General Biology phosphate backbone with bases such as ade-

nine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, while

III. Genetics the deoxyribose portion contains pentose
sugar.
Genetics • Chromosomes are threadlike structures
• Scientific study of genes and heredity; how made of protein and a single molecule of
certain qualities or traits are passed from par- DNA that serve to carry the genomic infor-
ents to offspring as a result of changes in mation from cell to cell.
DNA sequence. • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) essential in various
• "Gen" means beginning. Parents pass traits biological roles in coding, decoding, regula-
on to their children. Genetics is the science tion and expression of genes.
of genes and how traits passed on from one
generation to the next. IV. Genetic Disorders

Gregor Johann Mendel • It is a category of diseases that includes cer-

• Botanist, Teacher, and Augustinian prelate, tain types of birth defects, chronic diseases,
the first person to lay mathematical founda- developmental problems, and sensory
tion of the science of genetics, in what came deficits that are inherited from one or both
to be called Mendelism. parents.
• He experimented on garden pea hybrids • A genetic disorder happens when a gene/s
while living at a monastery and is known as has a problem with its code, and this causes a
the Father of Modern Genetics. health problem.
• Sometimes a genetic disorder happens when
Key Terms in Genetics a child inherits it from one or both parents.
Other times, it happens only in the child (and
• Punnett Square graphical representation of the parents do not have the genetic disorder).
the possible genotypes of an offspring arising
from a particular cross or breeding event. Genetic Disorders can be:
• Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an
organism; in other words, it describes an or- Chromosomal: This type affects the struc-
ganism's complete set of genes. This term tures that hold your genes/DNA within each
can be used to refer to the alleles, or variant cell (chromosomes). With these conditions,
forms of a gene, that are carried by an organ- people are missing or have duplicated chro-
ism. mosome material.
• Phenotype refers to the observable physical • Common Genetic Disorders:
properties of an organism; these include the • Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Sometimes
organism's appearance, development, and be- a genetic disorder happens when a child in-
havior. herits it from one or both parents. Other
times, it happens only in the child (and the
parents do not have the genetic disorder).
• Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13) Trisomy 13
a genetic disorder in which a person has 3
copies of genetic material from chromosome
13, instead of the usual 2 copies. Rarely, the
extra material may be attached to another
chromosome (translocation).
• Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18) In the
case of trisomy 18, the baby has three copies
of chromosome 18. This causes many of the
• Genes are short sequence of DNA encoding baby's organs to develop in an abnormal way.
for a certain trait. It determine traits in an • Fragile X Syndrome also known as Martin-
individual. Bell syndrome, is an inherited condition that
• Alleles are different variants of a gene. They causes developmental delays, intellectual dis-
are responsible for diverse features of a given abilities, learning and behavioral issues,
trait. physical abnormalities, anxiety, attention-
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the infor- deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and/or autism
mation molecule. The nucleic acid has a spectrum disorder, among other problems
 vere with nerve damage. The exact cause of
Complex (multifactorial): These disorders the occurrence of spina bifida isn’t clear. A
stem from a combination of gene mutations combination of genetics & environmental
and other factors. They include chemical ex- factors is thought to be the main cause.
posure, diet, certain medications and tobacco
or alcohol use. Single-gene (monogenic): This group of
• Common Genetic Disorder: conditions occurs from a single gene muta-
• Alzheimer's disease It is a progressive dis- tion.
ease beginning with mild memory loss and • Common Genetic Disorder:
possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry • Cystic Fibrosis is a disease that causes
on a conversation and respond to the envi- sticky, thick mucus to build up in organs, in-
ronment. Alzheimer's disease involves parts cluding the lungs and the pancreas. In people
of the brain that control thought, memory, who have CF, thick mucus clogs the airways
and language. and makes it difficult to breathe. It is genetic.
• Cancer Cancer is a large group of diseases People who have CF inherit two faulty genes,
with one thing in common: They all happen one from each parent.
when normal cells become cancerous cells • Congenital Deafness hearing loss that is
that multiply and spread. It starts when a present at birth. This hearing loss can either
gene or several genes mutate and create can- be manifested at birth or develop later, but is
cerous cells. These cells create cancer clus- the result of genetic causes or other influ-
ters, or tumors. ences that affected the fetus. Both parents
• According to WHO, the most common can- may have healthy hearing yet carry recessive
cers worldwide are breast, lung, colon and genes that cause issues or genetic syndromes
rectum and prostate cancers. in which hearing loss is a symptom.
• Rarest type of cancer is (EHE) or Epithelioid • Sickle Cell Disease inherited disorder that
Hemangioendothelioma where only one in affects your red blood cells, producing a neg-
every one million people are diagnosed with ative impact on your health. In SCD, your
this cancer worldwide. hemoglobin is not normal and cannot pass
• Coronary Artery Disease caused by plaque easily through your blood vessels.
buildup in the wall of the arteries that supply
blood to the heart. Plaque is made up of What are the symptoms of genetic disor-
cholesterol deposits. Plaque buildup causes ders?
the inside of the arteries to narrow over time.
This process is called atherosclerosis. Symptoms vary depending on the type of
• Diabetes a chronic (long-lasting) health con- disorder, organs affected & how severe:
dition that affects how your body turns food • Behavioral changes or disturbances
into energy. Your body breaks down most of • Breathing problems
the food you eat into sugar (glucose) and re- • Cognitive deficits, when the brain can’t
leases it into your bloodstream. When your process information as it should
blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas • Developmental delays that include challenges
to release insulin. with speech or social skills
• Type 1 diabetes chronic (life-long) autoim- • Eating and digestive issues, such as difficulty
mune disease that prevents your pancreas swallowing or an inability to
from making insulin. process nutrients
• Type 2 diabetes - body can’t use energy • Limb or facial anomalies, which include
from food properly. Your pancreas produces missing fingers or a cleft lip and palate
insulin (a hormone) to help your cells use • Movement disorders
glucose (sugar). • Neurological issues such as stroke
• Pre-diabetes you have higher blood sugar • Vision or hearing loss
levels than normal but not high enough to be
considered diabetes. Treatment for Genetic Disorders
• Gestational diabetes (GD) develops in preg-
nancy when blood sugar levels get too high. Most genetic disorders do not have a cure.
• Spina Bifida caused by the incomplete de- Some have treatments that may slow disease
velopment of the fetus’ spine during the first progression or lessen their impact on your life.
month of pregnancy. The condition varies in The type of treatment that’s right for you de-
degree, from mild with no symptoms to se- pends on the type and severity of the disease.
With others, we may not have treatment but we
can provide medical surveillance to try to catch
complications early.
 Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction • Filipinos are generally known “matiisin”, re-
sourceful, helpful, optimistic and prayerful.
Lesson 4: Disaster from Different These characteristics are manifested in the
Perspectives country’s recent fight against covid 19. Due
to the National Health Emergency, Enhanced
1. Physical Perspective Community Quarantine (ECQ) prevailed in
• Calamities are phenomena that cause great the whole country. A lot of people temporar-
physical damage in a community infrastruc- ily lost their jobs, some people stranded in
ture, its people and their properties, e.g. different regions, repatriated OFWs were
house and environmental sources of living. held in different quarantine facilities in
• Natural disasters generally affect the physical Metro Manila, and all people were restricted
infrastructural facilities, agricultural produc- to go out of their homes for months. As a re-
tivity and even lead to loo of life and cause sult, most Filipino families would rely on
damage to property. Various factors influ- government’s help for them to get by. How-
ence the effects of a disaster on a country ever, limited resources and sids from the
among them are magnitude of the disaster, government make people find possible ways
the geography of the area affected, and the to survive amid the pandemic.
recovery efforts directed towards reducing • The culture of “malalamapasan din natin
the immediate effects of a disaster. ‘to..” belief and “bahala na ang Dios” syn-
• Effects of Physical Disasters drome give hope to most Filipinos in the
• Injuries midst of a disaster. Such perspective helps a
• Physical disabilities or illness lot specially those who belong to the
• Sanitation marginalized sector to be hopeful and con-
• Damage in infrastructure tinue fighting against any challenge at hand.
Their belief that a help from someone of
2. Psychological Perspective from our God would arrive at a time they
• Victims of disasters may suffer from Post most needed. It also helps most people sur-
Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) and other vive a lot of oddities in life.
serious mental health conditions, which are • Socio- Cultural Effect Disasters
not being given much attentions to by the au- • Change in individuals
thorities or even by the victims, themselves. • Disruption of social relationships and per-
(This may be sensitive statement) sonal connections
• Disasters are most unpredictable, which
leave the victims in a state of shock. They 4. Economic Perspective
tend to deny the loss and try to escape from • Disasters affect the economic condition of a
reality. Being in a denial state makes the vic- community because they reduse local and in-
tims more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and ternational trade. It can partially or totally
other different maladaptive reactions. Death paralize a country`s transportation system,
of a closed one also leaves the victim in a just like what happened in COVID-19 pan-
state of insecurity because the sense of love, demic. Implementation of a partial and total
attachment and belongingness are deprived. shut down of local buisness operations result
• Psychological effects of a Disaster: a lot of people losing means of living.
• Distress • Economic Effect of Disasters
• Intrusion/ avoidance • Loss of life
• Hatred / revenge • Unemployment
• Dependence/ insecurities • Loss of property
• Grief/ withdrawn / isolation • Loss of households
• Guilt feeling • Loss of crops
• Lack of trust • Loss of public infrastructure
• Hopeless
• Emotional effects 5. Political Perspectives
• Cognitive Effects • Natural disasters are commonly thought to be
• Physical Effects less politically argumentative than armed
• Interpersonal Effect conflicts, yet a closer look shows that both of
• Helplessness the effects of a natural disaster and the result-
ing distribution of humanitarian aid are pro-
3. Socio- Cultural Perspective foundly linked to politics.
• Just as vulnerability to disasters is mediated an individual, a community, assets or systems
by the political stability and political legiti- to the impacts of hazards.
macy (Hórhager, date?). Since agencies of
government have a significant role to play in Vulnerability
directing disaster preparedness, prevention Describes the characteristics and circumstances
and recovery. Social systems establish vul- of a community, system or asset that make it
nerability to natural disasters and govern- susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
ments are often considered to be responsible There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising
for the disasters effects. from various physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors.
6. Biological Perspectives
• The disturbing effects caused by a pravelent Vulnerability (V) is the degree of loss to a
kind of disease or virus is an epedimic or given element or set of elements at risk result-
pandemic level is known as a biological dis- ing from the occurrence of a hazardous phe-
aster nomenon of a given magnitude. It is expressed
• a)Epedemic level: Biological disaster affects on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total loss)
a large number of people within a commu-
nity or area. Ex: Dengue Key Concept of Vulnerability
• b)Pandemic level: Biological disaster affects Vulnerabiity = Exposure+Resistance + Re-
a much large region, sometime spinning en- silience
tire continent or the globe
• Biological disasters can wipe out an entire Exposure: at risk property and population
population at a short span of time. Resistance: measures taken to prevent, avoid or
• Example of it is the COVID19 pandemic reduce loss
which infected millions in less than a mis and Resilience: Ability to recover prior state or
left thousands of deaths in the same duration. achieve desired post-disaster state
Viral respiratory infections ca lead to any-
thing from a mild cough that lasts a few What Makes People Vulnerable?
weeks or months to full-blow persistent
wheezing or asthma ( Martin, 2020). Since Some definitions of vulnerability have included
COVID19 is a respiratory disease, the public exposure in addition to susceptibility to harm.
is advised by health authorities to do health However, it is now understood that exposure is
precaution to prevent social contamination. separate to the susceptibility element of vulner-
Examples are: observing physical distancing, ability since it is possible to be exposed, whilst
appropriate washing of the hands wearing of at the same time not susceptible to natural haz-
mask at all times once outside of one's home, ards. Despite some divergence over the mean-
and boosting one's immune system. ing of vulnerability, most experts agree that un-
Lesson 5: Vulnerability derstanding vulnerability requires more than
analyzing the direct impacts of a hazard. Vul-
Vulnerability in Different Perspectives nerability also concerns the wider environmen-
tal and social conditions that limit people and
According to the International Federation of communities to cope with the impact of hazard
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2019) (Birkmann, 2006).
vulnerability in this context can be defined as
the diminished capacity of an individual or TYPES OR SECTORS OF VULNERABIL-
group to anticipate, cope with, resist and re- ITY?
cover from the impact of a natural or man-
made hazard. There are four (4) main types of vulnerability:

