BIOT-SAVART LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS

1 A current is set up in a long copper pipe. What is the magnetic field inside
the pipe?
Ans: Zero1
2 A wire placed along north south direction carries a current of 5 A from
South to North. Find the magnetic field due to a 1 cm piece of wire at a
point 200 cm North East from the piece. 2
-10
Ans: 8.8 x 10 T, acting vertically downwards.
3 How will the magnetic filed intensity at the centre of a circular coil carrying
current change if the current through the coil is doubled and the radius of
the coil is halved. 2
Ans: B = μ0n x 2I / 2 x (R/2) = 4B
4 A circular coil of 500 turns has a radius of 2 m, and carries a current of 2 A.
What is the magnetic field at a point on the axis of the coil at a distance
equal to radius of the coil from the center? 2
Ans: B = 1. 11 x 10 -4 T
5* The strength of magnetic induction at the center of a current carrying
circular coil is B1 and at a point on its axis at a distance equal to its radius
from the center is B2. Find B1/B2. 2
Ans: 2 √2
6* A current is flowing in a circular coil of radius ‘r’ and magnetic field at its
center is B0. At what distance from the center on the axis of the coil, the
magnetic field will be B0/8? 2
Ans: x = √3r
𝜋
7* A straight wire of length′ ′𝑚, is bent into a circular shape. if the wire were
2
to carry a current of 5 A, calculate the magnetic field due to it, before
bending, at a point 0.01 times the radius of the circle formed from it. Also
calculate the magnetic field at the center of the circular loop formed, for
the same value of current. 3
-4 -5
Ans: B1 = 4 x 10 T, B 2 = 1.256 x 10 T
8 Two insulated wires perpendicular to each other in the same plane carry
equal currents as shown in figure. Is there a region where the magnetic
field is zero? If so, where is the region? If not, explain why the field is not
zero? 3

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 I

9 What is the net magnetic field at point 0 for the current distribution shown
here?

ans (µ0 I / 2r)=(µoi/π r) 3

AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW AND APPLICATIONS

1 A long straight solid metal wire of radius ‘R’ carries a current ‘I’, uniformly
distributed over its circular cross section. Find the magnetic field at a
distance ‘r’ from the axis of the wire (a) inside and (b) outside the wire
Ans; (a) µ0µrIr/2πR2 (b) µ02I/ 4πr 2
2 A solenoid is 1m long and 3 cm in mean diameter. It has 5 layers of
windings of 800 turns each and carries a current of 5 A. Find Magnetic Field
Induction at the center of the solenoid. 2
-2
Ans: 2.5 x 10 T, parallel to the axis of the solenoid.
3 Find the value of magnetic field inside a hollow straight current carrying
conductor at a distance r from axis of the loop. 2

Ans B=0

FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS, TORQUE ON A CURRENT

LOOP, MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER
1* A rectangular loop of size 25 cm x 10 cm carrying a current of 15A is placed

52
 2 cm away from a long, straight conductor carrying a current of
25 A. What is the direction and magnitude of the net Force
acting on the loop?

Ans: F =7.8175 x 10-4 N

2* A long straight conductor PQ , carrying a current of 60 A, is fixed

horizontally. Another long conductor XY is kept parallel to PQ at a distance
of 4 mm, in air. Conductor XY is free to move and carries a current ‘I’ .
Calculate the magnitude and direction of current ‘I’ for which the magnetic
repulsion just balances the weight of the conductor XY.
2
Ans: I = 32. 67 A, The current in XY must flow opposite to that in PQ,
because only then the force will be repulsive.
3 A circular coil of 200 turns, radius 5 cm carries a current of 2.5 A. It is
suspended vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.25 T, with
the plane of the coil making an angle of 600 with the field lines. Calculate
the magnitude of the torque that must be applied on it to prevent it from
turning.
2
Ans: 0.49Nm
4* A Galvanometer of resistance 3663 ohm gives full scale deflection for a
certain current Ig.Calculate the value of the resistance of the shunt which
when joined to the galvanometer coil will result in 1/34 of the total current
passing through the galvanometer. Also find the total resistance of the
Galvanometer and shunt.
Ans: 111 ohm, 107.7 A.

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 MAGNETISM AND MATTER
BAR MAGNET
1 A short bar magnet has magnetic moment of 50 A m2. Calculate the
magnetic field intensity at a distance of 0.2 m from its centre on (1) its axial
line (2) its equitorial line.
Ans: B1 = 1.25 x 10 -3 T , B2 = 0.625 x 10 -3 T.
2 Calculate the torque acting on a magnet of length 20 cm and pole strength
2 x 10 -5 Am, placed in the earth’s magnetic field of flux density 2 x 10 -5 T,
when (a) magnet is parallel to the field (b) magnet is perpendicular to the
field.
Ans: (a) Zero (b) 0.8 x 10 -10 Nm

