Objectives:  “Science is a cumulative and endless series of

empirical observation which result in the formation

After reading this unit you will be able to of concepts & theories, with both concepts &
 Understand the meaning & importance of theories being subject of modification in the light of
general science. further empirical observation. Science is both a
 Describe the place of science in school body of knowledge & the process of acquiring &
curriculum refining knowledge.”
 Explain the disciplinary approach of
organization of science curriculum.  Griggs
 Explain the integrated approach of organization  “In the literal sense, science means the pursuit of
of science curriculum. knowledge but it has a wider connotation for our
purpose, and can be said to mean knowledge of
nature in the widest possible form.
Introduction

 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru On the basis of these definitions of science we can say
“Science does not simply sit down & pray for that:
things to happen, but seeks to find out why things 1. Science is a study of natural phenomenon.
happen. It experiments and tries again and again and
sometimes fails and sometimes succeeds & so bit by bit 2. It is organized & systematized learning.
it adds to human knowledge. This modern world of ours
is very different from ancient world or the middle ages. 3. It is a body of cumulative & ordered observations.
This great difference is largely due to Science.”
4. It is the knowledge based on observations,
experiments.
Science is a trial and error. As very rightly
quoted above our every day is different from the earlier 5. Science is a process as well as the product.
days & this is largely due to the contribution of science
in our life. We can’t live happy life without Science. The
science has become integral part of our life. Science has
also influenced educational enterprise & hence it is also
the integral part of our educational system. Learning of
science has become unavoidable part of general
education.