Vulnerability refers to the inability (of a sys- 1. Physical Vulnerability:

tem or a unit) to withstand the effects of a hos- • Meaning the potential for physical impact on
tile environmeent the physical environment - which can be ex-
pressed as elements-at-risk (EaR). The de-
The characteristics determined by physical, so- gree of loss to a given EaR or set of EaR re-
cial, economic, and environmental factors or sulting from the occurrence of a natural phe-
processes which increase the susceptibility of nomenon of a given magnitude and ex-
 pressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1
(total damage) WHAT IS RISK?
• May be determined by aspects such as popu- The probability that a community’s structure or
lation density levels, remoteness of a settle- geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted
ment, the site, design and materials used for by the impact of a particular hazard, on account
critical infrastructure and for housing of their nature, construction, and proximity to a
(UNISDR) hazardous area.

2. Economic Vulnerability: Risk is a function of threats exploiting vulnera-

• The potential impacts of hazards on eco- bilities to obtain, damage or destroy assets.
nomic assets and processes (i.e. business in- Thus, threats (actual, conceptual, or inherent)
terruption secondary effects such as in- may exist, but if there are no vulnerabilities
creased poverty and job loss) Vulnerability then there is little/no risk.
of different economic sectors.
• The poor are usually more vulnerable to dis-
asters because they lack the resources to
build sturdy structures and put other engi-
neering measures in place to protect them-
selves from being negatively impacted by
disasters.

