Anurbf Assignment
Anurbf Assignment
A. PHYSICAL
Observation Mechanism
Color Darkens or changes Oxidation or reduction of solutes
B. CHEMICAL
Observation Mechanism
pH ↑ Bacterial conversion of urea to ammonia; loss of CO2
Glucose ↓ Consumed by cells and/or bacteria
Ketones ↓ Volatilization and bacterial conversion
Bilirubin ↓ Photo-oxidation to biliverdin by light exposure
Urobilinogen ↓ Oxidation to urobilin
Nitrite ↑ Bacterial conversion of dietary nitrates
Crystals ↑ Appearing due to cooling of the specimen
Cells and Casts ↓ Decreasing due to cellular degeneration
Microorganisms ↑ Increasing due to proliferation
C. MICROSCOPIC
Observation Mechanism
Blood cells ↓ Lysis and/or disintegration, especially in dilute and alkaline urine
Casts ↓ Disintegration, especially in dilute and alkaline urine
Bacteria ↑ Exponential proliferation of bacteria
Trichomonads ↓ Loss of characteristic motility and death
A. PHYSICAL B. CHEMICAL C. MICROSCOPIC