MAGNETISM AND GAUSS LAW

1 What is the significance of Gauss’s law in magnetism?
Ans: Magnetic monopoles do not exist.

THE EARTH’S MAGNETISM

1 How the value of angle of dip varies on moving from equator to Poles?
2 A compass needle in a horizontal plane is taken to geographic north / south
poles. In what direction does the needle align?
3 The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is 0.2 G and total
magnetic field is 0.4 G. Find the angle of Dip.
Ans: 60. 250
4* A long straight horizontal table carries a current of 2.5 A in the direction 100
south of west to 10 0 north of east. The ,magnetic meridian of the place
happens to be 10 0 west of the geographic meridian. The earth’s magnetic
field at the locations 0.33G and the angle of dip is zero. Ignoring the
thickness of the cable, locate the line of neutral points.
Ans: r = 1.5 cm ( BH = B cos δ, BH = µ0 I/ 2πr)
5 The vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is √3 times the
horizontal component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place?
Ans: 600
6* A ship is sailing due west according to mariner’s compass. If the declination
of the place is 150east, what is the true direction of the ship?
Ans: 750 west of north.

IMPORTANT TERMS IN MAGNETISM

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1 A magnetising field of 1600 A/m produces a magnetic flux of 2.4 x 10 -5 Wb
in a bar of iron of cross section 0.2 cm2. Calculate permeability and
susceptibility of the bar.
Ans: Permeability = 7.5 x 10-4 T A -1 m, Susceptibility =596.1
2 The maximum value of permeability of µ-metal is 0.126 Tm/A. Find the
maximum relative permeability and susceptibility.
Ans: 105 each.

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

1 The susceptibility of magnesium at 300K is 1.2 x 105. At what temperature

will the susceptibility be equal to 1.44 x 10-5 .
Ans: 250 K
2 An iron bar magnet is heated to 10000C and then cooled in a magnetic field
free space. Will it retain its magnetism?
3 What is the net magnetic moment of an atom of a diamagnetic material?
Ans : Zero
4 Which materials have negative value of magnetic susceptibility?
Ans : Diamagnetic materials.
5 Why permanent magnets are made of steel while the core of the
transformer is made of soft iron?
6* An iron rod of volume 10-4 m3 and relative permeability 1000 is placed
inside a long solenoid wound with 5 turns/cm. If a current of 0.5A is passed
through the solenoid , find the magnetic moment of the rod.
7* The susceptibility of a magntic mateial is 0.9853. Identify the type of the
magnetic material.Draw the modification of the field pattern on keeping a
piece of this material in a uniform magnetic field.
Ans : paramagnetic
8 Two similar bars, made from two different materials P and Q are placed one
by one in a non uniform magnetic field. It is observed that (a) the bar P
tends to move from the weak to the strong field region. (b) the bar Q tends
to move from the strong to the weak field region. What is the nature of the
magnetic materials used for making these two bars?

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VALUE BASED QUESTIONS:

1. Sandeep’s mother had put lot of clothes for washing in the washing
machine, but the machine did not start and an indicator was showing that
the lid did not close. Sandeep seeing his mother disturbed thought that he
would close the lid by force but realized that the mechanism was different.
It was a magnetic system. He went to the shop and got a small magnetic
door closer and put it on the lid. The machine started working. His mother
was happy that Sandeep helped her to save Rs.500/- also.
• What was the value developed by Sandeep?
• What values did his mother impart to Sandeep?

2. Tushar was using a galvanometer in the practical class. Unfortunately it fell

from his hand and broke. He was upset, some of his friends advised him not
to tell the teacher but Tushar decided to tell his teacher. Teacher listened to
him patiently and on knowing that the act was not intentional, but just an
accident, did not scold him and used the opportunity to show the internal
structure of galvanometer to the whole class.
(i) What are the values displayed by Tushar.
(ii) Explain the principle, Construction and working of moving
coil galvanometer.

3. Two girls Pooja and Ritu were very good observers and performed in the
school function using their cassette player. One day when they were
performing, tape got stuck up and the music stopped. But Pooja was
determined not to let down the performance so she sang the song instead
of dancing and Ritu completed the dance.
• What were the values displayed by Pooja and Ritu?
• What kind of Ferro magnetic material is using for coating magnetic
tapes used in cassette players or building memories stories in modern
computers?

