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Composite Materials CZ2B

Fiber-reinforced composites consist of strong fibers embedded in a matrix material. The fibers carry loads while the matrix holds them in place and protects them from damage. Common fiber materials include glass, carbon, and Kevlar, embedded in polymer, metal, or ceramic matrices. Composite properties depend on fiber orientation, with maximum strength along the fiber direction. Laminating layers of fibers at different orientations allows tailoring composite properties for structural applications.

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Vahid Kamraninejad
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43 views20 pages

Composite Materials CZ2B

Fiber-reinforced composites consist of strong fibers embedded in a matrix material. The fibers carry loads while the matrix holds them in place and protects them from damage. Common fiber materials include glass, carbon, and Kevlar, embedded in polymer, metal, or ceramic matrices. Composite properties depend on fiber orientation, with maximum strength along the fiber direction. Laminating layers of fibers at different orientations allows tailoring composite properties for structural applications.

Uploaded by

Vahid Kamraninejad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Composite Materials

Fiber-Reinforced Composites
• Fiber-reinforced composite materials consist of
fibers of high strength and modulus embedded in
or bonded to a matrix with distinct interfaces
(boundaries) between them.
• Both fibers and matrix retain their physical and
chemical identities, yet they produce a
combination of properties that cannot be
achieved with either of the constituents acting
alone.
• In general, fibers are the principal load-carrying
members, while the surrounding matrix keeps
them in the desired location and orientation, acts
as a load transfer medium between them, and
protects them from environmental damages due
to elevated temperatures and humidity, for
example.
• Thus, even though the fibers provide
reinforcement for the matrix, the latter also
serves a number of useful functions in a fiber-
reinforced composite material.
• The principal fibers in commercial
use are various types of glass and
carbon as well as Kevlar 49.
• Other fibers, such as boron, silicon
carbide, and aluminum oxide, are
used in limited quantities.
• All these fibers can be incorporated
into a matrix either in continuous
lengths or in discontinuous (short)
lengths.
• The matrix material may be a
polymer, a metal, or a ceramic.
• The most common form in
which fiber-reinforced
composites are used in
structural applications is
called a laminate, which is
made by stacking a number
of thin layers of fibers and
matrix and consolidating
them into the desired
thickness.
• Fiber orientation in each
layer as well as the
stacking sequence of
various layers in a
composite laminate can be
controlled to generate a
wide range of physical and
mechanical properties for
the composite laminate.
• Traditional structural metals, such as steel and
aluminum alloys, are considered isotropic,
since they exhibit equal or nearly equal
properties irrespective of the direction of
measurement.
• In general, the properties of a fiber-reinforced
composite depend strongly on the direction of
measurement, and therefore, they are not
isotropic materials.
• Tensile strength and modulus
of a unidirectionally oriented
fiber-reinforced polymer are
maximum when these
properties are measured in the
longitudinal direction of fibers.
• At any other angle of
measurement, these properties
are lower. The minimum value
is observed when they are
measured in the transverse
direction of fibers, that is, at
90° to the longitudinal
direction.
http://www.intechopen.com/books/polyester/fibre-
reinforced-polyester-composites
Tensile Properties, Examples
Other Properties
• In addition to the directional
dependence of properties,
there are a number of other
differences between structural
metals and fiber-reinforced
composites.
• For example, metals in general
exhibit yielding and plastic
deformation. Most fiber-
reinforced composites are
elastic in their tensile stress–
strain characteristics. http://www.frpindia.com/images/stress_curves.jpg
• However, the
heterogeneous nature
of these materials
provides mechanisms
for energy absorption
on a microscopic
scale, which is
comparable to the
yielding process .

http://www.jwave.vt.edu/crcd/kriz/lectures/OnePageLect.html
• Depending on the type and severity of
external loads, a composite laminate may
exhibit gradual deterioration in properties but
usually would not fail in a catastrophic
manner.

P. Sampath Rao et al., International Journal of Composite Materials


2012; 2(4): 48-52
P. Sampath Rao et al., International Journal of Composite Materials
2012; 2(4): 48-52
• Mechanisms of damage development and
growth in metal and composite structures are
also quite different and must be carefully
considered during the design process when
the metal is substituted with a fiber-reinforced
polymer.
Constituents
Other (surface
Fiber Matrix coating, coupling
agent,…)

Laminae
Lamina ”1” Lamina “2” …, Lamina “n”

Laminate
Stack “1” Stack “2” Stack “n”
Unidirectional Bidirectional Multidirectional Unidirectional Random
continuous continuous continuous discontinuous discontinuous
fibers fibers fibers fibers fibers
• The thickness required to support a given load or to
maintain a given deflection in a fiber-reinforced
composite structure is obtained by stacking several
laminas in a specified sequence and then consolidating
them to form a laminate.
• It is also possible to combine different kinds of fibers to
form either an interply or an intraply hybrid laminate.
An interply hybrid laminate consists of different kinds
of fibers in different laminas, whereas an intraply
hybrid laminate consists of two or more different kinds
of fibers interspersed in the same lamina.
• Fiber-reinforced polymer laminas can also be
combined with thin aluminum or other metallic
sheets to form metal–composite hybrids, commonly
known as fiber metal laminates (FML)
http://www.build-on-prince.com/images/frp-stress-strain-600.jpg

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