AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR

AFTERMATH
Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense / Spanish-
American war
After defeating the Filipino Guerrillas, the American
• Fought between the United States and Spain in 1898
occupation regime began the Massive Rebuilding of the
• End and Fall of Spanish Empire
Philippines along the American Model and planned an
entire battery of infrastructure to facilitate
(The demise of the Spanish Empire at the end of 19th
1. Military Controls
century enabled the United States, through the Treaty of
2. Public Health
Paris, to acquire the Philippines, along with other island
3. Education
possessions.)
4. Commerce

Treaty of Paris August 15, 1898, The 1st Public works office was placed
• A treaty signed by Spain and the United States on under Military corps engineers headed by General Arthur
December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish– American Mcarthur and Judge Howard Taft and headed the control
War of development planning in the islands including civil
• It was signed by representatives of Spain and the United administration
States in Paris on Dec. 10, 1898.
• Spain relinquish Cuba and cede Puerto Rico and one of THEORY OF STYLE
the Mariana Islands to the United States, and that the • Early colonization
United States hold Manila until the disposition of the • Colonial Mission Revival and Monumental American
Philippines had been determined. Neoclassicism were declared by the United States as its
• U.S. President William McKinley had finally decided that official style in the Philippines at the beginning of the
the United States must take possession of the Philippines. twentieth century.
• The demand was ultimately accepted with the stipulation • Mission Revival, a Style manifested its presence initially
that the United States should pay Spain $20 million in the works of insular Architect Edgar K. Bourne through
nominally for public buildings and public works in the the romantic evocation of America’s Hispanic heritage
Philippines. from Southwestern Frontiers.
• Mission Revival was further articulated by William E.
Independence Day Parsons within associations aesthetics credo that spawned
• 1898, June 12, Aguinaldo declared the independence of hybrid architecture in the Philippines.
the Philippines from Spain in Kawit, Cavite. • Mission Revival is a compliance with Daniel H. Burnham’s
• Established the First Philippine Republic under Asia's architectural prescription to profusely use local building
first democratic constitution. motifs in the design of state architecture.

