Inquiries, Investigation and While in IMMERSION, the researcher is

given an opportunity to gain perspectives

Immersion
on the ground.
What is 3I’s? Both an INQUIRY and an
Applied research deals with solving INVESTIGATION may be used
practical problems in the real world. interchangeably, but an INVESTIGATION
is more lengthy in term of process than
What is research? INQUIRY.

Research is the systematic investigation An INVESTIGATION involves an inquiry

into and study of materials and sources in and vice versa; INQUIRIES may be done
order to establish facts and reach new not as painstakingly thorough as that of an
conclusions. investigation.

Inquiry – define as the systematic What is the importance of taking 3I’s:

research for information knowledge and
It will help the students to enhance
truth about certain.
PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS through
Investigation – is the systematic conducting.
examination to uncover facts regarding the
What is Research?
matter.
 It is also a practice of
-Is done carefully and by thoroughly collecting information about a
inspecting details in organized matter and particular subject.
assessing facts which are uncovered in the  provides the best solution to
process. some world problems and
enhances the researchers’
Immersion – means that researchers knowledge.
immerse themselves in the culture they are  It can give explanations to
studying. certain questions stated in the
research problem.
-To payoff of immersion is usually
 also introduces new ideas,
immense as the researcher can gain more
helps the researchers identify
than through other method. problems and appropriate
What is the difference between solutions in new ways, and
provide a new framework to
Inquiries, Investigation and guide thinking and action.
Immersion
TYPES OF RESEARCH
When we are INQUIRING, we asked
 Quantitative Research
questions like what do you like the most.
-entails the collection of numerical data and
In INVESTIGATIONS we do inspections.
exhibiting the view of relationship between
theory and research as deductive, a
predilection for natural science approach, and
as having an objectivist conception of social  to dive deep into a subject or topic
reality, Bryman and Bell (2005, p. 154). that you are interested in.
 Qualitative Research  to learn something that will change
-on the other hand, asks broad questions and the way you look at the world.
collects word data from phenomena or
participants. The researcher looks for themes
RESEARCH TOPIC
and describes the information in themes and A research topic is an issue that a
patterns exclusive to that set of participants. researcher is interested in when
Why is it that research is so important conducting research. A well-defined
research topic is the starting point of every
for you as student?
successful research project.
 research enhances knowledge.
Choosing a topic is a process by which
  research clarifies confusion. researchers explore, define, and refine
their ideas.
  research helps students to have a
proper understanding of the subject. CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD
RESEARCH TOPIC
  research helps students to learn
about the methods and issues.  Cover a Specific Subject

  research helps students understand  Make the Topic Relevant.

the published work. QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCH
  research helps students learn to TOPIC
create a balance between  Clarity
collaborative and individual work.
 Well-defined and well-phrased
  research helps students know their
 The language of the research topic
interest.
should have to be simple.
Why does a students like you need to write a
 The titling of the research problem
research paper? should follow the rules of titling.
 to communicate and convey ideas.  Current importance should also be the
 to describe experiments, processes, consideration of the researcher while
selecting a research topic.
approaches and results.
GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING A TOPIC
 Choose a topic that's appropriate to the
length of your paper.
 Avoid a topic that will tempt you to
summarize rather than to discuss or
analyze
 Choose a topic that interests you.
  choose a topic on which you can find
material.

BRAINSTORMING FOR  Area of interest, specialization or

RESEARCH TOPIC event from related fields

BRAINSTORMING
 Focus. An ill-structured problem  Prevailing theories and philosophy
demands consideration of diverse
perspectives. 
 Existing problems in the
 Decide on a topic. Think-aloud, asks class/school/campus which one may
probing questions, monitors and want to solve.
encourages participants to decide a
topic. 
 Understanding the problem. This  Existing needs of the community or
will include clarifications of society
misconceptions and possibilities. 
 Design on the problem. This is the
 A problem that is most interesting to
final stage done to address problems
you
within manageable scales and extend
their learning pathways. 

Criteria in Choosing a Research Topic:

The following are the things that
may be considered before starting
the research activity:  It must necessarily arouse
intellectual curiosity.
  It should be something new or  It should be clear, not ambiguous
different from what has already been
written about.