Meaning of General Science

 Einstein
 “An attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our Importance of General Science
sense experience correspond to logically uniform
systems of thought.”
The modern civilization is a scientific
This means that all people have different ideas and civilization. In this age the modern society is completely
different experiences, and only with knowledge can the drawn into the scientific environment. Today science has
whole world reach one logical conclusion that everyone become an integral part of our life & living. Now we
accepts. cannot think of a world without science. The importance
of general science in day to day life may be summarized
 Columbia dictionary
as under.
 “Science is an accumulated & systematized learning,
in general usage restricted to natural phenomenon.” 1. Agricultural Advancement- Science has
revolutionized the agricultural field. The new
 Science Manpower Project scientific understanding of the nature of living
 creatures, both plants & animals, has led to a Science is an important subject in school
spectacular improvement in agricultural technology. curriculum because man’s future depends to a large
extent on scientific advances & development of
Science has brought revolution in mechanism of
productive activity. Hence there is a great need to teach
agriculture. The effective use of fertilizers, pesticides,
science in school curriculum.
modern methods of cultivation, improved verities of
seeds etc. are few examples of importance of science in NOTE: Science impacts the many decisions we make
the agricultural sector. Science gives information about every day. From taking care of our health and well-
insert-control, cattle-diseased, use of manures & health being and deciding to buy paper or plastic in the
measures help a farmer & his family. grocery store or even answering a child’s question who
asks what the reason for blue skies is, science plays a
2. Health- Science has helped all of us in improving
significant role throughout our day. Science is
our health. The old prejudice of vaccination has
interaction with other people that teaches patience and
broken down with the result of that small pox has
perseverance. It can also help children develop a
been practically wiped out. Science has proved to be
healthy dose of skeptical thinking, educate children on
a savior to mankind where contagious diseases &
how to think about their surroundings, and makes them
epidemics have been prevented by scientific
aware that they can help in solving the world’s issues.
techniques.
Science education gives students the opportunity to gain
a better knowledge of how and why things function.
3. Trade and Industry- The ways & processes of Science can teach children about the world that
trade & industry have been changed due to impact of surrounds them. Everything from human anatomy to
science. Industries have become advanced due to techniques of transportation, science can reveal the
advancement in sciences. mechanisms and the reasons for complicated systems.
The information gained from science can be used to
NOTE: For example industries such as textile, grasp new ideas, make educated choices and pursue the
steel, electronic, drug, small scale etc have been pursuit of a new passion
advanced due to advancement in science.
 Kothari Commission
In the words of Kothari Commission, “The - “We lay great emphasis on making science an
Wealth & Prosperity of a nation depends on the effective important element in school curriculum. We,
utilization of its human & material resources through therefore, recommend that science and mathematics
industrialization. The use of human material for should be taught on compulsory basis to all pupils as
industrialization demands its education in science & a part of general education during first ten years of
training in technical skills. Industry opens up schooling. In addition there should be provision of
possibilities of greater fulfillment for the individual.” special course in these subjects at the secondary
4. Education- Facilities for study of engineering & stage, for students of more than average ability.”
medicine in different branches have been increased due
to development of science. As a result various new  United Nations Educational, Scientific and
branches in different disciplines have emerged. This Cultural Organization (UNESCO’s) International
provides more opportunities for jobs in the market. Education Commission (1972)
- “Science & technology must become essential
5. Other beneficiary areas components in any educational enterprise; they must
be incorporated into all educational activity intended
These includes;
for children, young people & adults.”
a. Transportation
b. Banking Science has now become a compulsory subject in the
c. Communication school curriculum because of its multifarious value to
d. Entertainment the individual as well as the society
e. Digitalization & Media
1. Intellectual Value:
Place in School Curriculum - The Science has introduced us to new ways of
thinking and reasoning.
- Scientific knowledge helps to sharpen our intellect - Science has made us more aware of the universe we
& promotes intellectual honesty. The science live
education can develop the positive attitudes like - Science has played an important role in determining
open mindedness such positive is helpful to an the culture & civilization of a country from time to
individual to understand, evaluate and solve many time. It has affected our way of thinking & way of
problems faced in life. living.
- Science has a direct influence in dispelling many
Science has introduced us to new ways of traditional beliefs.
thinking and reasoning. Intellectual values are those - The scientists take an equal responsible part in the
characteristics that are directly related to the intellect, vital issue of our country so as to bring about
memory, knowledge, reason and other elements; related consideration & integration of scientific
to reflection and criticism of reality. developments & our cultural heritage.
People who apply intellectual values want to handle
6. Moral Value:
knowledge based on truth and, if possible, objectively.
- Knowledge of science develops in us truthfulness &
reasoning. These qualities are deable in all human
2. Vocational Value: beings. These qualities make the life worth living.
- In present age all the vocation need the knowledge This could be possible with the teaching of science.
of science more ever there are large no of vocations
for which study of science is compulsory 7. Psychological Value:
requirement examples: Medicine, Engineering, - Teaching of science is essential for developing
Computers, Para medicines, agriculture etc. scientific attitudes & scientific temper. The principle
- The study of science at a school level is the basis of of learning by doing is the main basis of the teaching
many vocations & other productive activities in the of science & satisfies the instincts of curiosity,
latter life of students. creativeness, self assertion, self expression etc. of
the pupils.
3. Aesthetic Value:
- Knowledge of science develops in man a passion for 8. Adjustment Value:
truth & thus he has a passion for beauty. - A person having scientific attitude lives a peaceful
- The English Poet Keats has said, “Truth is Beauty.” & successful life.
Science is basically unfolding of the mysteries of
nature & nature is a store house of all the beautiful Scientific attitude is if you believe that
things. Thus teaching of science is necessary for everything that happens in this world has a reason.
developing aesthetic sense in an individual. Curiosity, shows interest and pays particular
attentions to objects or beliefs. Asks questions and
4. Utilitarian Value: seeks answers.
- all integral part of our life is strongly influenced & Objectivity, if he does now allow feelings and
advanced due to advancement in science. biases to influence recording of observations,
- Scientific principles & laws find a large number of interpretation of data and formulation of
applications in our everyday life. For proper utility conclusions.
of such applications knowledge of science is
necessary Electronics, Electricity, communication,
transport etc all integral part of our life is strongly 9. Leisure Time Value:
influenced & advanced due to advancement in - Science has helped us to overcome the problem of
science. Thus teaching of science is necessary from passing our leisure time & to make best use of it.
utilitarian point of view. - Science has provided us with a large number of
devices such as television, radio, cinema etc. which
are the source of entertainment to all of us. They
also serve as source of knowledge & are used for
spread of mass education & making the community
5. Cultural Value: aware of dangers of various ills.
- Science has also provided a large number of hobbies
which we can pursue in our leisure time. For 2. They should develop the ability to apply the
example Photography. knowledge in everyday life.

