Tutorial# 10

Electrodynamics & Optics

Topic –Problems based on the Magnetostatics, Faraday’s
Law of EMI, and Displacement Current
Course Instructor – Dr. M.K. Roy
Tutorial Instructor – Prerit Tandon
(prerit.tandon@iiitdmj.ac.in)
Department of Natural Sciences, PDPM-IIITDM Jabalpur
1
Question#1 :
A perfectly conducting spherical shell of radius 𝒂 rotates
about the 𝒛 axis with angular velocity 𝝎, in a uniform
magnetic field 𝑩 = 𝑩𝟎 𝒛ො . Calculate the emf developed
between “north pole” and the equator.

2
Solution :
𝑭=𝒒 𝒗×𝑩

ෝ
𝒗 = 𝝎 × 𝒓 = 𝝎𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝋

ෝ × 𝑩𝟎 𝒛ො = 𝑩𝟎 𝒒𝝎𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝋
𝑭 = 𝒒 𝝎𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝋 ෝ × 𝒛ො
𝑭.
The emf induced is 𝜺 = ‫𝑬 ׬‬. 𝒅𝒍 = ‫ 𝒒 ׬‬. 𝒅𝒍 ෝ × 𝒛ො 𝒅𝒍
= 𝑩𝟎 ‫ 𝜽 𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝝎 ׬‬. 𝝋

෡
ෝ × 𝒛ො . 𝒂𝒅𝜽𝜽
𝜺 = න 𝑩𝟎 𝝎𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝝋

𝜺 = 𝑩𝟎 𝝎𝒂𝟐 න 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝝋 ෡
ෝ × 𝒛ො . 𝜽𝒅𝜽

3
 ෡×𝝋
𝜺 = 𝑩𝟎 𝝎𝒂𝟐 න 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒛ො . 𝜽 ෝ 𝒅𝜽

෡×𝝋
𝜺 = 𝑩𝟎 𝝎𝒂𝟐 න 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒛ො . 𝜽 ෝ 𝒅𝜽

𝝅Τ𝟐 𝝅Τ𝟐

𝜺 = 𝑩𝟎 𝝎𝒂𝟐 න 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒛ො . 𝒓ො 𝒅𝜽 = 𝑩𝟎 𝝎𝒂𝟐 න 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝟎 𝟎

𝑩𝟎 𝝎𝒂𝟐
𝜺=
𝟐

4
Question#2 :
A fat wire, radius a, carries a constant current I, uniformly
distributed over its cross section. A narrow gap in the wire,
of width 𝒘 ≪ 𝒂, forms a parallel plate capacitor, as shown in
Figure. Find the magnetic field in the gap, at a distance 𝒔 <
𝒂 from axis.
w

a I +σ -σ I

5
Solution :
𝝈 𝑸
The electric field in the gap 𝑬 = = 𝟐 𝒛ො
𝜺𝟎 𝝅𝒂 𝜺𝟎

𝒅
Ampere’s law ‫𝑩 ׯ‬. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒆𝒏𝒄 + 𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎 ‫𝑬 ׬‬. 𝒅𝒂
𝒅𝒕

𝑰 = 𝟎 (In the gap)

w

a I +σ -σ I
𝒅
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎 න 𝑬. 𝒅𝒂
𝒅𝒕

𝒅 𝑸 𝟐
𝑩(𝟐𝝅𝒔) = 𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎 𝝅𝒔
𝒅𝒕 𝝅𝒂𝟐 𝜺𝟎

6
 𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎 𝑰𝒔𝟐
𝑩(𝟐𝝅𝒔) =
𝒂 𝟐 𝜺𝟎

𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒔
𝑩= 𝟐
ෝ
𝝋
𝟐𝝅𝒂

7
Question#3:
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟎 𝝎 𝒂
Given 𝑬 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕 𝐥𝐧 𝒛ො . Find
𝟐𝝅 𝒔
(a) The displacement current density 𝑱𝒅 .
(b) The corresponding magnetic field.

