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Varied Aproaches Used in Anylysing English Syntax

The document discusses various approaches to analyzing English syntax, including sentence diagramming and the Reed-Kellogg system. It provides details on the Reed-Kellogg system, which was introduced in the 1870s as a method for diagramming sentences using a visual organization system. It describes the basic structures and rules of the Reed-Kellogg system for diagramming different sentence components and structures. The document also briefly introduces immediate constituent analysis and some of its key concepts and components related to syntactic analysis.

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Jayzarane Saniengco
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182 views60 pages

Varied Aproaches Used in Anylysing English Syntax

The document discusses various approaches to analyzing English syntax, including sentence diagramming and the Reed-Kellogg system. It provides details on the Reed-Kellogg system, which was introduced in the 1870s as a method for diagramming sentences using a visual organization system. It describes the basic structures and rules of the Reed-Kellogg system for diagramming different sentence components and structures. The document also briefly introduces immediate constituent analysis and some of its key concepts and components related to syntactic analysis.

Uploaded by

Jayzarane Saniengco
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© © All Rights Reserved
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VARIED APROACHES USED

IN ANYLYSING ENGLISH
SYNTAX
SYNTAX
the arrangement of words and
phrases to create well-formed
sentences in a language.
SENTENCE DIAGRAM
is a visual organization system that you
can use to see how the parts of speech
like nouns, verbs, prepositions, and
articles work together and relate to each
other in any given sentence.
REED-KELLOGG SYSTEM
WHAT IS THE REED-KELLOG SYSTEM?

·Introduced in the 1870s by Alonzo Reed and


Brainerd Kellogg.
·A method for diagramming sentences that was
commonly taught in grammar classrooms in the past.
·A method of learning grammar and syntax by
creating "pictures" of individual sentences.
METHODS OF DIAGRAMMING IN THE
PAST VS THE REED-KELLOGG SYSTEM

These grammarians believed


that students would benefit
from discovering the logical
order of words in a sentence,
allowing them to understand
how to write effectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
REED-KELLOGG SYSTEM

·Primary purpose is to break a sentence down


into easily identifiable parts.

·Method is simple compared to other forms of


sentence diagramming

·A great entry to sentence diagramming


Basic Diagramming Rules
of the Reed-Kellog System

THE 2 BASIC STRUCTURES OF THE REED-


KELLOG SYSTEM

If the object is a direct object, the line is vertical.


THE 2 BASIC STRUCTURES OF THE REED-


KELLOG SYSTEM

If the object is a predicate noun or adjective, the line


looks like a backslash (\) sloping toward the subject.
Any sentence modifiers, such as adjectives and articles, are
placed on a diagonal line below the noun or verb it is modifying.

Sentence: The detective is a young prodigy.


Graphing sentences with indirect objects:

Sentence: Ayaka gave me a purple hairpin.


Graphing sentences with prepositions:

Sentence: Klee left her bag at the fish pond.


Gerunds are written on a stepped line.


When making a sentence diagram for an imperative sentence,
simply put “(you)” in the subject place.

Sentence: Don’t trust the skull.


Advanced Diagramming
Rules
of the Reed-Kellog System

Compound subjects and


how to diagram conjunctions:
•Separate subject line into two or more lines.
•Use conjoined diagonal lines to connect them to the
baseline where the main predicate verb sits.
•Write each subject on one of the horizontal lines, with
their respective modifiers below each.
•At the point where the diagonal lines start, draw a
vertical dotted line and write the conjunction sideways
on the line.
Compound subject:

Sentence: Collei and Amber


went to the festival together.

Conjunctions are placed on a dotted line


Compound predicate:
Compound predicates use a mirrored version of the construction
for compound subjects.

Sentence: Lumine collected calla


lilies and gave them to Kaeya.
Compound predicate with one direct object
Sentence: Lisa files and records the books in the library.
Multiple nouns
If a conjunction connects two or more nouns that aren’t the subject,
diagram the nouns on separate lines stacked like a list and draw a
dotted vertical line between them.

Sentence: Anya really dislikes studying,


crowds, and athletics
•For multiple modifiers, write each adjective or adverb separately on
diagonal lines under the word they modify.
•Then, draw a dotted horizontal line between them near the top and
write the conjunction on that line.

Sentence:
The assassin
kills cleanly and
stealthily.

If you’re
diagramming a
compound sentence with
two independent clauses,
diagram each clause
individually and then
connect their verbs with a
dotted line that looks like a
step. Sentence: Cyno told some jokes, but his friends
were not amused.
Subordinate clauses
•Similar to compound sentences, start

by diagramming each clause
individually, with the independent clause on top.
•Then, connect the clauses with a diagonal dotted line between the
verbs and write the conjunction on that line.