First Philippine Republic FIRST IMPERIAL DEVELOPMENTS

• Also known as Malolos Republic 1. Construction of Forts and Camps
• A nascent revolutionary government in the Philippines. • US army officers in the Philippines decided to establish
• Formally established with the proclamation of the campus outside the urban centers.
Malolos Constitution on January 21, 1899, in Malolos, • Ancient Spanish barracks were considered as
Bulacan. substandard from the perspective of modern military
• Those in manila were described as “Crumbling stone
Philippine- American War hovels, dank, hot, airless, comfortless and unsanitary”
Fort Stotsenburg - Barrio Sapang Bato in Angeles City,
• February 1899-April 1902, the Republic declared war on
1902
United States
Fort William McKinley – Province of Rizal, East of Manila,
• Filipino revolutionaries under Aguinaldo seized control
1902
of most of the Philippines’ main island of Luzon and
Camp Wallace – Poro Point, La Union,1903
proclaimed the establishment of the independent
Camp John Hay – Baguio, 1905
Philippine Republic
Warwick Barracks– Cebu, 1899
Camp McGrath– Batangas
Camp Eldridge – Los Banos
Camp Wilhelm – Lucena, Quezon
Camp Daraga – Legaspi, Albay
Military camp Facilities: • Fire-resistant roofing material composed of diamond-
• Headquarters shaped roof shingles molded from a mixture of equal
• Officers’ Housing volumes of cement, sand and rice husk and reinforced by
• Enlisted Men’s Barracks woven bamboo.
• Armories • Cement floor and wall slabs, were implanted with sawali
• Warehouse or woven bamboo, a technique analogous to local building
• Messes method known as “tabique”
• Officers Men’s Club • Combined toilet and bath with pipe for sanitation
• Commissaries • Slightly lower than the Bahay-Kubo, Discouraging
• Post Exchange domestic animals under the House.
• Recreation/Sports -facilities • New feature Extended porch or veranda
• Hospitals
• Chapel 4. Urban Facilities
• Landscaping • Lavishing the urban space using technologies of
architectural aesthetics.
2. Urban Cleansing and the New Tropical Hygiene • Public spaces were laid out as lawns with promenades
• With the American colonial Policy in Full Swing in the around them.
Philippines, Urban planning and architecture served the • Old Botanical Garden was converted into Mehan
needs of Secular Education and Garden
• On September 12, 1900, the 1st act approved by the • Luneta Esplanade was rehabilitated and
Philippine Commission with 1 Million USD budget for the extended out to Sea
construction of roads and bridges. • Concreting and Repair of Some streets
• The law required “Every able-bodied man in the Islands • Street Lights
to give 5 days of labor each year on road construction and • American electric street-railway service
maintenance or, in lieu of that, to pay a sum equivalent to • Sewer System
local cost of such labor” • City Water Supply
• Demolishing the Intramuros wall to use stone for paving • Modern Public Market Buildings
streets • Anda Market, Intramuros
• “Obsolete Fortification of Middle Ages” • Aranque Market, Sta. Cruz
• Authorities singled out the stagnant moats that served as • Herran Market, Paco
the breeding ground for malaria-carrying mosquitos and • Quinta Market, Quiapo
recommended to filled with earth. • Sta Ana Market
• Colonial Sanitary reengineering was vital to arrest native • Pandacan Market
unhygienic practices so as not to pose biological threats. • Divisoria Market
• Native’s Toilet Practice • Ports
• Food Handling • Canals
• Dietary Customs • Bridges
• Burial Practices
• Housing Design
MASTER BUILDERS
The Concept of the toilet was introduced in 1902 among
dwellers of the bahay kubo in Manila by way of pail system MONTGOMERY SCHUYLER
of “cubeta” • The First American architectural Historian to Survey
• Problems such as Unhygienic, outdoor bathing and Philippine architecture
cooking and washing along rivers • “The architecture of the Philippines and of the Spanish of
• The first public bath and laundry, a one storey made of West Indies is a great deal better being Spanish than it
concrete, was built in 1913 at Calle Lipa in the district of would…had it been of the United States.”
Sampaloc.
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE
3. Tsalet: The Healthy Housing Alternative • The Insular Architect
• Alternative to Bahay na Bato • Architect reared in the style of eclectic revivalism
• 1912, the Bureau of Health drew up plans for sanitary • “The beautiful roof of Spanish tiles is losing ground
habitations using tsalet prototype. before the invasion of galvanize iron… there is no doubt
• New Materials were being developed to replace highly that for permanent buildings the long-lived Spanish tile
flammable nipa as the staple material for urban will prove more economical”.
constructions.
• Philippine Act no. 1838 sanctioned banishment of Nipa
roof with the invention of incombustible material as
substitute
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE – WORKS Master Plan of Baguio
 Bureau of Science Building 1901 • Health Resort of Americans
• Mission Revival style with two flanking mirador towers, • Majority of Americans in the Philippines recognized the
extended pediments, precast ornaments health hazards accompanying the imperial venture in the
 Insular Ice plant and Cold storage, 1902 tropics.
• First massive building by the Americans • Some had been weakened by dysentery, typhoid, malaria
• Brick-clad façade and a host of other tropical ailments not to mention
• The largest structure of the period to sustain the absence symptoms of depression.
of cold for Americans • Medical Scholars coined a term for “tropical depression”
• Renovation of San Lazaro Hospital, San Lazaro Hygienic • An upland climate believed to be an effective cure to
Morgue with a crematory. tropical fatigue of the Americans.
• Pioneer Nurses of San Lazaro Hospital • Baguio was declared by the Philippine Commission as the
• Bilibid Prison Hospital Summer Capital of the Philippines on June 1, 1903.
• Manila City Hall • Recreation hub of the Americans