3. Social Vulnerability:
• Refers to the inablity of people, organiza-
tions and societies to withstand adverse im- Practical Research 1
pacts to hazards due to characteristics inher-
ent in social interactions, institutions and sys- Guidelines in Choosing a Topic
tems of cultural values. It includes aspects re- 1. Interest in the subject matter
lated to levels of literacy and education, the 2. Availability of information
existence of peace and security, access to ba- 3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
sic human rights, systems of good gover- 4. Limitations on the subject
nance, social equity, positive traditional val- 5. Personal resources
ues, customs and ideological beliefs and
overall collective organizational systems Topics to be Avoided
(UNISDR). 1. Controversial topics
• Example- When flooding occurs some citi- 2. Highly technical subjects
zens, such as children, elderly and differ- 3. Hard-to-investigate subjects
ently-able, may be unable to protect them- 4. Too broad subjects
selves or evacuate if necessary. 5. Too narrow subject
6. Vague subjects
4. Environmental Vulnerability:
• Natural resource depletion and resource Sources of Research Topics
degradation are key aspects of environmental 1. Mass media communication-television,
vulnerability. Example: Wetlands, such as newspaper, ads, radio, films, etc.
the Caropi Swamp, are sensitive to increas- 2. Books, internet, journals, government publi-
ing salinity from sea water, and pollution cations
from storm water runoff containing agricul- 3. Professional periodicals- specialized periodi-
tural chemicals, eroded soils, etc. cals in different fields
4. General periodicals- Reader’s Digest, Time
WHY DOES VULNERABILITY Magazine, Women’s Magazine, etc.
MATTER? 5. Previous readings
By including vulnerability in our understanding 6. Work experience
of disaster risk, we acknowledge the fact that
disaster risk not only depends on the severity How to Narrow Down a Topic
of hazard or the number of people or assets ex- 7. You can narrow down the topic by explor-
posed, but that it is also a reflection of the sus- ing and extending the explanation of a the-
ceptibility of people and economic assets to ory.
suffer loss and damage.
8. Talk over ideas with people who know re- FORMULATING RESEARCH QUES-
search. TIONS, SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF
9. Focus on specific group. Ex: Students, THE STUDY, SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
Mothers, Teachers STUDY, STATING THE PROBLEM
10. Define the aim or desired outcome of the
study. A research question is an answerable inquiry
• Is the study exploratory, explanatory, or into a specific concern or issue. It is
descriptive? the initial step in a research project.
• Is the study applied or basic?
Writing a Research Question
Before deciding on your topic, ask: Writing a good research question means you
1. What areas are not yet explored that I want have something you want to st
to investigate?
2. Is my research useful to me, to my school, to ✔Specify your specific concern or issue
my family and to my community? ✔Decide what you want to know about the
specific concern or issue
Remember, a research study must be signifi- ✔Turn what you want to know and the specific
cant enough to make it worth your efforts as concern into a question
the researcher. Example of a Broad Topic ✔Ensure that the question is answerable
Narrowed Down to Specific One ✔Check to make sure the question is not too
General Concept: Early Pregnancy Narrow: broad or too narrow
Early Pregnancy among Senior High School ✔ This is the basic process in writing a re-
Students Narrow: Prevention of search question. Writing a good
Early Pregnancy among Senior High School question will result in a better research project.
Students
A research question should be (from the Writ-
It needs to be informative. ing Center of George Mason
It contains the: University):
● What: the subject matter or topic to be inves- ✔ Clear. It provides enough specifics that
tigated one’s audience can easily understand its
● Where: place or locale where the research is purpose without needing additional explana-
to be conducted tion.
● Who: the participants of respondents of the ✔ Focused. It is narrow enough that it can be
study answered thoroughly in the space the
● When: the time period of the conduct of the writing task allows.
study ✔ Concise. It is expressed in the fewest possi-
ble words.
Examples: ✔ Complex. It is not answerable with a simple
‘yes’ or ‘no’, but rather requires
● Struggles in Online Learning Modality synthesis and analysis of ideas and sources
among Students of Tagaytay City Science Na- prior to composition of an answer.
tional High School during School Year 2021- ✔ Arguable. Its potential answers are
2022 open to debate rather than accepted facts.
What: Struggles in Online Learning Modality
Where: Tagaytay City Science National High Writing the Thesis Statement
School • A thesis statement focuses your ideas into
Who: Students one or two sentences. It should present the
When: School Year 2021-2022 topic of your paper and also make a comment
about your position in relation to the topic.
● Less Mastered Competencies of Senior High Your thesis statement should tell your reader
School Students in Tagaytay during School what the paper is about and also help guide
Year 2021-2022 your writing and keep your argument fo-
What: Less Mastered Competencies cused.
Where: Tagaytay • You should provide a thesis early in your es-
Who: Senior High School Students say -- in the introduction, or in longer essays
When: School Year 2021-2022 in the second paragraph -- in order to estab-
 lish your position and give your reader a • Rarely use abbreviations or Acronyms
sense of direction. • Use words that create a POSITIVE IM-
• Tip: In order to write a successful thesis PRESSION and stimulate READER'S
statement: INTEREST
A. Avoid burying a great thesis statement in • Research title should be limited to 5 to
the middle of a paragraph or late in the paper. 15 SUBSTANTIVE WORDS
B. Be as clear and as specific as possible; avoid • Does not include redundant phrasing
vague words. such as "A Study of,"An Analysis of"
C. Indicate the point of your paper but avoid • takes the form of a question or declara-
sentence structures like, “The point of my pa- tive statement
per is...” • rarely use EXCLAMATION POINT in
Tips in Writing Clear Thesis: titles
• Your thesis statement is no exception to your • Mention research participants and set-
writing: it needs to be as clear as possible. ting
• By being as clear as possible in your thesis • Use the correct grammar and capitaliza-
statement, you will make sure that your tion
reader understands exactly what you mean.
• Tip: In order to be as clear as possible in
your writing:
✔Unless you're writing a technical report,
avoid technical language. Always avoid jargon,
unless you are confident your audience will be
familiar with it.
✔Avoid vague words such as "interesting,”
"negative, "exciting,” "unusual," and "diffi-
cult."
✔Avoid abstract words such as "society," “val-
ues,” or “culture.”

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

• The scope of study in your research paper
contains the explanation of what information
or subject is being analyzed. It is followed by
an explanation of the limitation of the re-
search. Research usually limited in scope by
sample size, time and geographic area; while
the delimitation of study is the description of
the scope of study. It will explain why defi-
nite aspects of a subject were chosen and
why other were excluded. It also mentions
the research method used as well as the cer-
tain theories applied to the data.

