mechanical stage, pinch
the spring of the slide arms on the stage and insert the slide).
The 'e' is centralised as best can see on the stage (if your microscope has a mechanical stage use the control knobs located
below the stage to centralise the 'e').
5. Again, be sure that the lowest power objective is in place. Then as the look from the side.The distance between the stage
and the tip of the objective lens is decreased until the lens comes to an automatic stop or is no closer than 3mm above the
slide.
6.While the eyepiece is observed,rotate the diaphragm (or diaphragm lever) to give the adjustment knob until the object
comes into view or focus.
7.Once the object is seen, you may need to adjust the amount of light. To increase or decrease the contrast, rotate the
diaphragm slightly.
8.The fine-adjustment knob is used to sharpen the focus if necessary.
9.Practice having both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece, as it greatly reduces
eyestrain.
10.Next. make sure that the letter e is centred in the field of the objective.
11.The next higher objective (low power [10x) or hich power (40x)) is moved by turning the nosepiece until you hear it click
into place. Do not change the focus; parfocal microscope objective will not hit normal slides when changing the focus if the
lowest objective is initially in focus. If you are on low power [10x], proceed to high power [40x] before going on to step 13.
12.If any adjustment is needed, use only the fine-adjustment knob. Always use only the fine-adjustment knob with high
power. When you have finished your observations of this slide (or any slide), rotate the nosepiece until the lowest power
objective click into place, and then remove the slide.

EXPERIMENT 1.2
Identification of Parts
1. A stereomicroscope is obtained and the various parts of the microscope is identified.
Focusing the Stereomicroscope/Dissecting Microscope

1. A letter 'e' as an object on the centre of the stage is placed.

2.The distance between the eyepieces on the binocular head is adjusted so that they comfortably fit the distance between
your eyes. You should be able to see the object.
3. The focusing knob is used to bring the object into focus.
4.The magnification changing knob to the lowest magnification is turned and the object is drew
5.With various magnifications is experimented until comfortable with the use of the stereomicroscope.

EXPERIMENT 1.3
1. A clean microscope slide is prepared.
2. A drop of water onto the middle of slide is placed.

3.Carefully ,the letter "e" onto the drop of water by using a needle or forceps is placed.

4.The cover slip using a needle or fingers at an angle is held.Gently lower the cover slip onto the slide. Important: Slowly put
the cover slip down to prevent bubble:

6.Any excess water with filter paper or absorbent paper is removed.

