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Potential changes in unpreserved urine include physical, chemical, and microscopic alterations over time due to oxidation, bacterial growth, and cellular degradation. Physically, the color may darken or change and clarity may decrease due to crystal precipitation and bacteria. Chemically, the pH increases and components like glucose, ketones, and bilirubin decrease due to bacterial conversions and breakdown. Microscopically, blood cells, casts, and motile organisms like trichomonads decrease while bacteria proliferate exponentially. These changes highlight the importance of prompt testing and proper storage and handling of urine samples.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
60 views3 pages

Anurbf Assignment

Potential changes in unpreserved urine include physical, chemical, and microscopic alterations over time due to oxidation, bacterial growth, and cellular degradation. Physically, the color may darken or change and clarity may decrease due to crystal precipitation and bacteria. Chemically, the pH increases and components like glucose, ketones, and bilirubin decrease due to bacterial conversions and breakdown. Microscopically, blood cells, casts, and motile organisms like trichomonads decrease while bacteria proliferate exponentially. These changes highlight the importance of prompt testing and proper storage and handling of urine samples.
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Potential Changes in Unpreserved Urine

A. PHYSICAL

Observation Mechanism
Color Darkens or changes Oxidation or reduction of solutes

Clarity ↓ Crystal precipitation; bacterial proliferation


Odor Ammoniacal, foul smelling Bacterial conversion of urea to ammonia (and bacterial proliferation)

B. CHEMICAL

Observation Mechanism
pH ↑ Bacterial conversion of urea to ammonia; loss of CO2
Glucose ↓ Consumed by cells and/or bacteria
Ketones ↓ Volatilization and bacterial conversion
Bilirubin ↓ Photo-oxidation to biliverdin by light exposure
Urobilinogen ↓ Oxidation to urobilin
Nitrite ↑ Bacterial conversion of dietary nitrates
Crystals ↑ Appearing due to cooling of the specimen
Cells and Casts ↓ Decreasing due to cellular degeneration
Microorganisms ↑ Increasing due to proliferation

C. MICROSCOPIC

Observation Mechanism
Blood cells ↓ Lysis and/or disintegration, especially in dilute and alkaline urine
Casts ↓ Disintegration, especially in dilute and alkaline urine
Bacteria ↑ Exponential proliferation of bacteria
Trichomonads ↓ Loss of characteristic motility and death
A. PHYSICAL B. CHEMICAL C. MICROSCOPIC

Urine Color General Sources of Error with Reagent Strip Cells


Testing
Normal Yellow due to urochrome • Red Blood Cells • Bacteria
Dilute urine Colorless, pale yellow Failure to test within Changes in chemical • White Blood Cells • Yeasts
Concentrated urine Dark yellow, amber 2 hr of collection or composition • Epithelial Cells • Parasites
Bilirubin Amber, orange, yellow- to preserve correctly • Spermatozoa
green; yellow foam on Failure to bring False-neg enzymatic rxns • Mucus threads
shaking refrigerated
Urobilin Amber, orange; no yellow specimens to RT Crystals
foam on shaking before testing
Homogentisic acid Normal on voiding; Failure to mix False-neg leukocyte, Normal Crystals
brown or black on specimen well blood Acidic Alkaline
standing Failure to follow Erroneous results • Uric acid crystals • Amorphous
Melanin Brown or black on manufacturer’s • Amorphous urates phosphate crystals
standing instructions • Calcium oxalate • Calcium carbonate
Methemoglobin Brown or black Failure to dip all test False-neg rxns crystals crystals
Myoglobin Red; brown on standing pads in urine • Triple phosphate • Ammonium biurate
Blood/hemoglobin Pink or red when fresh; Prolonged dipping False-neg rxns crystals crystals
brown on standing Failure to remove Runover of chemicals to
Porphyrin Port-wine excess urine from adjacent pads, distortion Abnormal Crystals
Drugs, Green, blue, red, orange strip of colors • Cystine crystals • Leucine crystals
medications, food Failure to read at Erroneous results • Cholesterol crystals • Tyrosine crystals
Pseudomonas Green, blue-green recommended time • Sulfonamide crystals • Bilirubin crystals
infection Failure to compare Erroneous results • Ampicillin crystals
to color chart or read
in good light Casts
Clinical Correlation of Urine Color
Failure to store Erroneous results
strips properly
Orange Bilirubin • Hyaline • Epithelial • Waxy
Failure to perform Erroneous results • RBC cell • Fatty
Pyridium
quality control • WBC • Bacterial • Broad
Red RBCs
Expired strips Erroneous results • Granular
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin Highly pigmented Atypical colors, false-pos
Porphyrins urine rxns
Black Oxidized RBCs, denatured
haemoglobin
Melanin

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