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

56
GIST
1 The phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying
magnetic fields is called electromagnetic induction
2 Magnetic flux through a surface of area A placed in a uniform magnetic
field B is defined as
ΦB = B.A = BACosθ where θ is the angle between B and A.
3 Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is weber (Wb). Its
dimensional formula is [Φ] = ML2T-2A-1.
4 Faraday’s laws of induction states that the magnitude of the induced
e.m.f in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnitude flux
through the circuit.
𝑑∅
ε= − 𝐵
𝑑𝑡
5 According to Lenz law, the direction of induced current or the polarity of
the induced e.m.f is such that it tends to oppose the change in magnetic
flux that produces it. (The negative sign in Faraday’s law indicates this
fact.)
6 Lenz law obeys the principle of energy conservation.
7 The induced e.m.f can be produced by changing the (i) magnitude of B
(ii) area A (iii) angle θ between the direction of B and normal to the
surface area A.
8 When a metal rod of length l is placed normal to a uniform magnetic
field B and moved with a velocity v perpendicular to the field, the
induced e.m.f is called motional e.m.f produced across the ends of the
rod which is given by ε = Blv.
9 Changing magnetic fields can setup current loops in nearby metal bodies
(any conductor). Such currents are called eddy currents. They dissipate
energy as heat which can be minimized by laminating the conductor.
10 Inductance is the ratio of the flux linkage to current.
11 When a current in a coil changes it induces a back e.m.f in the same coil.
𝑑𝐼
The self induced e.m.f is given by ε = −𝐿 where L is the self-
𝑑𝑡
inductance of the coil. It is a measure of inertia of the coil against the
change of current through it. Its S.I unit is henry (H).
12 A changing current in a coil can induce an e.m.f in a nearby coil. This
relation,
𝑑𝑖
ε = −𝑀12 2, shows that Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil
𝑑𝑡
2 (M12) is due to change of current in coil 2. (M12 = M21).
13 The self-inductance of a long solenoid is given by L = µ0n2Al where A is
57
 the area of cross-section of the solenoid, l is its length and n is the
number of turns per unit length.
14 The mutual inductance of two co-axial coils is given by M12 = M21 = µ0
n1n2Al where n1& n2 are the number of turns per unit length of coils 1 &
2. A is the area of cross-section and l is the length of the solenoids.
Energy stored in an inductor in the form of magnetic field is U B  1 Limax 2
15 2
and
B2
Magnetic energy density U B 
2 0
16 In an A.C. generator, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy
by virtue of electromagnetic induction.
* Rotation of rectangular coil in a magnetic field causes change in
flux (Φ = NBACosωt).
* Change in flux induces e.m.f in the coil which is given by
ε= -dΦ/dt = NBAωSinωt ε 𝜀= ε0Sinωt
* Current induced in the coil I = ε/R = ε0Sinωt/R = I0Sinωt
17 An alternating voltage ε=ε0Sinωt, applied to a resistor R drives a current I
= I0Sinωt in the resistor, I0 = ε0 /R where ε0& I0 are the peak values of
voltage and current. (also represented by Vm & Im)
18 The root mean square value of a.c. may be defined as that value of steady
current which would generate the same amount of heat in a given
resistance in a given time as is done by the a.c. when passed through the
same resistance during the same time.
Irms = I0/√2 = 0.707i0
Similarly, vrms = v0/√2 = 0.707v0.
For an a.c. ε = εm Sin ωt applied to a resistor, current and voltage are in
phase.
19 In case of an a.c. circuit having pure inductance current lags behind e.m.f
by a phase angle 90°. ε = εm Sin ωt and i = im Sin (ωt-Π/2)
Im = εm/XL; XL = ωL is called inductive reactance.
20 In case of an a.c. circuit having pure capacitance,
current leads e.m.f by a phase angle of 90°.
ε = εmSinωt and I= ImSin(ωt+π/2) where
Im = εm/XC and XC = 1/ωC is called
capacitive reactance.

21 In case of an a.c. circuit having R, L and C, the total or effective

58
 resistance of the circuit is called impedance (Z).
Z = εm / Im = R 2 + (XC - XL )2
Xc  X L
tanΦ = where φ is the phase
R
difference
between current and voltage.
ε = εmSinωt, I= ImSin(ωt+Φ)

23 Average power loss over a complete cycle in an LCR circuit is

P = εrmsIrmsCosΦ
* In a purely resistive circuit Φ = 0; P = VRMSIRMS.
* In a purely inductive circuit Φ = Π/2; P = 0.
* In a purely capacitive circuit Φ = Π/2; P = 0.
24 In an LCR circuit, the circuit admits maximum current if XC = XL, so that Z =
1 1
R and resonant frequency 𝜔𝑟 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜗𝑅 =
√𝐿𝐶 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
25 Q factor of series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of voltage
developed across the inductance or capacitance at resonance to the
applied voltage across ‘R’,
𝜔 𝐿 1 𝜔
Q= 𝑟 𝑜𝑟 also 𝑄 = 𝑟 where 2∆𝜔 is bandwidth.
𝑅 𝜔𝑟 𝐶𝑅 2∆𝜔
26 Es N s i p
for a transformer,   K
E p N p is
In an ideal transformer, εPIP = εSIS. i.e
If NS>NP; εS>εP& IS<IP – step up. If NP>NS; εP>εS & IP<IS – step down.
27 A circuit containing an inductor L and a capacitor C (initially charged) with
no a.c. source and no resistors exhibits free oscillations of energy
between the capacitor and inductor. The charge q satisfies the equation
d 2q 1
 q0
dt 2 LC
CONCEPT MAP

EMI and application

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