Sentence:
John Lee can pay
off his debt if
Ginger helps him.
References:
•https://www.grammarly.com/blog/sentence-diagramming/
•https://www.conceptdraw.com/examples/sentence-
diagramming-indirect-object
•https://www.conceptdraw.com/examples/grammar-by-diagram
•https://blog.ung.edu/press/classroom-grammar-an-
introduction-to-the-reed-kellogg-system/
•https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/804d/68a0210135f99015aa1ae
b524d3ce9c53a3d.pdf
IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS
IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS
Was first mentioned by Leonard
Bloomfield.
Developed further by Rulon Wells.
The process reached a full-blown
strategy for analyzing sentence structure
in the early works of Noam Chomsky.
IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS
also called Ic Analysis
a system of grammatical analysis that
divides sentences into successive layers,
or constituents, until, in the final layer,
each constituent consists of only a word
or meaningful part of a word.
PHRASES
5 COMMONLY OCCURING TYPES OF PRASE:
NOUN PHRASE (NP)
VERB PHRASE (VP)
ADVERB PHRASE (AdvP)
ADJECTIVE PHRASE (AdjP)
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (PP)
A noun phrase is a group of two or more
words headed by a noun that includes
modifiers.

Examples:
The man
A cat
A verb phrase is a group of two or more
words that acts like a verb in a sentence.

Examples:
The girl danced gracefully.
Justin ate a banana.
An adverb phrase refers to a phrase that
often plays the role of telling us when,
where, why or how an event occurred, in
which the adverb functions as the
headword of the phrase.

Ex: He ran very quickly.


An adjective phrase refers to a phrase
that modifies a noun. It built upon an
adjective which functions as the
headword of the phrase.

Ex: She is extremely intelligent.


A preposition phrase refers to a phrase
that begins with a preposition, in which
the preposition functions as the headword
of the phrase.

Ex: The cat in the room.


The girl arrived at the restaurant.
SYNTATIC LABELS Deg : Degree
S : Sentence N : Noun
NP : Noun Phrase V: Verb
VP : Verb Phrase P : Preposition
AdjP : Adjective Phrase Pro : Pronoun
AdvP : Adverb Phrase Adj : Adjective
PP : Prepositional Phrase Adv : Adverb
Det : Determiner Aux : Auxiliary Verbs
Art : Article Conj : Conjunction
Int : Interjection Vl : Linking Verb
PRINCIPLE
Binary Segmentation- cutting the
sentence into two natural dibisions, and
each of these is again cut and this
process is repeated until the smallest
meaningful units (morphemes) are
reached.
COMPONENTS
Constructions- any given unit which is to be divided
into two component unit.
Constituents- any word or morpheme or construction
which enters into some larger construction.
Immediate Constituents- two componemt of that
construction are called the immediate constituents of
that construction.
Ultimate Constituents- the units at the last level which
cannot be further divided without tampering with the
meaning.
The boy jumped on the bed.
S
NP VP
Det N V PP
P NP
Art Det
N
Art
The boy jumped on the bed
RECURSION
Recursion is the repeated
sequential use of a particular
type of linguistic element or
grammatical structure
AMBIGUITY
syntactic ambiguity (also called structural
ambiguity or grammatical ambiguity) is the
presence of two or more possible
meanings within a single sentence or
sequence of words.
SYNTATICAL AMBIGUITY
-more than one possible structure in the
same string of words.

ex: I saw Emerson with a telescope.


MORPHOLOGICAL AMBIGUITY
More than one morphological
interpretations.
Ex:
Unlockable
Untieable
LEXICAL AMBIGUITY
A word has more than one meaning.

ex:
bat
duck
References:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/immediate-
constituent-analysis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_constituent_a
nalysis
https://www.grammar-
monster.com/glossary/noun_phrases.htm
https://youtu.be/PATIKE2c8kE
https://youtu.be/mPCRcSpHGpw
FUNCTIONS OF NOUN
Exploring and Understanding What Nouns Can Do
WHAT IS A NOUN?
A noun is a word that names something,
such as a person, place, thing, or idea.
In a sentence, nouns can play the role
of subject, direct object, indirect object,
subject complement, object
complement, appositive, or adjective.
Functions of Noun

Subject of the Object of


Sentence. Preposition.
Direct Object of the Predicate
Nominatives.
Verb.
Object Complement.
Indirect Object.
Appositive.
NOUN AS A SUBJECT
functions as the main
topic in the sentence.
NOUN AS A DIRECT OBJECT
a noun that receives the
action (verb must be an
action word) I answers
"WHOM or WHAT"
NOUN AS AN INDIRECT OBJECT
a noun that receives the direct
object in a sentence I answers
"to whom or for whom?" placed
between a verb and a direct
object
Predicate Nominative
renames the subject.
after a linking verb (is/are/was/were).

ex. The teachers were the judges of the contest.


David is the coach of the baseball team.


Object of the Preposition


after a preposition.

(in, on, at, to, with, for, behind, above, under)


ex. The children played hide-and-seek in the park.


We will go to the concert tonight.


Appositive

after a noun, gives more information about it


ex. Kevin, my brother, repairs cars.


My dog, Bruno, loves to eat fried chicken.


Direct Address

to call the attention of someone/ speaker is


directly talking to someone.

ex. Listen carefully, Jane.


Mario, please hand me the plate.


THANK YOU

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