YOUR STUDY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

• That is why, you need to identify the key rea-
son/s why you are taking a step forward and
make your query into a formal writing. In
this stage, your ‘WHYs’ and ‘HOWs’ will be
answered and explained. Before taking this
step, read the following notes:
• Tips in Writing the Significance of the
Study (Regoniel, 2015)
• Refer to the statement of the problem
• Write from specific contribution to gere-
nal
• Indicate accurately the Subject and the
Scope
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politcs are simply not judged with reference to
one's own culture.
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Ethnocentrism, as sociologist William
Cultural differences are dominant than
Graham Sumner (1840-1910) described
cultural universal, despite how much indi-
the term, involves a belief or attitude that
viduals have similarity. Cultural Universals
one’s own culture is better than all others
are traits that are parts of every known
(1906). Ethnocentrism can be so strong
culture. These include bodily adornment,
that when confronted with all the differ-
courtship, dancing, education, food
ences of a new culture, one may experi-
taboos, funeral rite, etc. Cultural Univer-
ence disorientation and frustration. In so-
sals give rise to Ethnocentrism and Cul-
ciology, we call this culture shock. Just like
tural Relativity/Relativism.
in the brief scenario in Activity 3, Zoe ex-
Cultural Relativism refers to the practice perience culture shock because of the
of assessing a culture by its own standards subculture that she meet in her new envi-
rather than viewing it through the lens of ronment that is why she spent some time
one’s own culture. Ruth Benedict (1887– alone in library. Example: For instance, Pe-
1948) anthropologist argued that each cul- dro is an ethnocentric from the Philip-
ture has an internally consistent pattern of pines; he considers others' beliefs and
thoughts and actions, which alone could practices to be savage or corrupt, or he is
be the basis for judging the merits and often confused by other people's cultures.
morality of the culture’s practices. Cultural Very often, people that are ethnocentric
relativism requires an open mind and a don't know they are using their culture to
willingness to consider, and even adapt to, judge another's. The culture of an ethno-
new values and norms. The logic of cul- centric person is considered the 'normal'
tural relativism is at the basis of contem- way that things are done, just as Pedro be-
porary policies of multiculturalism. lieves.

Multiculturalism refers to both the fact of Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism

the existence of a diversity of cultures
within one territory and to a way of con- Not judging a culture Use of one's own cul-
but trying to under- ture to judge others
ceptualizing and managing cultural diver-
stand it on its own in their society
sity. Example: For instance, Pepay is a cul- terms
tural relativist from the Philippines; she
Putting self in their One's group is the
prefers to look at other cultures in terms
(other culture) center "everything,
of what their practices bring to them. She shoes/eyes. and all others are
believes that if a tribe paints their faces scaled and rated with
for religious ceremonies, there must be a it" - William Sumner
good reason why they do that. Is there a
practical reason for it, or is it symbolic? If
symbolic, where do the symbols come • Cultural Universals give rise to Ethnocen-
trism and Cultural
from? These questions allow a closer ex-
• Relativity/ Relativism.
amination of the practices of others than • Cultural differences are dominant than cul-
ethnocentrism. This doesn't imply that a tural universal
relativist, like Casey, doesn't have strong • Cultural Relativism refers to the practice of
assessing a culture by its own
beliefs of her own. Rather, other cultures
 objects, values, etc.) articulated within a narra-
tive.

Functions of Symbols and Symbolism

• Social symbols are used to transfer culture,
ideologies, or beliefs from group to another
group of people.
• Symbols are also used to preserve traditions
or beliefs of a certain group of people.
• All symbols contain the "face" and "hidden"
values, the hidden value, in a functional per-
spective, holds greater meaning and impor-
tance than the face value.
• Symbols and symbolism have been used to
create movements, spread ideas, and share
advocacies that surpasses time and distance.

Types of Symbols
• Cultural Symbols - manifestation that signi-
fies ideology of a particular culture that has
meaning within that culture.
• Social symbols - relating to human societies
and its modes of organization (i.e., social
classes, social problems, social issues, etc.)
• Political symbols - used to represent a politi-
cal standpoint; seen in various media and
forms such as banners, flag, motto, etc.
• Economic symbols - used in production, dis-
tribution, and consumption of goods and ser-
vices like currency, market, labor, demands
and other economic activities.

General Examples of Cultural Symbols and

Practices
Objects, figures, sounds and colors, facial ex-
pressions, word interpretations, or gestures
such as handshakes and hand signals, instead of
symbols and signs

Cultural Practices are the manifestation of a

culture or sub-culture, especially concerning
Cultural, Social, Political and Economic the traditional and customary practices of a
Symbols and Practices particular ethnic or other cultural group.
Examples: religious and spiritual, medical
Symbol is an object, word, or action that treatment, forms of artistic expressions, culi-
stands for something else, without natural rela- nary, housing and child-rearing practices.
tionship, that is culturally defined. Symbols Some Examples of Religious Symbols
such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and Around the World
words, help people understand the world.
Symbols provide clues to understanding expe- Christian cross - The Christian cross has tradi-
riences. They relay recognizable meanings that tionally been a symbol representing Christian-
are shared by societies, Symbolism, on the ity or Christendom as a whole, and is the best-
other hand, is when something represents ab- known symbol of Christianity.
stract ideas or concepts; it assigns names, de- Star and crescent - The star and crescent sym-
nominations, and defines relations between bol was used as the fag of the Ottoman Empire
various elements (actors, actions, goals, means, from 1844. It was only gradually associated
with Islam, in particular, due to its ubiquitous
use in the decorations of Ottoman mosques in The artifacts or objectifications of different po-
the late 19th century. It was only occasionally litical meanings especially related to power.
adopted as an emblem of Islamic organizations, Political symbols are usually used to embody
such as the All-India Muslim League in 1940 an ideology, an advocacy, or a group of people
(later becoming the Flag of Pakistan), and the with same principles. Political practices are
US American Nation of Islam in the 1970s common things that are done within a state or
Jewish flags- featuring hexagrams alongside country. It is related to the practices done in the
other devices appear from administration, distribution and attainment of
As early as the 14th or 15th century CE. Use of power, bureaucratic composition, etc.
the Star of David as representing the Jewish
community is first recorded in Vienna in the Examples of Common Political Symbols (Col-
17th century CE ors)
Black- anarchism, fascism, Catholicism, Chris-
Some Examples of Cultural Symbols is the tian democracy
Philippines Blue- conservatism, Judaism, men,
The national items and symbols are used to monarchism, liberalism
create Filipino identity and to promote solidar- Brown - Nazism, fascism
ity and unity in the nation. Gold - capitalism, liberalism
• Philippines flag
• Philippines Eagle Political Practices in the Philippines
• Philippine National • Political Dynasties - it is the concentration,
• Anthem consolidation or perpetuation of public office
• National Hero and political power by persons related to one
another.
• Filipino Clans
Some Examples of Cultural Practices in the • Celebrities turned Politicians
Philippines • Palakasan system - refers to a system of get-
• Traditional Medical Practices - belief in ting an advantage when having or knowing
"albularyo", herbal medicines, alternative someone powerful from the office that can
medicines, and other home remedies. recommend you. This usually happens within
• Religious/ Spiritual Practices - Obando government offices.
Festival in Bulacan for fertility, Panaad sa • Trapo (Traditional Politics )
Camiguin as act of penance and pilgrim. • Catholic Church Influence
Feast of the Black Nazarene in Manila, etc. • Power Revolt
• Culinary Practices- Rice 3 meals a day,
Adobo, Sinigang, street foods, Balut, rice
cakes, etc. Child- rearing Practices- respect-
ful (used of the words mano, po at opo). obe-
dience to parents and elders, no talking back
to elders, removing footwear before entering
the house, family mealtime, ninong/ninang,
ate/ kuyn, punishment using belt/tsinelas.