• Customs House, 1903
• Made of imported materials, Californian Red 3 PROPOSAL OBJECTIVES
Wood wall shingles, Oregon pine wooden floor and with 1. To provide a street system adapted to the changing
Concrete Dome, footing contours, easy communication, and avoiding east-west &
• Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Mary and John, 1905 north-south orientation of building lines.
• 1st modern church in Concrete 2. To provide suitable locations for public, semipublic and
• Steel truss dome private institutions of importance.
• In 1903 Bureau of Architecture and Construction became 3. To provide recreation areas in the shape of playgrounds,
Bureau of Public Works parks and open esplanades and parkways
• Bourne ended his position due controversy and political
issues WILLIAM EDWARD PARSONS
• Recommended by Burnham personally, to continue the
Beautiful city Movement
DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM • Nicknamed “Caminero” or “Road builder”
“There can be no monetary profit in the work but it would • Introduced the building technology “Kahn Structural
be a door of happiness to men who can to improve System”
opportunity for the sake of the Poetic thing itself” • Terrazzo Stones and Veneer Flooring
• Steel
• Conscripted his services to architecturally materialized • Galvanized Iron Roof
the imperial ambition to build an American tropical empire • Prefabrication
• Reinforced Concrete
City Beautiful Movement: • Concrete Hollow blocks
• Civic core, Wide Radial Avenue, Landscape promenades • PROBLEM-ABSENSE OF SKILLED WORKERS
and visually arresting panorama • Responsible for Public Buildings for Civil services, Health
• Urbanist Aesthetics Philosophy of City Beautiful found services, Education & Transportation Facility.
expression in the White City at the Columbian World’s Fair • Theory of Styles: Buildings with Neoclassic rendition
held in Chicago in 1893 Large with Capiz windows extended to the floor and
arcaded or colonnade.
Burnham’s Recommendations
• Establishment of Civic Core with streets radiating in it • William Edward Parsons – WORKS
Cleaning and development of canals and esteros for • Albay Provincial Capitol
transportation • Laguna Provincial Capitol
• Construction of a Bay Shore boulevard from Manila to • Capiz Provincial Capitol
Cavite • Iloilo Provincial Capitol
• Provisions of zones for major public facility • Marinduque Provincial Capitol
• Parks and Open Spaces for recreational activities • Pampanga Provincial Capitol
• Summer Resorts • Davao Municipal Building
• Paco Rail Station
Master Plan of Manila • based on York Penn Station
• based on City Beautiful Movement and • Paco Public Market
• Style of NEO-CLASSISIM and PALADIANISM of US Capitol • Philippine Normal University & Dormitory
• Philippine General Hospital
• University of the Philippines- University Hall
• University of the Philippines- Manila Rizal Hall
• Army Navy Club and Elks Club
• Manila Club
• YMCA Building FILIPINO ARCHITECTS IN THE BUREAU
• Manila Hotel
• Telephone, air-condition and Lifts (Elevator) OF PUBLIC WORKS
were introduced in Manila Hotel
• Pensionado Program – In 1903, the insular government
Gabaldon Type Schools has launch a scholarship program that allowed Filipino
In 1907, one of the country’s first legislators, Isauro students to pursue university education in the United
Gabaldon, wrote the “Gabaldon Law” or Act No. 1801 States.
which provided the funding for the building of modern • American Government scholarship for the Filipinos.
public schools in the country between 1907 and 1915 with
a budget of P1 million. Filipino Pioneer Architects in the Philippine Islands
• According to historians, Parsons ensured that the “PENSIONADOS BATCH 1”
structures still reflected the Spanish heritage in the design
of the buildings while still embodying modern ideals. Carlos A. Baretto
• So the American architect took inspiration from the • The first recipient of the scholarship for Architecture in
bahay kubo and bahay na bato found in most towns, with Drexel Institute of Philadelphia
the buildings raised 1.2 meters on wooden or concrete • First Filipino architect with an academic degree from
platforms. The Gabaldons also have high ceilings with large abroad.
windows for proper ventilation and lighting for students. • Became the pioneering staff of the Division of
Architecture
GEORGE FENHAGEN • Due to loss and destruction of many official documents,
• Remembered for the UNBUILT Capitol Building in Manila very little is known about life and professional
accomplishments of Baretto in architecture and civil
Masonic Temple service.
• One of the1st multi storey concrete buildings in the
Philippines Antonio Mañalac Toledo
• Graduated from Ohio State University in 1910
RALPH DOANE • William Parson’s Draftsman
• Took full charge as Consulting Architect • Master of Classist Style
• Capitols Buildings, composed of court house, jail, garage,
storeroom, hospital and residence of Provincial Governor Tomas B. Mapua
and Provincial Treasurer • Cornell University
• First Registered Architect in the Philippines
 Pangasinan Provincial Capitol • Founder of MIT
 Leyte Provincial Capitol • First Chairperson of the Board of Examiners for
 Legislative building Architects in the Philippines
• intended for National Library of the Philippines
 Malacañang Executive House Juan De Guzman Arellano
• On May 27, 1936, President Manuel L. Quezon • Brother of Arcadio Arellano
gave instructions for the installation of an air- • Drexel Institute 1911
conditioning system in Malacañang Palace. • University of Pennsylvania, Graduate School
• The office of President Quezon was the first air- • Beaux Arts School of New York
conditioned office in the Philippines. Today, it is • Vernacular Classist & Modernist
called the Quezon Executive Office in honor of Arcadio De Guzman Arellano
President Quezon, and is located in the • Maestro de Obras
Presidential Museum and Library. • Established the 1st surveying office
• 1st Filipino employed by the Americans’ adviser