8
Solution :
𝝏𝑬
displacement current density 𝑱𝒅 = 𝜺𝟎
𝝏𝒕

𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟎 𝝎 𝒂
𝑬= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎 𝒕 𝒍𝒏 𝒛ො
𝟐𝝅 𝒔
𝝏𝑬 𝝏 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟎 𝝎 𝒂
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎 𝒕 𝒍𝒏 𝒛ො
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝟐𝝅 𝒔
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟎 𝝎𝟐 𝒂
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎 𝒕 𝒍𝒏 𝒛ො
𝟐𝝅 𝒔
𝝏𝑩
𝜵×𝑬=−
𝝏𝒕

9
 𝒔ො 𝒔ෝ
𝝋 𝒛ො
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝜵 × 𝑬 = 𝝏𝒔 𝝏𝝋 𝝏𝒛
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟎 𝝎 𝒂
𝟎 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕 𝐥𝐧
𝟐𝝅 𝒔
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟎 𝝎 𝒔 𝒂
𝜵×𝑬= − − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕 𝒔ෝ
𝝋
𝟐𝝅 𝒂 𝒔

𝝏𝑩 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟎 𝝎 𝟏
= − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎 𝒕 𝒔ෝ
𝝋
𝝏𝒕 𝟐𝝅 𝒔

𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟎
𝑩= ෝ +𝑪
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎 𝒕 𝝋
𝟐𝝅
10
Question#4:
(a) Find the force on a square loop placed as shown in
figure, near an infinite straight wire. Both the loop and
the wire carry a steady current I.

(b) Find the force on the triangular loop in the figure.

11
Solution : (a)
We know that magnetic field due to infinite current (I) carrying wire at a
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
distance r is given by, 𝑩 =
𝟐𝝅𝒓

So, here
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝒂
At the bottom 𝑩𝟏 = ⇒ 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑰𝒂 = 𝐔𝐩 .
𝟐𝝅𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒔

𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝒂
At the top, 𝑩𝟐 = ⇒ 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑰𝒂 = 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧 .
𝟐𝝅(𝒔+𝒂) 𝟐𝝅(𝒔+𝒂) 𝟐𝝅(𝒔+𝒂)

𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝒂𝟐
The Net Force is 𝐅 = 𝑭𝟏 + (−𝑭𝟐 ) = (Up)
𝟐𝝅𝒔(𝒔+𝒂)

12
12
Solution : (b)

Now for the triangular loop

𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝒂
At the bottom 𝑩 = ⇒𝑭= 𝑰𝒂 = 𝐔𝐩
𝟐𝝅𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒔

For the remaining part of the loop 𝒅𝑭 = 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 × 𝑩

𝝁𝟎 𝑰
= 𝑰 𝒅𝒙ෝ
𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚ෝ
𝒚 + 𝒅𝒛ො𝒛 × 𝒛ො
𝟐𝝅𝒚
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟐
= −𝒅𝒙ෝ
𝒚 + 𝒅𝒚ෝ
𝒙
𝟐𝝅𝒚
The x-component of one side will cancel the corresponding term
from other side. On other hand, y-component will add up.
13
 𝒔 𝒂
+𝟐
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝑭𝒚 = − න 𝒅𝒙 Here, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙
𝟐𝝅 𝒔/ 𝟑 𝒚

𝒔 𝒂
𝟐 +
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝟑 𝟐
𝑭𝒚 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝒔
𝟐 𝟑𝝅 600
𝟑 s
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝟑𝒂 3
=− 𝒍𝒏 𝟏 +
𝟐 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝒔

𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟐 𝒂 𝟐 𝟑𝒂
The Net force on the triangle is 𝐅 = − 𝒍𝒏 𝟏+
𝟐𝝅 𝒔 𝟑 𝟐𝒔

14 14
Question #5:
A circular wire loop (radius r , resistance R) encloses a
region of uniform magnetic field, B, perpendicular to its
plane. The field (occupying the shaded region in the figure)
increases linearly with time (B = αt). An ideal voltmeter
(infinite internal resistance) is connected between points P
and Q.

(a)What is the current in the loop? P Q

(b) What does the voltmeter read? r r

O

15
Solution :
(A) We know that, from the Faraday's law of EM Induction
𝝏𝝓 𝝏 𝑩𝑨
𝝃=− =−
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝑩 𝟐
𝝏𝑩 𝟐
𝝏 𝜶𝒕
= −𝑨 = −𝝅𝒓 = −𝝅𝒓 = −𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝜶
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝟐
𝟐
𝝅𝒓 𝜶
𝑰𝑹 = 𝝅𝒓 𝜶 ⇒ 𝑰 = −
𝑹
If 𝑩 is out of page, Lenz’s law says the current is clockwise.