Thus from the above discussion it is very clear 3. They should acquire experimental skills such as :
that a subject which is so valuable & psychologically a) Handing apparatus & Instruments
based and so closely connected with our daily life, is b) Arranging apparatus for an experiment.
justified to be included in the curriculum & hence c) Preserving apparatus, chemicals, specimens,
science education is valuable in students individual life models etc.
as also his life in society.
4. They should acquire constructional skills such as:
General & Specific Instrumental Objectives a) Improving simple instruments & appliances; &
b) Repairing certain instruments & appliances of
 The subject taught in the schools have their own everyday use.
identity, importance & educational values.
 The educational value of a subject is established by 5. They should develop drawing skills such as:
goals / aims & objectives. a) Drawing & sketching certain objects,
 Which are achieved by through the study of the instruments & arrangements &
subject. b) Photography in certain objects & specimens.

REMEMBER: 6. They should be able to locate reliable & recent

The aims or long term goals can be information from appropriate sources.
regarded as expression of strategy while objectives
are specific, immediate and attainable goals, specific 7. They should be able to interpret scientific data given
to one subject, precise & clearly defined. in various forms such as tabular, graphical, scientific
etc.
 Objectives are more directly concerned with what
specifically is bein g attempted over a relatively 8. They should develop the power of minute
short period. observation of their surroundings.

An objective is a point or an end view of the possible 9. They should develop the power of oval expression in
achievement in terms of what a pupil is to be able to do science to discuss, argue, describe & raise questions,
when the whole educational system is directed towards using scientific terminology.
educational aims.
10. They should develop the scientific method in
thinking & action.

The objectives are 11. They should adopt the scientific attitude in making
a. General Objectives:- statements, accepting information & forming beliefs.
b. Specific Instrumental Objectives:-
12. They should develop interest in scientific reading &
General Objectives hobbies.

13. They should be able to appreciate the impact of

The Directorate of Extension Programmes for
science on life, both personal & social, the struggle
Secondary Education, Government of India, in its
through which science has advanced & the inspiring
brochure on ‘Evaluation in General Science’ sets some
work of the scientists.
of the objectives of teaching general science in
secondary schools as follows:
Specific Instrumental Objectives
1. The pupils studying general science should acquire
knowledge of the fundamentals of science useful to
all in everyday life.
Specific objectives are related to a particular topic in a c. Arrange experiments for verification of
particular period of time. These objectives can be further hypothesis
divided into the following categories: d. Develop relation between reason & effect
e. Be able to give logic in favour of
1. Knowledge events/happenings in science
2. Understanding f. Draw conclusions from facts acquired from
3. Application observations.
4. Skills

1. Knowledge: 4. Skills:
The pupil acquire skill in experimentation,
The pupil acquires knowledge of terms, concepts, construction, observation, drawing & problem solving.
symbols, definitions, principles, processes & formula of
science.