Social Symbols and Practices

It is a visible, external denotation of one's so-
cial position, indicator of one's social or eco-
nomic status.
Status Symbol relates to how individuals and
groups interact and interpret various cultural
symbols. It can be seen in clothing and posses-
sions, societal recognition, material posses-
sions and other recognized symbols used
worldwide such as white dove for peace, red
heart for love, etc,

Political Symbols and Practices

 RE-SOCIALIZATION
•Re-socialization is a kind of learning which
involves the learning of new ways of thinking,
feeling and behaving that are completely differ-
ent from one's previous way of life. For exam-
ple- re-socialization occurs when joins army or
is put in a prison.
Process of Socialization
"Begins At Birth, Ends with Death” REVERSE-SOCIALIZATION
• In reverse-socialization the younger genera-
• The Human Infant comes into the world as tion transfers knowledge to the older genera-
biological organism. He is gradually tion. This occurs mostly in industrial indus-
moulded into a social being by the groups in trial societies where the pace of technological
society. change is very rapid.
• He learns social ways of acting and feeling • EX=A child teaching a grandparent to use a
by imitating others. The process of moulding computer.
into a person is known as "Socialization”
Sigmund Freud(1856- -1939)
Definition of Socialization • Explained the process of socialization
• Bogardus. - Socialization is the process of through three stages:
working together, of developing group re- • ID - is a real pleasure seeker and it wants im-
sponsibility. mediate gratification. It works on pleasure
• Ogburn.- socialization is the process by principle.
which the individual learns to conform to the • EGO - it keeps desire realistic and under
norms of the group. control. The function of Ego based on reality
• Colley - Socialization is a social process principle.
through which an individual develops his • SUPER-EGO - it represents society's norms
own self by learning the norms and by know- and values. It leads to the
ing about his own self from others.

Phases of Socialization Socialization vs. Enculturation

PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION (Crucial Society is different from culture. There are

Stage) many cultures within a society. While members
of society share many of the same expectations
1. THE ORAL STAGE (0-1 year) and experiences, the cultural groups create
• At the oral stage, the infant builds up definite ones that differentiate them from others in soci-
expectations about feeding time and learns to ety.
signal for care.
• Is concerned with toilet training of the child. Socialization
• It is the process through which people
2. OEDIPAL STAGE (4-Puberty) learn to understand the societal norms, ex-
This stage begins roughly at the fourth year pectations, and values as a member of soci-
and goes up to puberty. This is the period when ety.
child becomes a member of the family as a Enculturation
whole. • The process by which an individual adopts
the behavior patterns of the culture in
SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION which a person is immersed.
Acculturation
ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION • Implies the process of transforming the
(Search For Self) cultural beliefs and customs of one's own
• In anticipatory socialization the individual culture, by adopting traits of a different
mimic or copy the behavior of his anticipated culture.
future role. For example-one has anticipated Amalgamation
his/her future role as a doctor he/she will • Refers to the process of mixing two cul-
start picking up doctor's mannerism. tures to create a new culture.
Accommodation
 • When one culture integrates into another Kinds of Discipline
without losing its identity. Discipline is categorized into different types.

Identity Formation Discipline of Nature or Reality

Identity formation starts when one learns to so- • A person meets this kind of control every
cialize and be aware of the culture, behaviors, time he or she tries to do something. A per-
language, morals, and norms of where he or son learns to do things on his or her own
she belongs in. However, as a person grows, he without the supervision of others.
or she learns to make his or her own set of be- Discipline of Culture or Society
liefs, values, and morals. This is how a person • What this discipline instills in every cul-
develops an identity. This is what makes a per- ture is distinct, different, and unique. A
son different from others. person learns according to what he sees in
his society or his culture.
Identity is what makes person distinct from Discipline of Superior Force
others. It is the total knowledge and under- • This discipline is the opposite of the disci-
standing of an individual about who he or she pline of nature or reality. In this training, a
is. person learns through supervision and
guidance.
Types of Identity
1. Personal Development of Personal Identity and
• The concept an individual develops about Aspirations
himself or herself.
• The sense of oneself as a distinct or unique Personal identity develops in many ways, de-
individual. May depend on the age and cir- pending on preferred directions.
cumstances of a person • It may be through enculturation and social-
ization.
• It may also come through observation of a
2. Cultural role model.
• The identity of the culture to which a person • You tend to imitate a successful person that
belongs in leads to changes in personality.
• The feeling or sense of belongingness to a • Your personal identity may change and even-
group tually, you may develop a clear sense of
• A collective sense of companionship that in- yourself.
volves the same beliefs, interests, and funda-
mental principles of living Aspiration is a strong desire and ambition with
which someone is motivated to work hard.
Personal Identity Cultural Identity Keypoints
• Skin color • Belief structure or • Enculturation is the process by which an in-
• Place of residence religious belief dividual adopts the behavior patterns of the
• Manner of spend- • Particular style of culture in which an individual is immersed.
ing time clothing • Socialization is the process through which
• Personal beliefs • Hairstyle and body people learn to understand the societal
• Personal style and arts norms, expectations, and values as a member
choice of clothing • Types of food and of the society.
• Personal way of in- drink • Identity formation starts when you learn to
teracting with oth- • Ways of living socialize and be aware of the culture, behav-
ers iors, language, morals, and norms of where
you belong in.
• Identity is the total knowledge and under-
standing of a person of who he or she is.
Discipline • Discipline is the control that is gained by re-
A way of behaving that expresses a willingness quiring that rules or orders be obeyed and
to obey rules or laws. Behavior that is judged punishing bad behavior.
by how well a person follows a set of rules or • Aspiration is a strong desire and ambition
orders. with which someone is motivated to work
hard.
 3. BUOD - tala ng isang indibidwal, sa sarili
niyang pananalita, ukol sa kanyang mga
narinig o nabasang artikulo, aklat,
panayam, isyu, usap-usapan, at iba pa. Ibig
sabihin, maaaring magsulat o magpahayag
ng buod ng isang nakasulat na akda o ng
oral na pahayag. Samantala, nagagamit na-
man ng mga propesyonal ang pagbubuod
sa kanilang pag-uulat sa trabaho., liham
pangnegosyo, dokumentasyon at iba pa. Sa
pamamagitan ng mga ito. mas madali at
episyenteng naitutulay sa iba ang mga
mensaheng gugugol ng mahabang panahon
kung ilalahad nang buo.
4. SINTESIS - pagsasama-sama ng dalawa o
higit pang buod. Ito ang paggawa ng
koneksyon sa pagitan ng dalawa o higit
pang mga ada o sulatin. Ito ay may kaug-
nayan, ngunit hindi katulad ng
Klasipikasyon, dibisyon, komparison, o
kontrast. Liban sa pagbibigay-tuon sa iba't
ibang kategorya at paghahanap sa
pagkakatulad o pagkakaiba ng mga kon-
septong napapaloob dito, ang sintesis ay
ang pagsasama-sama ng iba't ibang mga
akda upang makabuo ng isang akdang
nakapag-ugnay sa nilalaman ng mga ito.
Ito kung gayon ay isang sulating maayos at
malinaw na nagdurugtong sa mga idea
mula sa maraming sangguniang ginagamit
ang sariling panalita ng sumulat

