ENGR. BRIONES, MARIELLE Q.

WEEK 1 WASTEWATER APPROXIMATION

Waste water engineering © WATER AND WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY -
Wastewater systems collect, transmit, treat, HAMMER
and dispose of water supplies used by domestic,
industrial, commercial, and public users. They are the
mirror image of water supply facilities. WASTEWATER APPROXIMATION
©UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE

INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE discharged from industries

(e.g., manufacturing and chemical processes) sewage
flow depends on the processes involved in a specific
industry
It is important to determine the quality of the
sewage because direct disposal of effluent is very
critical.
Industries within municipal limits ordinarily
discharge their sewage to the city’s sewer after pre-
treatment.
Sewage is “spent water”
Waste water or sewage flow is estimated depending Estimates of sewage flow may be by assuming
on its source. 85-95 percent of water used becomes sewage
Waste water maybe classified into the following when internal recycle is not practiced.
components
A typical design value for estimating the flows
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SEWAGE/ WASTE from industrial districts that have few wet processes is
WATER in the range 7.5 to 14 cu.m / ha-d for light
• DOMESTIC industrial development and 14-28 cu.m/ha-d
• INDUSTRIAL for medium industrial development
• INFILTRATION AND INFLOW
• STORM WATER INFILTRATION AND INFLOW
water that enters the sewer system from
DOMESTIC SEWAGE “sanitary sewage” groundwater infiltration and storm water that enters
discharged from residences, commercial(e.g., from roof drains, foundation drains, and submerged
banks, restaurants, retail stores), and institutional manholes.
facilities(e.g. schools and hospitals)
INFILTRATION
RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS The water entering a sewer system, including
• rough estimate of 60 to 90 % of domestic sewer service connections and from the ground
water-withdrawal rate may through foundation drains, defective pipes, pipe
• largest flows come from single family houses joints, connections, or manhole walls. Infiltration does
that have several bathroom, automatic not include inflow.
washing machines and other water-using
appliances INFLOW
The water discharged into a sewer system,
COMMERCIAL DISTRICTS including service connections from such sources as
• Estimates for commercial wastewater flows roof downspouts (also called leaders); basement,
range from 7.5 to 14 m3 /ha · d (cubic meters yard, and area drains; cooling-water discharges;
per hectare per day) drains from springs and swampy areas; manhole
covers; cross connections from storm sewers and
ENGR. BRIONES, MARIELLE Q.
combined sewers; catch basins; storm water; surface
runoff; street wash water; or drainage.

Steady inflow. This category includes water from

basement and footing drains, cooling water
discharges, and drains from springs and swampy
areas. It is not distinguishable from infiltration when
hydraulic measurements are taken in the sewer.
Sewerage is a term that describes systems of
Direct inflow. These are inflows that cause an pipes, pumping stations, and appurtenances.
almost immediate increase in wastewater flows. Sewerage is the collection and transport part of
Sources of direct inflow include roof downspouts; wastewater engineering.
basement, yard, and area drains; footing drains;
manhole covers; cross connections from storm sewers SEWERAGE is the infrastructure that conveys
and combined sewers; catch basins; storm water; sewage or surface runoff (stormwater, meltwater,
surface runoff; street wash water; or drainage. rainwater). It encompasses components such as
receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm
STORM WATER overflows, and screening chambers of the combined
Runoff from rainfall and snow melt. sewer or sanitary sewer.

