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‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ‪Potential Electric‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺻﺢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(1‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ h‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻐﻼ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎ )ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ( ﺗﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺿﺪ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ‪ m‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ h‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ‪ m‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎً ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(2‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺇﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ U‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﺠﺰﺉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ‪ S‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪ A&B‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Figure 1‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(3‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪ A&B‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻚ ‪ ..2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪) q o‬ﻣﻨﺎﻅﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ‪ m‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺠﺰﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ (‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q o‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺍً ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ‪ B‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ A‬ﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q o‬ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪ A&B‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺷﺪﺗﻪ‬
‫‪ E‬ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ) ‪ (F ex‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ )‪(qE‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ q o‬ﻣﻦ ‪ A‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ B‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ) ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ (‪.‬‬

‫‪Figure 2‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﻬﺎ ‪ 1.5volt‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ U‬ﻭﺳﺘﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪Definition of electric potential difference‬‬

‫‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ q o‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ . B‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪V B-V A = WAB / q o‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

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‫)‪(Joule/ Coulom b ) =Volt (V‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – 1‬ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪V B > V A‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪ – 2‬ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪V B < V A‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪ – 3‬ﺻﻔﺮﺍ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪V B = V A‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺷﻐﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪If 0 < θ < 90 ⇒ cos θ is +ve and therefore the W is +ve‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪If 90 < θ < 180 ⇒ cos θ is -ve and therefore W is -ve‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪If θ = 90 between F ex and l ⇒ therefore W is zero‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ‪WAB‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q o‬ﻣﻦ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ B‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪The equipotential surface‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﺎﻁﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ‪V B -V A = zero‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ) ﺧﻂ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ (‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ) ﺧﻂ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ (‬

‫‪Electric Potential and Electric Field‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪ )-- 1‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ (‪Uniform electric field‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﺗﺭﺽ ‪ q o‬ﺗﺣﺭﻛﺕ ﺑﻣﺅﺛﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻥ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ B‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪ q o E‬ﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻐﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺟﺯ ﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪: b‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪Figure 4‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

5

WAB = Fd = q o Ed (2)

The potential difference V B -V A is

(3)

. ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬

: ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻥ‬

( ‫ – ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ )ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬2

The relation in general case (not uniform electric field):

: ‫ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬dl ‫ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬B ‫ ﺍﻟﻰ‬A ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

(4)

The potential difference V B -V A is,

R R R R

(5)

Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani Department of General Science/physics University of Babylon

‫‪6‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ A‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ‪ V A =0‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪: B‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫)‪(6‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬

‫‪Example‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬

‫)‪(7‬‬

‫)‪(8‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪Example‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺩﻧﺎﻩ ‪.‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬

‫) ‪V B-V A =(V B -V C )+(V C -V A‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪For the path AC the angle θ is 135o‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫‪The length of the line AC is √2 d‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺭ ‪ CB‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻻﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ q o‬ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪. B‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(10‬‬

‫)‪(11‬‬

‫‪Therefore‬‬

‫‪-Edl=Edr‬‬ ‫)‪(12‬‬

‫)‪(13‬‬

‫‪Substitute for E‬‬

‫)‪(14‬‬

‫‪We get‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫)‪(15‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪. q‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ‪The potential due to a point charge‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ )∞ ⇒ ‪ V A =0 (i.e. r A‬ﻓﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫)‪(16‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫‪V = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 + ...........+ V n‬‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫)‪(17‬‬

‫)‪(18‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻚ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺟﻤﻌﺎً ‪ q‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺟﺒﺮﻳﺎً ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻌﺎً ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﺎً‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪Example‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 100‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ‪ 10‬ﺳﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬

‫‪Electric Potential Energy‬‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺠﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪.‬ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q 2‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ r‬ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ q 1‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪q1‬‬
‫‪q2‬‬

‫‪r‬‬

‫‪W=Vq 2‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(20‬‬

‫)‪(21‬‬

‫)‪(22‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﺟﻤﻌﺎ ﺟﺒﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫*ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺏ‪).‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ (‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎ ﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎ ﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋ ﻲ ‪Calculation of E from V‬‬

‫)‪(23‬‬

‫)‪New unit for the electric field is volt/meter (v/m‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻪﺭﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻪ ﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Example‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ‪ q,‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬

‫‪Hani .M.H.Al-Sultani‬‬ ‫‪Department of General Science/physics‬‬ ‫‪University of Babylon‬‬