Dalawang Anyo ng Sintesis

5. Explanatory Synthesis isang sulating
naglalayong tulungan ang nagbabasa o
nakikinig na lalong maunawaan ang mga
bagay na tinatalakay, ipinaliliwanag ang
paksa sa pamamagitan ng paghahatid sa
paksa sa Kanyang mga bahagi at inilalahad
ito sa isang malinaw at maayos na pama-
Ano ang Sintesis? maraan. Gumagamit ito ng deskripsyon o
mga paglalarawan na muling bumuo sa
Mula sa salitang Latin na Griyego na syn- isang bagay, lugar, o mga pangyeyan at ka-
tithenai na ang ibig sabihin sa Ingles ay put to- ganapan. Hindi hinahangad ng sintesis na
gether o combine. Makikita ang mga prosesong Ito na magdiskurso salungat sa isang par-
ito sa mga pagkakataong, halimbawa, pag- tikular na punto kundi naglalayon Itong
uusap tungkol sa nabasang libro kung kailan mallahad ang mga detalye at katotohanan
hindi posible ang pagbanggit sa bawat ka- sa isang parang obhektibo.
banata at nilalaman ng mga ito upang makuha 6. Argumentative Synthesis - may layuning
lamang ang kahulugan, layunin,at kongklusyon maglahad ng pananaw ng sumusulat nito.
ng libro. Sinusuportahan ang mga pananaw na ito ng
mga makatotohanang impormasyon na
A. Kahulugan at Anyo ng Buod at Sintesis hango sa iba't libang mga sanggunian na
nailahad sa parang lohikal. Karaniwang
 pinupunto ng pagtalakay sa ganitong any lad lang din ito ng background synthesis.
ng sintesis ang katotohanan, halaga, Ang pagkakaiba lamang, ang uring sintesis
kaakmahan ng mga isvu at limpormasyong na ito ay tumuton sa mga literaturang
kaakibat ng paksa. gagamitin sa pananaliksik na isinasagawa.
Karanaiwang isinasaayos ang sulatin batay
B. Mga Uri at Katangian ng Mahusay na samga sanggunian ngunit maaari in naming
Buod ayusin ito batay sa paksa.
7. Nagtataglay ng obhetibong balangkas ng
orihinal na teksto - Ang buod ay dapat Maa Hakbangin sa Pagbubod
sumasagot sa mga pangunahing katanun- 15. Habang binabasa ang akda, salung-guhi-
gan tulad ng Sino, Ano, Saan, Kailan, tan ang mga mahahalagang punto at de-
Bakit, at Paano. talye - Ang pagsasalungguhit ay
8. Hindi nagbibigay ng sailing idea at kriti- makatutulong upang madaling balikan ang
sismo - Tanging ang mga impor-masyong mga importanteng isasama sa buod.
nasa orihinal a teksto ang dapat isama. 16. Ilista o igrupo ang mga pangunahing
Hindi dapat dagdagan ito ng pansariling idea, lang mga katulong na ideya , at ang
idea o kritisismo ng nagsusulat. pangunahing paliwanag sa bawat idea -
9. Hindi nagsasama ng halimbawa, detalye о Ang paggugrupong ito ay nakapagbibigay
impormasyong wala sa orihinal na teksto - ng isang balangkas sa maaaring lamanin at
Maglahad lamang ng mahahalagang impor- pagkakaayos ng issulat na buod.
masyong nabanggit sa isang akda sa mas 17. Kung kinakailangan, ayusin ang
malksi at sa katulad na linaw na orihinal. pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga idea o
10. Gumagamit ng mga susing salita - ang mga lohikal na paraan - ang orihinal na awtor
susing salita ay ang mga pangu-nahing ay maaaring gumamit ng iba'"t ibang pa-
konsepto na pinagtutuunan ng teksto. mamaraan pang kanyang ilahad ang pak-
11. Gumagamit ng sariling pananalita ngunit sang tinatalakay.
napananatili ang orihinal na mensahe - ang 18. Kung gumamit ng unang panauhan
paggamit ng personal na pananalita ay (hal.ako) ang awtor, palitan ito ng
makalutulong ng malaki upang maihayag kanyang apelyido ng Ang manunulat, o
ang katulad na mensahe mula sa orihinal a siya - ipinakikita nito na ang mismong
teksto sa mas malkling pahayag. nagbubuod ay iba sa mismong sumusulat o
naghayag ng orihinal na akda
19. Isulat ang buod- Maaring simulan ang
Mga Uri at Katangian ng Mahusay na Buod bod sa isang pahayag na magpapakilala sa
12. Background Synthesis - Ito ay isang uri ng awtor at sa mismong akdang binuod.
sintesis na nangangailangang pagsama- Maaari ring isama na nakuha ang akda at
samahin ang mga sanligang impormasyon kung kailan ito nilimbag. Totoong hindi
ukol sa isang paksa at karaniwan itong in- madali ang preparasyon at pagsulat ng
aayos ayon sa tema at hindi ayon sa sang- isang sintesis. Sa isang baguhan o hindi pa
gunian. gaanong gamay ang pagsulat ng gaitong uri
13. Thesis-driven synthesis - Halos katulad ng akademikong sulatin, makatutulong ang
lamang it ng background synthesis ngunit pagsund sa ilang simpleng hakbang sa pag-
nagkakaiba lamang sila sa pagtution, sulat nito
sapagkat sa ganitong uri ng sintesis hindi
lamang simpleng pagpapakilala at paglala- Walong hakbang sa pagsulat ng sintesis:
had ng paksa ang kailangan kung hindi ang 20. Linawin ang layunin sa pagsulat - mahala-
malinaw a pag-uugnay ng mag punto sa gang maging malinaw ang tunguhin ng
tesis ng sulatin. pagsulat ng sintesis. Dapat masagot ang
14. Synthesis for the Literature - Ginagamit ito tanong na kung bakit ito susulatin. Sa
sa mga sulating pananaliksik. Kadalasang madaling sabi, para san ba ito? Kung mali-
kahingian ng mga sulating pananaliksik naw ang layunin sa pagsulat, ma-
ang pagbabalik-tanaw o pagrebyu sa mga pagdedesisyonang mabuti ang anyo at uri
naisulat nang literature ukol sa paksa. Up- ng sitesis na bubin at dahil dito, magagam-
ang maipakita ang malawak na kaalaman panan ng sualtin ang kanyang layunin.
sa paksa, kailangang magkaraoon g sintesis 21. Pumili ng mga naaayong sanggunian batay
ng mga literaturang kaugnay ng pag-aaral sa layunin at basahin nang mabuti ang mga
ang isang papel pananaliksik. Halos, katu- ito - Kung malinaw ang layunin ng pagsu-
 lat ng sintesis, magiging madali ang pagpili 26. Hanapin ang mga kamalian sa pagsulat at
at paghahanap ng mga sanggunian para higit sa lahat ang mga kamalian sa detalye.
mabuo ito. Nasabi ang pagpapalagay na Isulat muli ang sitesis para maisama ang
ito, sapagkat kung alam ng susulat ang mga nakitang punto na dapat baguhin.
layunin, malalaman rin niya na hahanapin 27. Isulat ang pinal na sintesis - Mula
ang mga sangguniang makatugon sa layun- rebisadong borador, maisusulat na ang
ing ito. Mas madali rin niyang matutukoy pinal na sintesis.
kung akma ang akdang nahanap para
maging sanggunian. Sa pagbuo ng sintesis, isaalang-alang din ang
22. Buuin ang tesis ng sulatin - Tiyakin ang tatlong uri ng pagsusunod-sunod ng mga
tesis ng sintesis na gagawin. Ito ang detalye.
pangunahing idea ng isusulat. Ihayag ito
gamit ang buong pangungusap. Dapat • Sekwensiyal- pagsusunod-sunod ng mga
naglalaman ang tesis na ito ng idea ukol sa pangyayari sa isang salaysay na ginagamitan
paksa at ang paninindigan ukol dito. ng mga panandang naghuhudyat ng
Karaniwang nakikita ang tesis sa unang pagkakasunod-sunod ng
pangungusap na pagtalakay, subalit maaari
rin naming makikita ito sa gitna o hulihan
ng sulatin.