 It should consider the financial

 It should be significant to the field of capacity of the researcher to support
study or discipline. the project.

 It must be original.  It should consider the availability of

effective instruments for gathering
the data and their treatment
 It should be a modest one for a
beginner to be carried out within a
limited period of time.  It should consider the time factor
involved in the undertaking

 It should be specific, not general. Here are some examples of possible basis of
issues applicable for senior high school
learners. These are useful in crafting a
 It should be of researcher’s interest research agenda that will lead in the writing
of the title and research problem.

Reviewing the
literature is
challenging. A
good review
WRITING does not just
COHERENT summarize the
RELEVANT literature but
LITERATURE discusses it critically, identifies
methodological problems and prints out
Putting together the Literature Review research gaps.
Reviewing the literature requires the ability
to do multiple tasks from finding and
evaluating relevant material to What is a COHERENCE?
synthesizing information from various
Coherence directs to a well-organized and
sources: from critical thinking to
unified piece of writing.
paraphrasing; evaluating and citation
skills. It also refers on how well a manuscript
holds together as a uniface document. It is
important to ask yourself how well the • Include brief "so what" sentences at
elements of your review connect with one intermediate poi to connect the literature to
another. the proposed research objective
Transitional expressions and other kinds of •Described previous work you have
rhetorical markers as help to identify the accomplished relate proposed research.
connection among the different sections as
in the next example or in a related study, the
most recent finding in the study. CONCLUSION
Use "First, Second, Third" at the • Provides a summary statement of the
beginning of your paragraphs to mark the overall state of know about the topic,
development of the related points including gaps in knowledge and understand
reconnecting to your introduction.
• Reinforces the research purpose or
Sections of a Literature Review : objectives and establish the potential
INTRODUCTION significance or importance of your proposed
research, relative to the current state of
The introduction to the literature review is knowledge.
often a single paragraph that:
FOLLOWING ETHICAL
> introduces the general topic and provides
an appropriate scholarly or societal context
STANDARDS IN WRITING
for the review. RELATED LITERATURE
Identifies the overall state of knowledge What is RESEARCH ETHICS
about the topic (conflicts in theory. Research Ethics are standardized rules that
methodology, evidence and conclusions; guide the design and conduct of research.
gaps in research) The term ethics refers to questions of right
and wrong.

BODY When researchers think about ethics, they

must also ask themselves if it is right to
• Address previous research on the topic, conduct a particular study or carry out
grouped according to theme, theoretical certain procedures.
perspective, methodological approach,
chronical development; What is PLAGIARISM?