Specification: Specification:
To demonstrate the achievement of above To demonstrate the achievement of above
objectives, the pupil; objectives the pupil,
a. Draw diagrams nearly, proportionately &
a. Recalls or reproduces methodically
b. Recognizes b. Keep the apparatus / specimen systematically
c. Handle apparatus properly.
2. Understanding: d. Improvise apparatus models & experiments
The pupil develops understanding of terms, e. Locate errors & limitations in experimental set up &
concepts, symbols, definitions, principles, process, in procedures.
formula, reactions, mechanisms etc. f. Solve numerical problems concerning physical
sciences
Specification: g. Measure the objects & events in terms of physical
To demonstrate the achievement of above quantities & units.
objectives the pupil;

a. Give illustrations, It is important to note that these objectives are

b. Compares, determined before teaching starts. If these objectives are
c. Discriminates between closely related concepts, not clear for science teacher he/she may be deviated
d. Classifies from their path. Teacher will not be sure what suppose to
e. Identifies relationship teach why it is to be taught. How it is to be taught?
f. Estimate Hence it is very essential for a science teacher to
g. Estimate the results predetermine the objectives of science.
h. Interprets
i. Verifies General objectives provide a broad overview of
the deed outcome, while specific instrumental objectives
break down the general objectives into measurable and
3. Application: achievable steps that are necessary to reach the ultimate
The pupil applies his knowledge & understanding of goal.
science to unfamiliar situations (or new problem).
Organization of School Curriculum
Specification:
To demonstrate the achievement of above The main purpose of every school is – “To make the
objectives the pupil, child a complete and perfect man.”

a. Analyse a given problem The idea of a "perfect man" is subjective and

b. Construct hypothesis based on observations varies depending on cultural and societal norms. This
phrase refers to the Schools role is to help each child
reach their full potential. Through providing them with a. Disciplinary Approach
the necessary tools, skills, and values to navigate b. Integrated Approach
through life successfully. This includes education,
socialization, emotional support, and opportunities to Disciplinary Approach (Subject centered or traditional
develop their physical, cognitive, and creative abilities. approach)

This will help the child to be able to lead his life in a This approach is also known as the subject
better way than he is today. Therefore schooling is an approach or the traditional approach. As each subject is
important human activity. In formal school, education separately taught by the teacher in the area of the
curriculum is the major means to impart knowledge and particular subject in question. For example science was
skills. Different scholars have defined it in different traditionally taught as a subject with different
ways. compartments such as physics, biology, and chemistry as
separate components of the science subject.
 Cunningham, “The curriculum is a tool in the hands
of artist (teacher) to mould his material (pupils) Similarly language was taught as a separate
according to his ideals (objectives) in his studio subject from other subjects. English was taught as being
(school). different from Hindi, Oriya, History, Geography etc.
Thus each subject has a well defined boundary from
In other words, the curriculum is a means for which there is no connection to the other.
teachers to guide and direct their students towards
specific learning outcomes or objectives. Just as an Thus the approach in which every subject is
artist uses different tools and techniques to create a taught as a separate discipline is called as disciplinary
work of art, a teacher uses the curriculum to help their approach. This approach is based on the premise that,
students achieve certain goals or ideals. the subject is a store house of facts, methods, theories,
concepts & generalizations. In disciplinary approach the
focus is more on the subject & its content rather than the
 P. Samuel, “The curriculum is the sum total of the process. In India the disciplinary approach is very
experiences of the pupil that he receives through, the popular in the higher secondary level. It shall be the
manifold activities that go on in the school, in the responsibility of teacher to show the connection between
classroom, in the laboratory, in the library, on the different disciplines (subjects).
playground, in the workshops & seminars, & in the
numerous informal contacts between teacher & Characteristics of disciplinary approach
pupils.”
a. In-depth Conceptual Knowledge
According to this statement, the curriculum Every subject has detailed and in-depth
encompasses all the experiences a student has within the conceptual knowledge
school. In other words, the curriculum is not just limited
to what is taught in the classroom, but it also includes b. Disciplinary based teaching
all the experiences that a student has while attending Each subject is taught as a separate discipline.
school.
c. Content based teaching
The major issue in the field of education today is The teaching of disciplinary based curriculum
organizing science curriculum in an effective largely based on content.
manner.
d. Source of knowledge/information
In disciplinary approach the teacher is the main
source of knowledge / information.