DATASHEET
DISCUSSION
At the end of this experiment, students will know the parts and know how to use the dissecting microscope
that also known as stereo microscope. A dissecting microscope is a much better choice for student to use to see
the specimens under the microscope. That is large enough to see the detail of specimens as an examples, to see the
leg of beetle, flower petals and spider’s eyes. Dissecting microscope is also can see the specimens using slide. For
this microscope have 12 parts that students label and know the function. At the base has the on-off switch, the
light adjustment knobs that use to control the light under the stage plate. At the base also has stage plate that use to
place the specimens and also have stage clip that use to make sure that the specimens is place as well as can. Next
part is arm. At the bottom of arm have focus knob. Focus knob is use to focus to the specimens when see through
the eyepieces. Next part is stereo head. At stereo head has objective lens that function as lens to see the specimens.
The zoom knob is place at stereo head too. Students can control to zoom-in or zoom-out using this knob. Then,
near to the focus knob have top on-off light switch. The next part is dioptre and eyepieces. The dioptre can be
adjust to more focus. Dioptre is lens that place near to the eyepieces. The eyes will be place at the eyepieces to see
the specimens and the eyepieces can be adjust too, to make it wide or less.
Next is compound light microscope. This microscope is more detail that dissecting microscope. This
microscope can be use to see the cell. The specimens that we use to see through the microscope is cheek cell,
onion root and yogurt. All the specimens should be place in slide to place at the stage. Specimens cannot to be
place on stage barely. From the top, this microscope have an eyepieces that use to see the specimens. Near the
eyepieces have the dioptre that can be adjust to be more focus. Dioptre is a lens. The eyepieces is place at the
head. The head can be adjust 360 degree. Move to the next part, this microscope have 4 objective lens that have
difference level to be more detail. The lens is 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x. For 4x, 10x, and 40x, can be use normally but
for 100x, need to add oil to see the specimens. Next, move down to arm’s part that have fine adjustment (the small
one) that use to fine tunes the focus and increases the detail of specimen and also have coarse adjustment (the big
one) that function to brings the specimen into general focus. Next to the arm have stage clip that use to make sure
the slide is placed as well as can and the stage is use to place the slide. Under the stage have mechanical stage that
can move the stage. The diaphragm is use to allows light from the illuminator to reach the specimen. Under the
diaphragm is a light source that supplies lighting to see the specimen on the stage. Light source is at the base of
microscope. At the base also has light adjustment knob and on-off switch.
There is the proper step to use compound light microscope. Firstly student need to take the microscope and
lift it in the right way and properly. Student can hold it at the base of microscope using both hands and place it on
the table. Next is student should take the wire that use for the microscope. Open the plastic to start using it. Install
the wire and on the switch. Before switch on the switch at the base of microscope, make sure that specimen on
slide is ready. Switch on the microscope and place the slide on the stage and clip it nicely using stage clip. Make
sure the eyepieces is the same way as stage. If not, student can rotate the head of microscope. Then adjust the light
and make sure not too dark and not to bright. If slide of specimen is not centre, student can use mechanical stage
to move the stage to get the right point of specimen. After that, student can need to focus and make sure can see
the specimen clearly. If the specimen looks blurry, student can use fine adjustment to focus and increase the detail
of specimen and also can use the coarse adjustment to focus and brings the specimen into general focus until can
see the specimen clearly.
For compound light microscope that have 4 objective lens, so, students need to calculate the diameter of field
and the total magnification of the Cell’s image. First step is students need to find the total magnification cell’s
image first. Student need to multiply magnification of objective lens and magnification of eyepiece. Then students
can find diameter of field. Students need to divide field number (FN) and magnification of objective lens. Field
number is always 20. The unit for diameter is millimetre (mm). For 4x objective lens, 4x10 because 10 is the
magnification of eyepiece. It will be 40x. 40x is the total magnification of cell’s image. To find the diameter of
field is, 20/4 equals to 5. It will be 5mm the diameter of field. The other example is the number of magnification is
10x. 10x10 it will be 100x. 100x is the total magnification of cell’s image. To find the diameter of field, 20/10 it
will be 2mm. That is how to calculate the diameter of field and total magnification of cell’s image.
The next part is the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Single-celled multicellular
Do not have nucleus Have nucleus
Have no double membrane bound Have double membrane bound
organelles organelles
Bacteria Animals
0.1 - 5µm 10 - 100µm

Next, the differences between plant cell and animal cell.

Plant cell Animal cell
Have cell wall Do not have cell wall
Nucleus on the side Nucleus on the centre
Have plastids Do not have plastids
Have few large or a single vacuoles Have small vacuoles and are numerous
Large cell Comperatively small in size

CONCLUSION
Hypothesis accepted. As shown in the result, the higher magnification of the lens, the higher resolution of the
images will be. Based on the data, dissecting microscope can see lower magnification compared to compound
microscope because the compound microscope are designed to examine objects in fine detail that are not
visible to the naked eye. While the dissecting microscope are design for  viewing larger objects that light cannot
shine through. As a conclusion, choosing between a compound microscope and dissecting microscope depends on
the type of specimens you study. For example, if you want to view objects at a cellular level, then a compound
scope is the best choice. But suppose you want to examine small insects, plants, skin structure, or tiny fibers. In
that case, choose a dissecting microscope.

REFERENCES
- Wu, Qiang, Fatima Merchant, and Kenneth Castleman, eds. Microscope image processing. Elsevier, 2010.
- Bradbury, Savile. The evolution of the microscope. Elsevier, 2014.
- Cavalier-Smith, T. (1975). The origin of nuclei and of eukaryotic cells. Nature, 256(5517), 463-468.
- Kanhere, A., & Bansal, M. (2005). Structural properties of promoters: similarities and differences between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nucleic acids research, 33(10), 3165-3175.