16
(b) Inside the shaded region, for a circle of radius s, apply the
Faraday’s law

ර 𝑬. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝑬. 𝟐𝝅𝒔 = −𝝅𝒔𝟐 𝜶
P Q
𝒔𝜶 𝒔𝜶
𝑬=− ෡ =−
𝝓 ෝ + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 𝒚
− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓 𝒙 ෝ r
𝟐 𝟐 r
O

𝜶
= ෝ − 𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 𝒚
𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝓 𝒙 ෝ
𝟐
𝜶
𝑬= 𝒚ෝ𝒙 − 𝒙ෝ
𝒚
𝟐

17
Along the line from P to Q, 𝒅𝒍 = 𝒅𝒙ෝ
𝒙 and 𝐲 = 𝐫/ 𝟐

𝒂
So, 𝑽 = − ‫𝑬 ׬‬. 𝒅𝒍 = − ‫׬‬ 𝒚ෝ
𝒙 − 𝒙ෝ
𝒚 𝒅𝒙ෝ
𝒙
𝟐

𝒂 𝒂 𝒓
So, 𝑽 = − ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒚׬‬ = − 𝒓 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝒓𝟐
Thus, P is at the higher voltage, and meter reads
𝟐

18
Question#6:
A long straight solenoid of radius R and n turns per unit
length carries a current 𝑰 = 𝜶𝒕,where 𝜶 is a constant 𝒕 is
time and remains finite. The axis of the solenoid is along z-
axis. Find the magnetic field and electric field of the
solenoid. Show these vector at some instant 𝒕𝟏 at any point
(i) on the axis of the solenoid and (ii) at a distance 𝒓(<
𝑹) from the axis.

19
Solution

Magnetic field due to long solenoid 𝑩 = µ𝟎 𝒏𝑰

= µ𝟎𝒏𝜶𝒕

To find electric field inside the solenoid, consider a closed loop C, of radius r

ෝ 𝒅𝒔
Flux of magnetic field ɸ = ‫ 𝑩 ׬‬. 𝒏

= න 𝑩𝒅𝒔 r

B B

= µ𝟎𝒏𝜶𝒕.𝝅𝒓𝟐

20
 𝝏
From Faraday law, ෝ 𝒅𝒔
ර 𝑬. 𝒅𝒍 = − න 𝑩 𝒏
𝝏𝒕

ර 𝑬. 𝒅𝒍 = −µ𝟎𝒏𝜶𝝅𝒓𝟐

Since ‫𝑬 ׯ‬. 𝒅𝒍 is negative, so 𝑬 lies opposite to the orientation

So −𝐄. 𝟐𝝅𝐫 = −µ𝟎𝒏𝜶𝝅𝒓𝟐

µ𝟎𝒏𝜶𝝅𝐫
𝐄=
𝟐
On the axis of solenoid, at 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟏
𝑩 = µ𝟎𝒏𝒊
= µ𝟎𝒏𝜶𝒕𝟏
𝐄 = 𝟎 as 𝒓 = 𝟎
21
At a distance r from the axis, at 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟏
𝑩 = µ𝟎𝒏𝜶𝒕𝟏
µ𝟎𝒏𝜶𝝅𝐫
𝐄=
𝟐
Question #7:
Consider a capacitor placed in free space, consisting of two
concentric circular parallel plates of radii r. The separation z
between the plates oscillates with a constant frequency
𝝎, 𝒊. 𝒆 𝒛 𝒕 = 𝒛𝟎 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕. Here 𝒛𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛𝟏 < 𝒛𝟎 are constants.
The separation 𝒛 𝒕 ≪ 𝒓 is varied in such a way that the voltage
𝑽𝟎 across the capacitor remains constant.
(a) Calculate the displacement current density and the
displacement current between the plates through a concentric
𝒓
circle of radius .
𝟐
(b) Calculate the magnetic field vector (𝑯) between the plates at a
𝒓
distance from the axis of the capacitor.
𝟐 23
Solution:
𝜺𝟎𝑨
Capacitance 𝑪 =
𝒅

𝜺𝟎𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝜺𝟎𝝅𝒓𝟐
= =
𝒛 𝒕 𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕

𝜺𝟎𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑽𝟎
Charge on capacitor, 𝒒 = 𝑪𝑽𝟎 =
𝒛𝒐+𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕

𝒒
Charge density 𝝈 =
𝑨

𝜺𝟎𝑽𝟎
𝝈=
𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕

24
 𝝈
Electric field between plates of capacitor 𝑬 =
𝜺𝟎
𝑽𝟎
=
𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕
𝝏𝑬
Displacement current density 𝑱𝒅 = 𝜺𝟎
𝝏𝒕

𝑽𝟎𝜺𝟎𝒛𝟏𝝎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
𝑱𝒅 =
𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 𝟐
𝒓
Displacement current through a circle of radius
𝟐

𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝑰𝒅 = 𝑱𝒅 ×
𝟒

25
 𝑽𝟎𝜺𝟎𝒛𝟏𝝎𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
𝑰𝒅 =
𝟒 𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 𝟐

Let us take a loop of radius 𝒙 with centre on the axis ‫𝑯 ׯ‬. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝑯. 𝟐𝝅𝒙