e. Main purpose
Therefore are two major approaches regarding the The main purpose of disciplinary approach is to
organization of science curriculum viz. prepare specialist, scientists etc.
f. Mastery of the subject Disinterest in particular subject / discipline may
The learner is expected to master the subject lead to dropout.
matter.
3. Require expert teachers
g. Chalk & talk based teaching The disciplinary approach requires highly
This approach mostly leads to chalk & talk knowledgeable & expert teachers.
based teaching.
4. Less Scope of socialization & social skills
h. Text book is main authority Isolated teaching reduces the scope of
This approach restrains student observations, socialization and social skills.
values or conclusions different from the textbook which
is the main authority in disciplinary approach. This approach may be effective in developing
specialized knowledge and skills, but it can also lead to
Importance /Merits of the disciplinary a fragmented view of education, where students may not
approach see the connections between different subjects or
understand how they relate to the real world.
a. Expert in the subject
This approach develops expertise in particular Overall, the disciplinary approach can be a
subject valuable part of a comprehensive education, but it
should be balanced with opportunities for students to
b. Subject Growth integrate their learning across multiple subjects and
The disciplinary approach foster the growth of apply it to real-world problems.
the subject.

c. Time Saving
Disciplinary approach is very time saving in
terms of course completion.

d. Detailed Conceptual Understanding

The disciplinary approach of organizing science
curriculum provides detailed conceptual understanding Integrated Approach
of the subject.
 Pigdon & Woolley, 1992
- “An integrated approach allows learners to explore,
gather, process, refine and present information about
the topics they want to investigate without the
e. Theory building constraints imposed by traditional subject barriers.
The disciplinary approach is very useful in
building theory in particular subject/discipline.  Base on skills development around a particular skill

f. Higher level thinking In an integrated approach, learners are not

As in disciplinary approach the subject is store limited by the traditional subject barriers, such as those
house of theories, concepts, generalizations etc. This imposed by the separate study of math, science, social
lead to higher level thinking. studies, and language arts. Instead, they are encouraged
to gather information from different subject areas and
Limitations use it to gain a more holistic understanding of the topic
they are exploring. This allows learners to see the
1. Less opportunity for creativity connections between different subject areas and how
The disciplinary approach does not provide they can work together to solve complex problems.
much opportunities for students creativity.

2. Dropout
 Traditional subject barriers refer to the way 1. The curriculum set up of science at primary
knowledge is divided into separate disciplines or level i.e. general science is an example of
subjects. integrated approach.