• Draw together the significance of previous, It is committed when authors present the
individual highlighting the main themes, words, data or ideas of others with the
issues and knowledge g • Use strong implication that they are their own, without
umbrella sentences at the beginning and e attribution.
paragraph. This act is against the Intellectual Property
Rights Law.
It is a form of research misconduct.
Ethics in Literature Review 1. The best delicacy in the Philippines.
1. Discuss intellectual property frankly. 2. The worst barangays in Davao City.
2. Be conscious of multiple roles. 3. The best brand of printers in the
Philippines.
3. Follow informed consent rules.
Descriptive Research Design
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy.
Descriptive research design is used to
5. Tap into ethics resources.
gather information on current situations
PROCESSES IN LITERATURE REVIEW and conditions. It helps provide answers to
the questions of who, what, when, where
INPUT and the how of a particular research study.
PROCESSING:
1. Know the literature. It provides accurate data after subjecting
2. Comprehend the literature them to a rigorous procedure and using
3. Apply large amounts of data from large number
4. Analyze of samples.
5. Synthesize
6. Evaluate Survey
OUTPUT The survey research design is usually in
securing opinions and trends through the
CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE use of questionnaires and interviews.
RESEARCH DESIGN. A survey is used in gathering data from
Types of Research Design institutions, government and business to
help in decision making regarding
1. Exploratory Research Design strategies, improving practices, analyzing
2. Descriptive Research Design views on choice of products or market
research.
3. Causal Research Design
Surveys can be face to face or online.
Exploratory Research Design
Correlational
An exploratory research design is often used
Correlational research design is used for
to establish an initial understanding and
research studies aimed to determine the
background about a research study of
existence of a relationship between two or
interest, often with very few or no earlier
more variables and to determine the degree
related studies found relevant to the
of the relationship.
research study.
Example: mental ability and academic
This research design is described as an
performance; gender and math performance;
informal or unstructured way of
advertising cost and sales.
investigating available resources.
Example:
Example topics
1. The correlation between gender  Unstructured and flexible
preference and senior high school track of  Not well-defined
the students in Maa National high school.  Initial research
2. The relationship between parents  Provides insights on a problem
educational attainment and the monthly  Small non-representative sample
family income.  Research questions only
 Data may not be statistically
Evaluation Research Design measurable
Evaluation research is conducted to elicit
useful feedback from a variety of
respondents from various fields to aid in Descriptive Research
decision making or policy formulation.  Formal and structured
Examples  Variables are defined.
 Often a follow-up to exploratory
1. The views of Filipinos about the research
implementation of TRAIN Law.  Described situations.
Causal Research Design  Large representative sample
 Hypothesis is nondirectional.
Causal research design is used to measure  Data are statistically measurable.
the impact that an independent variable
(causing effect) has in another variable
(being effected) or why certain results are Causal Research
obtained.
 Highly Structured
Point of Comparison of the three  Variables and relationship are
research designs defined.
Points of Comparison:  Late stage of decision making
 Explains the cause and the effect
Research Approach: relationship between variables.
 Degree of Problem Identification  Large representative sample
 When to use  Hypothesis is directional.
 Goal and Objectives  Data are statistically measurable
 Sample size
 Type of Hypothesis
 Data Management and
measurements

Researcher's Manuscript
Researcher progresses on the paper that she
Exploratory Research: writes, it is just right that she must conduct
a synthesis of RRL for her to be able to
identify the strength and weaknesses of articles by group. You can ask these
each of the sources that she has cite on her questions to yourself.
manuscript.
Advanced reading technique or skill that
Higher Ordered Thinking Skills
requires critical analysis, creativity, and
insightful mind of a researcher In order for you to have a well-developed
synthesis of your study, one must use their
It also gives an integration of information
ability of having the “higher ordered
from different sources to highlight
thinking skills”. Through your HOTS you
important points of connection and
will be able to write objectively and
relatedness, to address similarities and
constructively. Also, you can provide ideas
differences and draw conclusion.
clearly, logically organized, and focused
writing.
Researcher's Manuscript:
 Reputable CREATING
 Reliable USE INFO TO CREATE SOMETHING
 Methods NEW
 Results
 Conclusions design, build, plan, construct, produce,
devise, invent.
EVALUATING
How to Synthesize a Review of Related
Literature CRITICALLY EXAMINE INFO & MAKE
JUDGEMENTS
Synthesize a RRL
judge, critique, test defend, criticize
1. Digest the material and understand the
content of the source
ANALYZING
2. Review and critically analyze the sources
TAKE INFO APART & EXPLORE
3. Synthesize the content of the information
RELATIONSHIPS
that you have gathered
-categorize, examine, organize,
compare/contrast
In this process, you have to determine and
identify similarities among the articles by
group in terms of concepts, patterns, and APPLYING
relationship. You may ask these questions
USE INFO IN A NEW (BUT SIMILAR)
within yourself.
FORM
This second step may determine the
differences and contradictions among the
use, diagram, make a chart, draw, apply,
solve, calculate
Example of Synthesis of Review of Related
Literature
UNDERSTANDING The studies mentioned above, focused on
finding out the connection of student’s
UNDERSTANDING & MAKING SENSE
performance while students were engaged in
OUT OF INFO
an online class. They further noted that
interpret, summarize, explain, infer, while a student as an access to education
paraphrase, discuss using online media, it may glean that a
student can perform well on his academics.
REMEMBERING
In addition, both of the studies above shown
FIND OR REMEMBER INFO that there is really an impact between
students' performance and online distance
list, find, name, identify, locate, describe,
learning.
memorize, define