Architecture Schools and Professional

Organizations in the Philippines
• 1890- Escuella Practica y Profesional de Artes y Oficios
de Manila, established by Spanish Government the First
school for Maestro de Obras or Master Builder
• 1900- Liceo de Manila, First Private school for Maestro
de Obras AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA PENSIONADOS •
1902- Academia de Arquiteqtura y Agremensura de
Filipinas (AAAF)
• the first professional organization of architects, Fernando Hizon Ocampo
engineers and surveyors in the Philippines, offered a four • Revivalist Style
year course in civil engineering and architecture founded • University of Pennsylvania
by Carlos Alejandro Barretto. • Master Degree in Rome
• Offered four-year course in civil engineering and • Designed buildings with straightforward simplicity,
architecture. AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA synthesizing traditional designs with art deco ornaments
PENSIONADOS typifying modern style of the period
• 1921, the First Engineering and Architecture Act No.
2895 was passed by Philippine Assembly, licensure Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil
examination, board exam for engineering and architecture. • Master’s degree Harvard University
• Licensed Maestro de Obras will automatically grant the • 1st National Artist for Architecture (1973)
title architect. • Art deco Vanguard
• THOMAS MAPUA – The 1st Registered Architect in the • Engineer and Architect
Philippines
• 1925, MIT was the 1st Architectural School AMERICAN Pablo Sebero Antonio
AND JAPANESE ERA PENSIONADOS Rev. Fr. Roque Ruaño, • University of London, finished within 3yrs of 5yrs
O.P. opened the UST College of Architecture and Fine Arts program
in 1930. Ruaño was the designer of the 1st earthquake • Vanguard of Art Deco Modernism
shock resistant building in Asia. • 2nd National Artist for Architecture (1976)
• Veered away from the traditionalist and academic styles
1941 –> Adamson University opened its architecture to embrace modern streamlining.
program
1946 –> Cebu Institute of Technology
1953 –> Mindanao Colleges
WAR AND NOSTALGIA FROM THE NATION
• 1933-The Philippine Architects Society was established
(PAS), the first architectural organization in the 1934 - Commonwealth of the Philippines
Philippines undertaking were drafting its own 1941 - Manila was declared as open city to spare the city
constitution and By Laws, the Rules of charges and from damage from the advancing Japanese Imperial Army.
Professional fees, and canon of ethics of the Society. Juan
Nakpil the First President • The citizens were caught in state of shock as the realized
• 1945 the PAS was called for a noble cause to help that the Americans had abandoned the city to Japanese.
rehabilitate the warstricken country.
• The society once again resumed its activities and On February 5, 1945, the American were set to reclaim
changed the name to the Philippine Institute of Architects Manila Imperial
and Planners (PIAP) then to the present Philippine o Last days witnessed the whole destruction of
Institute of Architects (PIA). Manila’s Built Heritage and irreplaceable treasure
of colonial treasures