 Integrated approach encourages student to see the Following are the ways of integration
interconnectedness and interrelationships between
the different curriculum areas. Instead of focusing a. Cross disciplinary approach:-
on learning in isolated curriculum areas, an This approach examine an issue typically
integrated approach is based on skill development relevant to one discipline through the lens of another
around a particular theme that is relevant to students discipline.
of a particular class.
A simple example of a cross-disciplinary approach is the
An integrated approach in education means that use of mathematics in biology. Say for example, sa
students learn about a particular theme that is relevant biology nag study tag growth sa bacterial colonies, nya
to them, by using knowledge and skills from different para ma calculate nato puydi ta, maggamit og equations
subject areas. This approach helps students to see how like kani nga kind sa bacteria mu double iyang size
different subjects are connected to each other and how every hundred minutes so eexpress nto na in equation. Y
they can be used together to solve real-world problems, equals 2X abi na checheche. therefore ang math silbi
instead of just learning about each subject separately. our tool and provides teachniqes for us to analyze kinds
of problem given
One example of an integrated approach in
education is project-based learning. In a project-based b. Multi disciplinary approach:-
learning approach, students work on a project that This approach examines an issue from multiple
requires them to apply knowledge and skills from perspectives, without making a concerted effort to
multiple subject areas to solve a real-world problem or systematically integrate various disciplines.
address a complex issue.
we are gonna use knowledge and methods sa lain2 nga
For example, a middle school science class subjects para we can examine the topic deeply. For
could work on a project to design a sustainable example, ang topic nato kay human nutrition. Dha
community. In this project, students would need to apply musulod ang biology to understand unsa may naa sa
their knowledge of science (e.g. environmental science, food ug giunsa pag affect niyaani sa tua body, dayon
earth science) to design buildings and infrastructure puydi pd chemistry para ma gets nato giunsa pag break
that are energy-efficient and minimize waste. They down sa nutrients nga naa sa foods and how this affects
would also need to apply their knowledge of math to our metabolism ug ah puydi pd guro psychology , for to
calculate the costs of materials and construction, and understand how humans make food choices and how
their knowledge of social studies to consider the impact eating habits are formed
of their designs on the community.
c.Inter-disciplinary approach:-
This approach encourages students to see the This approach examines an issue from multiple
interconnectedness and interrelationships between perspectives, leading to a systematic
different subject areas, rather than focusing on isolated effort to integrate the alternative perspectives into a
curriculum areas. By working on a project that unified or coherent framework of analysis.
integrates multiple subject areas, students develop skills
and knowledge that are relevant to the real world and gina examine nato ang topic from multiple perspectives,
can apply them in a meaningful way. This approach also example ga study tag human brain from biological and
helps students see the relevance of what they are psychological perspectives, sa biology were gonna focus
learning to their lives outside of school, which can sa unsay structure and function sa brain while sa
increase their engagement and motivation to learn. psychology were gona examines how our brain
influences our behavior and mental processes.
Example:
 The integrated curriculum approach is successful in
making students more aware of content area
 connections, providing a learning environment The role of a teacher is mediator between knowledge
supporting academic and social needs, dissolving the and child.
boundaries among the disciplines, and fostering
stronger student/teacher relationships. Students The teacher acts as a guide for their students, helping
participating in an integrated curriculum have them to navigate complex ideas and concepts, and
demonstrated a more positive attitude about breaking them down into manageable pieces that are
themselves & school. Similarly teachers are appropriate for their age and level of understanding.
provided with a new opportunity to work together, They also help to contextualize the information, showing
increasing collegiality. how it relates to real-world situations and experiences.

Summary 5. Use of modern method

Cross-disciplinary approach: Youre gonna examine a The integrated approach requires use of modern methods
topic through the lens of another discipline or a subject of teaching such as inquiry based teaching.

Multi-disciplinary approach: it draws on knowledge Inquiry-based teaching involves a cycle of questioning,

from different disciplines but stays within their investigating, and reflecting
boundaries.
6. Flexibility:-
Inter-disciplinary approach u bridge or cross the No rigid disciplines exist. Integrated approach is
connection of different subjects to gain topic as a whole flexible.

Overall, an inter-disciplinary approach is the most 7. Preparation of future citizens:-

integrated and collaborative, while a cross-disciplinary The main purpose of integrated approach is to prepare
approach is the least integrated. A multi-disciplinary the future citizens of a society.
approach falls somewhere in between, with more
integration than a cross-disciplinary approach, but less 8. Openness:-
than an inter-disciplinary approach. The approach is open to new ideas and procedures.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTEGRATED 9. Multi learning Environment:-

APPROACH:- The approach requires multi learning environment such
as classroom, lab, outdoor,
1. Wide conceptual knowledge computer, internet etc.
Integrated approach provides an opportunity for
broader & wider conceptual knowledge.

This means that with this approach a student

could have a broad understanding of the subject and this
provides an opportunity for them to expand their
knowledge with the fundamental ideas sa subject

2. Child-centered teaching
Integrated approach promotes child centered teaching IMPORTANCE / MERITS OF INTEGRATED
APPROACH
It allows children to explore and learn in a way
nga this will help to make learning more relevant for 1. Detailed conceptual understanding
them as they can see how the skills and knowledge they This approach help the learner to get detailed conceptual
are acquiring can be applied to their own lives. understanding of the content.
3. Integration of skills with contents
Integrated approach of curriculum organization promote 2. Choice based selection of discipline / subject
integration of skills with contents. Integrated approach help the students to select
discipline / subject according to their own interest.
4. Teacher as a mediator
3. Creativity
This approach foster creativity among learner.