Historically, many communities elected to collect

storm water and wastewater in combined sewers and
convey the peak dry weather flow to the wastewater
treatment plant while large surges of storm water
were diverted directly to surface water bodies.
The resulting mixture of sewage and storm water has
major adverse impacts on the receiving bodies of
water. Current regulations prohibit this combination in
In the Philippines we don’t usually practice
new facilities.
SEWERAGE and SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
too much, especially in rural areas
• Only mid or high-end municipalities and subdivisions
have their own sewer->STP system
• Generally, we practice the conventional Septic Tank
system, especially in common residential areas
• Time will come the Philippines will practice an
integrated sewerage system in every municipality due
SEWERAGE is the infrastructure that conveys to the possible scarcity of clean groundwater/aquifer
sewage or surface runoff (stormwater, meltwater, sources.
rainwater). It encompasses components such as
receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm
overflows, and screening chambers of the combined
sewer or sanitary sewer.
ENGR. BRIONES, MARIELLE Q.
TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS • Natural/storm water is not unnecessarily polluted by
ACCORDING TO TYPE OF SEWAGE sewage.
• SANITARY SEWER
• STORM SEWER DISADVANTAGES OF SEPARATE SYSTEM
ACCORDING TO SYSTEM • Cleaning of sewer is difficult due to their small size.
• SEPARATE SYSTEMS • The self-cleansing velocity is not easily obtained.
• PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEMS • The storm sewers come in operation in rainy season
• COMBINED SYSTEMS only. They may be chocked in dry season by garbage.
• Maintenance cost is high
SANITARY SEWER • Sewage sewers are provided below storm sewer
• Transport domestic and industrial wastes by gravity which causes greater depth and pumping at waste
flow to treatment facilities water treatment plant (WWTP)
• There will be separate detailed discussion regarding
sanitary sewer.

STORM SEWER
• surface water enters a storm drainage thru inlets
located in street gutters or depressed areas that
collect natural drainage
• there will be separate discussion about storm sewer.

SEPARATE SYSTEM
• In this system the sanitary sewage and storm water ADVANTAGES OF PARTIALLY SEPARATE
are carried separately in two sets of sewers. SEWERAGE SYSTEM
• The sewage is conveyed to waste water treatment • It combines the good features of both systems.
plant (WWTP) • The silting is avoided due to entry of storm water.
• Storm water is discharges into rivers without • The storm water from houses is easily disposed off.
treatment. The separated system is suitable when • The sewers are of reasonable size
separate outlet for storm water is available and the
topography is such that storm water can be disposed DISADVANTAGES OF PARTIALLY SEPARATE
of in natural drains. SEWERAGE SYSTEM
• A very small fraction of bad features of combined
system are there in partially separated system.

COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEM

• In this system the sewage and storm water are
carried combine in only one set of sewers to the waste
water treatment. Plant (WWTP) before disposal.

ADVANTAGES OF SEPARATE SYSTEM

• The load on treatment plant is less as only sewage
is carried to the plant.
• The size of sewer is Small, thus economical
• When pumping is NOT required, the system proves
to be economical.
ENGR. BRIONES, MARIELLE Q.

ADVANTAGES OF COMBINED SEWERAGE

SYSTEM
• Easy cleaning because of larger diameter
• Reasonable maintenance cost
• Strength of sewage is reduced due to dilution of
sewage by storm water
• This system requires only one set of sewers making
it economical

DISADVANTAGES OF COMBINED SEWERAGE

SYSTEM
• In storm season sewer may overflow and the sewer
may damage causing serious health risks
• The combine sewer gets silted and becomes foul in
dry days
• Load on treatment plant is more because storm
water is also carried there
• The storm water gets polluted unnecessarily
• The system becomes uneconomical when pumping
is needed.
ENGR. BRIONES, MARIELLE Q.
WEEK 2 then discharged as wastewater. Hence, in this section
Sewage Demand Classification we shall look at the links between water usage and
wastewater discharge and, in particular, how these
WASTEWATER (sewage) vary with time.
- is one of the two major urban water-based
flows that form the basis of concern for the drainage Water Use
engineer
- is the main liquid waste of the community.
Safe and efficient drainage of wastewater is
particularly important to maintain public health
(because of the high levels of potentially disease-
forming micro-organisms in wastewater) and to
protect the receiving water environment (due to large
amounts of oxygen consuming organic material and
other pollutants in wastewater).

BASIC SOURCES OF WASTEWATER

•domestic
•non-domestic (commercial and industrial)
• infiltration/inflow

Quantification

Domestic wastewater is generated primarily from

residential properties but also includes contributions
from institutions (for example, schools, hospitals) and
recreational facilities (such as leisure centers). In
terms of flow quantity, the defining variable is
domestic water consumption, which is linked to
human behavior and habits. In fact, very little water
is actually consumed, or lost from the system. Instead,
it is used intermittently (degrading its quality) and
ENGR. BRIONES, MARIELLE Q.
Wastewater Relationship

Temporal Variability

Pollutant Sources
1. Human Excreta
2. Toilet
3. Food
4. Washing/Laundry
5. Industry

Industrial