Sa madaling salita, ang sintesis ay ang

pagsasama-sama g mga impormasyon, maha-
halagang punto, at idea upang mabuod ang na-
pakahabang libro, mabuo ang isang bagong
kaalaman, at maipasa ang kaalamang ito sa
sandaling panahon lamang. Sa akademikong
larangan, ang sintesis ay maaaring nasa anyong
nagpapaliwanag o explanatory o argumenatibo
o argumentative synthesis.

23. Bumuo ng plano sa organisayon ng sulatin Ang Bionote ay isang sulating nagbibigay ng
- Maghanda ng balangkas na susundan sa mga impormasyon ukol sa isang indibidwal up-
pagsulat ng sintesis. Ang balangkas na ito ang maipakilala siya sa mga tagapakinig o
ay nakaayon sa ibat ibang mga teknik sa mambabasa. Binigbigyan din ng bionote ang
pagdebelop ng sintesis. Depende sa mga bagay-bagay tulad ng edukasyon, mga
layunin, pumili ng isang teknik o kombi- parangal o nakamit, mga paniniwala at mga
nasyon ng mga ito upang magamit sa pag- katulad ng impormasyon ukol sa ipinakiki-
sulat ng sintesis. Kasama sa mga teknik na lalang indibidwal, hindi lamang upang ipabatid
ito ang pagbubuod. Paggamit ng halim- ito sa mga mambabasa o tagapakinig, kundi up-
bawa o ilustrasyon, pagdadahilan, straw- ang pataasin din ang kanyang kredibilidad.
man technique, konsesyon, o comparison at
contrast. Ito ay halaw sa dalawang salita: bio at note,
24. Ilista ang mga sanggunian - Gamit ang por- Ang bio ay salitang Griyegong ang ibig sabihin
mat na pinepreskrayb ng guro, ilista at ay buhay, at ang note naman ay nangangahulu-
ayusin ang mga ginamit na sanggunian. gan tala sa wikang Ingles. Kung pagsasamahin
Isang mahalagang kasanayan na binibi- ang dalawang salita- ito ay isang tala ng buhay.
gyang-pagkilala ang ano mang akda o sino
mang awtor na pinaghanguan ng imporma- Maraming kadahilanan kung bakit kailangan
son sa ginagawang akademikong sulatin. ng isang bionote. Sa pagtatalakay sa mga dahi-
Karaniwang ginagamit a pormat ang MLA lang inilahad ni Levy (2015), kabilang sa
Modern Language Association at ang APA mapaggagamitan nito ang sumusunod:
o American Psychological Association. • Aplikasyon sa trabaho;
Ang ikalawa ang higit na preferred ng may • Paglilimbag ng mga artikulo aklat, o blog;
akda na ginagamit dito. • Pagsasalita sa mga pagtitipon; at
25. Rebisahin ang sintesis - Basahing muli ang • Pagpapalawak ng network propesyon
sintesis at tukuyin ang mga kahinaan nito.
Karaniwang binubuo ang bionote ng tallo hinihingi ng sitwasyon. langkop ang ilala-
hanggang limang pangungusap, o hindi hihigit mang impormasyon sa paggagamitan nito.
sa tatiang daang (300) salita. Dahil sa maikli 31. Gumagamit ng baliktad na tatsulok (in-
lamang ito, narito ang ilan sa mga impor- verted pyramid) bilang padron. Kapara ng
masyon karaniwang isinasama sa isang ginagamit sa pagsulat ng anumang obheti-
bionote: bong sulatin. Sa ganitong proseso, unahin
• Pangalan ang pinakamahalaga at pinakamakatutu-
• Hanapbuhay at Institusyong Kinabibilangan long na impormason tungkol sa sarili hang-
• Edukasyon gang sa malilift na naaayong detalye.
• Mga Karangalan at Pagkilala 32. Maging matapat sa mga impormasyong
• Mga Publikasyon o Aktibidad na may kinala- nakalagay, Tandaan, sa pagsulat ng
man sa propesyon larangang kinabibilangan bionote, iniiwasang maghimig-mayabang.
Tiyakin lamang na tama at totoo ang lahat
Ayon kay Brogan (2014), Isang kilalang social ng ilalagay ng mga natamo dahil
media guru, may tatlong uri ng bionote ayon sa nakasalalay rito ang kredibilidad na ma-
haba nito: nunulat.
• Micro-Bionote
• Maikling Bionote Mga Hakbang sa Pagsulat ng Bionote
• Mahabang bionote
33. Tiyakin ang layunin. Mahalagang mali-
Ipinaliwanag ni Brogan (2014) na isang maga- naw sa lyo ang layunin kung bakit kailan-
ndang halimbawa ng microbionote ang isang gang isulat ang blonote. Kapag tiyak ang
impormatibong pangungusap na inuumpisahan layunin, matutumbok mo ang mga de-
sa pangalan, sinusundan ng iyong ginagawa, at talyeng nararapat na mabasa o marinig ng
tinatapos sa mga detalye kung paano makokon- mga tao at dahil dito mas mapabubuti mo
tak ang paksa ng Bionote. ang kanilang pagkilala sa paksa ng blonote
at mapataas din nito ang kanyang kredibili-
Ang maikling bionote sa kabilang banda ay dad bilang isang propesyonal o inidibid-
binubuo ng isa hanggang tatlong talatang wal.
paglalahad ng mga impormasyon ukol sa taong 34. Pagdesisyonan ang haba ng susulating
ipinakikilala. Isang halimbawa nito ang journal bionote. Nakadepende rin sa layunin ang
at iba pang babasahin, Samantala, ordinaryo magiging haba ng bionote. Mahalagang
ang isang mahabang bionote sa pagpapakilala pagdedesisyonan ang haba ng bionote
sa isang natatanging panauhin. Ito ay dahil may sapagkat kadalasan ay may kahingian ang
sapat na oras para sa pagbasa nito o espasyo mga organisasyong humihingi nito.
para ito ay isulat. Mahalagang maghanda kung 35. Gamitin ang Ikatlong paunang perspek-
gayon, ng iba't ibang haba ng sariling bionote tib. Kahit pa personal mong bionote ang
upang mayroong nakahandang kopya na maga- iyong isinusulat, iminumungkahing
gamit sa ano mang pagkakataon. gamitin ang perspektibong ito dahil nanun-
yutralays nito ang tila pagbubuhat ng saril-
Katangian: ing bangko dahil inilalahad sa bionote ang
mga pinakamahalagang tagumpay na
28. Sikaping maging maikli lamang ang pagsu- natamo.
lat ng bionote. Ilagay lamang ang mga ma- 36. Simulan sa pangalan. Mahalaga ito dahil
hahalagang impormasyong may malaking ang pangalan ang pinakaimportanteng
ugnayan sa paksa/larang o paggamitan matandaan ng mga tao bilang isang
nito. propesyonal at sinusundan naman ng mga
29. Isulat ito sa ikatlong panauhang pananaw. ginawa at natamo ng paksa.
Sa ganitong paraan, naiiwasang maghimig- 37. Ilahad ang propesyong kinabibilangan.
mayabang at nakakaltas ang personal na Mas maitataas nito ang antas ng
bias sa pagsulat, pagkat ito ay maaaring pagtitiwala sa iyo ng mga tao.
makaapekto sa mga babasa o makikinig. 38. Isa-isahin ang mahalagang tagumpay
30. Sa pagbuo nito, isaalang-alang ang mga Tanging ang mga nakamit at nagawa
mambabasa. May hinahanap na lamang na may kinalaman sa audience ang
kredibilidad ang mga mambabasa sa pag- kailangang isama sa iyong bionote.
basa niva ng isang bionote, pinapayong isa 39. Idagdag ang lang di-Inaasahang detalye
konteksto ang pagsulat nito ayon sa Mahalaga na may element of surprise ang
 pagpapakilala sa lyo. Bagamat magandang
teknik Ito upang mapukaw ang interes nila,
tiyakin na miuugnay it sa okasyon o pan-
gangallangan ng pagpapakilala sa lyo.
40. Isa ang contact information. Kabilang
dito ang lyong e-mail, social medla
account, at numero ng telepono sa trabaho
o personal na numero.
41. Basahln at isulat muli ang bionote. Ka-
pag tapos nang Isulat ang bionote basahin
mo it nang malakas. Sa pagbasa mo nito,
makikita mo ang mga dapat pang ayusin,
tanggalin man o dagdagan. Masusuri mo
rin kung epektibo ang paglalahad nito.
Mula sa lyong personal ng mga puna, mull
itong Isulat.
General Biology 2 and can be used on a wide range of plants,
animals & microorganisms.
Many people are unaware that humans have
been practicing genetic engineering since the In medicine, been used to mass-produce in-
ancient times. This practice has been common sulin, human growth hormones, follistim
long before genes were discovered. (for treating infertility), human albumin,
monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors,
Selective breeding or classical breeding in agri- & vaccines.
cultural crops and livestock has actually altered
the genetic make-up of these organisms over In research, organisms are genetically engi-
the centuries in such a way that they no longer neered to discover the functions of certain
resemble their non-domesticated relatives. genes.