• Japanese Occupation launched several programs

Filipino Pioneer Architects in the Philippine designed to rechannel Filipino loyalty from US to Japan
Islands “PENSIONADOS BATCH 2” • No significant Architecture was built during the period
• Trained in American universities and had traveled • Takeover of private and public buildings for military
extensively to Europe, exposing themselves to a new style purposes
that quickly swept the western hemisphere – the Art Deco • Manila experienced the horrors of Urban Warfare
• Returned to Philippines armed with the new aesthetics • “Defensible Architecture”
from Euro-America. • Piles of Sandbags
• Glass windows protected by tape
Andres Luna de San Pedro • Darkened Windows – Total Blackout
• Most Senior in the Group
• University of Pennsylvania, 1921
• Revivalist Style
• Introduced new architectural forms by incorporating
modern and exotic design motifs
• Son of painter Juan Luna
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE Renovation of San Lazaro Hospital, San Lazaro Hygienic
Morgue with a crematory.
Bureau of Science Building 1901

Bilibid Prison Hospital

Insular Ice plant and Cold storage, 1902
 Manila City Hall DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

Master Plan of Manila

Customs House, 1903

Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Mary and John, 1905

 Master Plan of Baguio Laguna Provincial Capitol

“American Stick Style Homes” by Edgar Bourne in Baguio

William Edward Parsons

Albay Provincial Capitol

Capiz Provincial Capitol

 Pampanga Provincial Capitol
Iloilo Provincial Capitol

Marinduque Provincial Capitol Davao Municipal Building

 Paco Rail Station Philippine Normal University

Paco Public Market

Philippine Normal University – Dormitory

Philippine General Hospital University of the Philippines - University Hall

University of the Philippines - Manila Rizal Hall

Army Navy Club Elks Club

Manila Club
YMCA Building Gabaldon Type Schools

Manila Hotel

George Fenhagen

UNBUILT Capitol Building in Manila

Masonic Temple
Ralph Doane Legislative building

Pangasinan Provincial Capitol

Malacañang Executive House

Leyte Provincial Capitol

Antonio Mañalac Toledo MANILA-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS OFFICE

Philippine Normal University

Manila City Hall

UP MANILA-COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, CALDERON HALL

CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL

Agrifina Circle: Old Department of Agriculture & Finance

Tomas B. Mapua Mapua Institute of Technology

Philippine General Hospital, Nurses Home

Juan De Guzman Arellano

Banco Español de Filipinas de Reyna Isabela or Bank of

De La Salle University Manila
the Philippine Islands

Legislative Building
Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar University

Pier 7, Manila
 Jones Bridge University of the Philippines Diliman, Benitez Hall College
Of Education

La Madre de Filipinas (Mother Philippines) University of the Philippines Diliman, Malcolm Hall College
of Law

Central Post Office, Manila

Metropolitan Theater Manila

University of the Philippines, Villamor Hall, College of

Conservatory of Music and Fine Arts
Rizal Memorial Stadium (1st Stadium in Asia) Arcadio De Guzman Arellano

Gota de Leche

Mausoleum of the Veterans

Negros Provincial Capitol

Ariston Bautista House

Casino Español de Manila

 Salvador Araneta and Victoria López Residence Andres Luna de San Pedro

Legarda Elementary School

Tomas Fernandez Arguelles

Perez-Samanillo Building (First-United Building)
Heacock Building

Regina Building

Elizalde and Co. Building

 The Crystal Arcade Plaza Cervantes

The Alfonso Zobel Mansion Saint Cecilia's Hall

Governor Natalio Enriquez Ancestral House

Insular Life Building
 St. Vincent de Paul Parish Angela Apartments

Fernando Hizon Ocampo

UST Central Seminary

Calvo Building

Admiral Apartments

Manila Cathedral
Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil Manila Jockey Club Building

Avenue Theater

Nakpil Bautista Pylon

Captain Pepe Building

Philtrust Building

Commercial Bank & Trust Building

Quezon Institute
Renovation of Saint John the Baptist Church Rizal Theater
(quiapo church)

State Theater

SSS Building, Quezon City

Rufino Building

Caloocan Monumento
 University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon Hall Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building
(Administration)

University of the Philippines Diliman - Gonzales Hall (Main

Library)

Pablo Sebero Antonio

Boulevard-Alhambra Apartments (Bel Air)

Far Eastern University
Galaxy Theater Ideal Theater

White Cross/Boy’s Town, San Juan City

Life Theater

Manila Polo Club