4. Promotion of modern methods

This approach promotes modern methods of teaching
such as collaborative learning,
cooperative learning etc.

5. Development of self-concept & socialization

Integrated approach helps in developing self-concept &
socialization

6. Realistic Application
This approach has realistic applications.

LIMITATIONS OF INTEGRATED APPROACH

1. Time Consuming
Integrated approach is time consuming as a single theme
analysis is done with different
discipline point of view.

2. Need of well equipped & expert teacher

Integrated approach needs well equipped & expert
teachers who are capable of using modern methods of
teaching.

3. Create confusion
If this approach is not handled carefully then child may Check your progress
get confuse in various disciplines.
1. Give any two definitions of general science.
4. Proper selection & organization of various disciplines  Einstein defines science as “An attempt to make
Integrated approach needs expertise to select theme and the chaotic diversity of our sense experience
organization of various disciplines. correspond to logically uniform systems of
thought.”
There is no definition of general science or
science which is universally accepted. In general we can  According to the Columbia dictionary “Science
define science as an accumulated and systematized is an accumulated & systematized learning, in
learning in general usage restricted to natural general usage restricted to natural phenomenon.”
phenomenon. Science is the activity where truthfulness
is obviously an essential condition for success. Its
success is measured by its truthfulness. Today each and 2. Enumerate the areas influenced by science
every occasion of life is influenced by science has  Health
become an integral part of our school education system.  Education:-
 Agricultural Advancement
NOTE: a disciplinary approach involves teaching and  Trade & Industry:-
learning within a single subject area, while an  Other beneficiary areas:-
integrated approach incorporates multiple subject areas
to create a more comprehensive educational experience. These include,
a. Transportation
b. Banking
c. Communication
d. Entertainment The multi-disciplinary approacgh refers to incorporating
e. Digitalization & Media different subjects and seeing how it is interconnected
with each other,

3. State any five general objectives of teaching general For example, a project on renewable energy could
science incorporate concepts from science, math, and
 They should develop the power of oval engineering. Students might research different types of
expression in science to discuss, argue, describe renewable energy, such as wind or solar power, and use
& raise questions, using scientific terminology. math to calculate the potential energy output of different
 They should develop the scientific method in systems. They might also design and build a working
thinking & action. model of a renewable energy system, incorporating
 They should adopt the scientific attitude in principles of engineering and physics.
making statements, accepting information &
forming beliefs. By combining knowledge and skills from multiple
 They should develop interest in scientific disciplines, project-based learning encourages students
reading & hobbies. to think critically and creatively, and to see the
 They should be able to appreciate the impact of connections between different subjects.
science on life, both personal & social, the
struggle through which science has advanced &
the inspiring work of the scientists.

4. Write specific instructional objectives for the topic Multi-disciplinary approach refers to the use of
“Chemical Change” knowledge and methods from different subjects to
 Identify the difference between a physical and a examine a topic deeply.
chemical change.
 Describe the process of a chemical change For example, let's take the topic of human nutrition. We
 Give examples of chemical changes that occur in use biology to understand what is in food and how it
everyday life. affects the body. Then we can use chemistry to
 List the signs of a chemical change understand how the nutrients in food are broken down
and how this affects our metabolism. And we can even
4. Write two approach of organizing science use psychology to understand how humans make food
curriculum choices and how eating habits are formed.

Disciplinary Approach & Integrated Approach. Therefore, by using knowledge and methods from
different subj, we can now understand the topic in
deeper sense.

The cross-disciplinary approach basically means that we

are going to examine a topic through the lens of another
disciple/subject.

For example, the application of mathematics in biology.

To determine the rate of growth of different bacterial
colonies, we can use mathematical equations. Say that
there is a certain species of bacteria that doubles in size
every hundred minutes. To calculate its rate of growth,
we can represent this in an equation. Therefore, in this
situation, math serves as our tool and it helps us to have
a technique to analyze this kind of problem.