GENETIC ENGINEERING Industrial applications include transforming

microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast, or in-
Key Terms sect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a
useful protein.
• Biotechnology: The use of living organisms
(especially microorganisms) in industrial, Industrial applications
agricultural, medical, and other technological - Mass quantities of the protein can be pro-
applications. duced by growing the transformed organism
• Cloning: The production of a cloned embryo in bioreactors using fermentation, then puri-
by transplanting the nucleus of a somatic cell fying the protein.
into an ovum.
Genetic engineering is also used in agriculture
Genetic engineering (also called genetic to create genetically-modified crops or geneti-
modification) is a process that uses laboratory- cally-modified organisms.
based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of
an organism. The general outline / steps of recombinant
DNA are as follows:
Classical Breeding: involves mating two mem- 1. Cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction
bers of a species (plant, yeast, or animal) each enzymes. Restriction enzymes are called
of whom possesses one or more different and ‘molecular scissors’ cutting the DNA at spe-
desirable traits - in order to create a hybrid in- cific target sequences leaving a single-stranded
dividual possessing both traits overhang at the site of the cleavage.
2. Selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle
Recombinant DNA Technology: involves us- which would propagate the recombinant DNA.
ing enzymes and various laboratory techniques The most commonly used as vectors are plas-
to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of in- mids (circular DNA molecules that originated
terest. This method can be used to combine (or from bacteria, viruses and yeast cells).
splice) DNA from different species or to create • Plasmids are not part of the main cellular
genes with new functions. The resulting copies genome, but they carry genes that provide the
are often referred to as recombinant DNA. host cell with useful properties such as drug
resistance, mating ability, and toxins produc-
Modifications in genetic engineering may in- tion. They are small enough to be conve-
volve the following: niently manipulated experimentally &

42. Introduction of new traits in organisms.

43. Enhancement of a present trait by increas-
ing the expression of the desired gene.
44. Enhancement of a present trait by disrupt-
ing the inhibition of the desired genes’
expression.

Genetic engineering has applications in

medicine, research, industry and agriculture
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGAN-
ISMS (GMO)

(GMO) Genetically Modified Organism are

organisms whose genome has been engineered
in the laboratory in order to favor the expres-
sion of desired physiological traits or the gen-
eration of desired biological products.

According to available information, the pro-

duction of GMO crops began in the U.S. in
1994 with the placement of the first GM prod-
uct tomato. Furthermore GM production ex-
pands in other parts of the world: U.S., Ar-
gentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Paraguay and
India.

Most animals that are GMOs are produced for

use in laboratory research. These animals are
used as “models” to study the function of spe-
cific genes and, typically, how the genes relate
to health and disease.

Genetically modified foods cause controversy.

Genetic engineering typically changes an or-
ganism in a way that would not occur naturally.