𝑽𝟎𝜺𝟎𝒛𝟏𝝎𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
current enclosed 𝑰𝒅 =
𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 𝟐

Applying Maxwell Equation

‫𝑯 ׯ‬. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝑰𝒅

𝑽𝟎𝜺𝟎𝒛𝟏𝝎𝝅𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
𝑯. 𝟐𝝅𝒙 =
𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 𝟐
26
 𝑽𝟎𝜺𝟎𝒛𝟏𝝎𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
𝑯 =
𝟐 𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 𝟐
𝒓
At 𝒙 =
𝟐

𝑽𝟎𝜺𝟎𝒛𝟏𝝎𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕
𝑯 =
𝟒 𝒛𝒐 + 𝒛𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 𝟐

27
Question #8:
A square loop side 𝑳 and mass 𝑴 is made of a wire of cross-sectional
area 𝑨 and resistance 𝑹. The loop, moving with constant velocity 𝒗𝟎𝒊Ƹ
in the horizontal xy-plane, enters a region 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝒍 having
constant magnetic field 𝑩𝒌. ෡
(a)Find an expression for the 𝒙-component of the force 𝑭 acting
on the loop of its velocity 𝒗 𝒕 , 𝑩, 𝑳and 𝑹.
(b) Find the sped of the loop as its side 𝒂𝒅 exits the field region at
𝒙 = 𝟐𝑳 and sketch its variation with 𝒙.
a b
y

v x
z

c d
28
Solution:

Let us take the variable 𝒙 as the distance of bc from the 𝒙=0

Case-I: When loop partly enters the magnetic field region, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝑳

a
𝝓 = 𝑩𝑳𝒙
b
Flux of magnetic field x
𝝏𝝓 i
𝜺= − = 𝑩𝑳𝒗
v
Induced emf,
𝝏𝒕 c
c c
X=0 X=2L

EMF will be induced so that the current produced by it will produce

magnetic field which will oppose the change of magnetic flux
𝜺 𝑩𝑳𝒗
Current 𝒊= =
𝑹 𝑹
29
Force on loop,
𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐𝒗 a b
𝑭 = 𝒊𝑳𝑩 = towards left
𝑹 x
𝒅𝟐𝒚 𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐𝒗 i
𝒎 𝟐= v
𝒅𝒕 𝑹
𝒅𝒗 𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐𝒗 c

𝑴𝒗 = c c
𝒅𝒙 𝑹 X=0 X=2L

𝒗 𝒙
𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐 𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐
න 𝒅𝒗 = න 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 − 𝒙
𝑴𝑹 𝑴𝑹
𝒗𝒐 𝒐
When loop is fully inside,
𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟑
Velocity 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟎 −
𝑴𝑹
30
Case-II: When loop is completely inside the region, 𝑳 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝑳

Net force acting on loop = 𝟎, because force acting on opposite sides will be
equal and opposite. So velocity remains constant 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟏

Case-III: When bc exits magnetic field region 𝟐𝑳 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝑳

Flux of magnetic field a b
𝝓 = 𝑩𝑳(𝟐𝑳 − 𝒙 − 𝑳 )
x
𝝓 = 𝑩𝑳(𝟑𝑳 − 𝒙) v

𝝏𝝓
Emf Induced, 𝜺= − = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 c i
𝝏𝒕 X=0
d
X=2L
c

𝑩𝑳𝒗
Emf will circulate current in anticlockwise direction, 𝒊=
𝑹
31
Force acting on loop, (side ad) = 𝒊𝒍𝑩
𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐𝒗
= 𝐭𝐨𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭
𝑹
𝒅𝒗 𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐𝒗 a b
𝑴 =−
𝒅𝒕 𝑹 x

𝒅𝒗 𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐𝒗 v
𝑴𝒗 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝑹
𝒗 𝒙 c i
c
𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐
d
X=0 X=2L
න 𝒅𝒗 = − න 𝒅𝒙
𝑴𝑹
𝒗𝟏 𝟐𝑳
𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐
𝒗 − 𝒗𝟏 = − (𝒙 − 𝟐𝑳)
𝑴𝑹
𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟐
𝒗 = 𝒗𝟏 − (𝒙 − 𝟐𝑳)
𝑴𝑹 32
 As ad exits the field region a b
Velocity of loop x

𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟑 v
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟏 −
𝑴𝑹 i
c

𝟐𝑩𝟐𝑳𝟑 X=0
d c

= 𝒗𝟎 −
X=2L

𝑴𝑹
After the whole loop exits the magnetic field region, the velocity remains
constant at 𝒗𝟐
v0

v1
v
v2

O L 2L 3L
x 33
END
34
END