GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA SHORT NOTE

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Definition of Multimedia

• Multimedia is a combination of text, graphic, sound, animation,

and video that is delivered interactively to the user by electronic
or digitally manipulated means.

1. Text

• Text is the most basic element of multimedia.

• A good choice of words could help convey the intended message to
the users
(keywords).
• Used in contents, menus, navigation
• characters that are used to create words, sentences, and
paragraphs.

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2. Graphics

• A digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing,

chart, or
photograph.

3. Audio

• Produced by vibration, as perceived by the sense of hearing.

In multimedia, audio could come in the form of speech, sound effects
and also music
score

4. Animation

• The illusion of motion created by the consecutive display of images

of static
elements.
• In multimedia, animation is used to further enhance / enriched the
experience of the
user to further understand the information conveyed to them

5. Video

• Is the technology of capturing, recording, processing, transmitting,

and reconstructing
moving pictures.
• Video is more towards photo realistic image sequence / live
recording as in
comparison to animation.
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• Video also takes a lot of storage space. So plan carefully before you
are going to use
it

Hypertext
• A hypertext(links) : meant to be read nonlinearly, by following links that
point to other parts of the document, or to other documents. ( text which
contains links to other texts and is usually non-linear )
• Invented by Ted Nelson around 1965

HyperMedia

• HyperMedia is not constrained to be text-based.

• It can include other media, e.g., graphics, images, and especially the
continuous media - sound and video

Integration

• The integration of simulation tools with multimedia elements makes it

possible to express in a richer way the knowledge we are trying to provide,
and gives the audience a better comprehension of the problem, as
explanations by means of video, images, texts, etc.

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• Integrating Multimedia and Hypermedia into Teaching and Learning

• well-integrated multi-media can only improve the usability and stickiness of
your site

Interactive

• Key feature of multimedia

• User determines what content is delivered, when it is delivered and how

 Based on Edgar Dale (Cone Of

Learning), on average, people remember:

◼ 10% of what they read,

◼ 20% of what they hear,
◼ 30% of what they see,
◼ 50% of what they hear and see, → multimedia approach

Multimedia Modalities

– tactile (touch)
– gustatory (taste)
– visual (sight)

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– auditory (hearing)
– olfactory (smell)

Multimedia Channels

Characteristics of a Multimedia System

1. It must be computer controlled.

2. Multimedia systems are integrated.
3. The information they handle must be represented digitally.
4. The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive.

Desirable Features for a Multimedia System

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1. Very High Processing Power

– needed to deal with large data processing and real time delivery of
media. Special hardware commonplace.
2. Multimedia Capable File System
– needed to deliver real-time media -- e.g. Video/Audio Streaming.
Special Hardware/Software needed e.g RAID technology.
3. Data Representations/File Formats that support multimedia
– Data representations/file formats should be easy to handle yet
allow for compression/decompression in real-time.
4. Efficient and High I/O
– input and output to the file subsystem needs to be efficient and
fast. Needs to allow for real-time recording as well as playback of
data. e.g. Direct to Disk recording systems.
5. Special Operating System
– to allow access to file system and process data efficiently and
quickly. Needs to support direct transfers to disk, real-time
scheduling, fast interrupt processing, I/O streaming etc.
6. Storage and Memory
– large storage units (of the order of 50 -100 Gb or more) and large
memory (50 -100 Mb or more). Large Caches also required and
frequently of Level 2 and 3 hierarchy for efficient management.
7. Network Support
– Client-server systems common as distributed systems common.
8. Software Tools
– user friendly tools needed to handle media, design and develop
applications, deliver media.

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Components of a Multimedia System

• Capture devices -- Video Camera, Video Recorder, Audio Microphone,
Keyboards, mice, graphics tablets, 3D input devices, tactile sensors, VR
devices. Digitising/Sampling Hardware
• Storage Devices -- Hard disks, CD-ROMs, Jaz/Zip drives, DVD, etc
• Communication Networks -- Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, Intranets,
Internets.
• Computer Systems -- Multimedia Desktop machines, Workstations,
MPEG/VIDEO/DSP Hardware
• Display Devices -- CD-quality speakers, HDTV,SVGA, Hi-Res monitors,
Colour printers etc.

Linear VS Non-Linear
Linear

• A Multimedia Project is identified as Linear when:

– It is not interactive
– User have no control over the content that is being
showed to them.
• Example:
– A movie
– A non-interactive lecture / demo show

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Non-Linear
• A Multimedia Project is identified as Non-Linear when:
– It is interactive
– Users have control over the content that is being showed to them.
– Users are given navigational control
• Example:
– Games
– Courseware
– Interactive CD

Why multimedia

– Ease of use
– Immersive experience
– interaction and better retention
– Better understanding
– Cost effectiveness
– More fun = Greater efficiency

Authoring Tools
• Use to merge multimedia elements (text, audio, graphic, animation,
video) into a project.

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• Designed to manage individual multimedia elements and provide user

interaction

Multimedia Authoring
• Macromedia Flash: allows users to create interactive movies by using the
score metaphor, i.e., a timeline arranged in parallel event sequences.
• Macromedia Director: uses a movie metaphor to create interactive
presentations - very powerful and includes a built-in scripting language
• Lingo, that allows creation of complex interactive movies.
• Authorware: a mature, well-supported authoring product

Multimedia Applications
– Business
– Education
– Entertainment
– Home
– Public Places

• Business
– Use and Applications
• Sales / Marketing Presentation
• Trade show production
• Staff Training Application

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• Company Kiosk

• Education
– Use and Applications
• Courseware / Simulations
• E-Learning / Distance Learning
• Information Searching

• Entertainment
– Use and Applications
• Games (Leisure / Educational)
• Movies
• Video on Demand
– Online

• Home
– Use and Applications
• Television
• Satellite TV
• SMS services (chats, voting, reality TV)

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• Public Places
– Use and Applications
• Information Kiosk
• Smart Cards, Security

Multimedia Products

1. Briefing Products
2. Reference Products
3. Database Products
4. Education and Training Products
5. Kiosk
6. Entertainment and Games

Briefing Products
✓ Corporate Presentation
✓ Sales Presentation
✓ Educational Lectures

Reference Products
✓ Encyclopedia
✓ Dictionaries

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✓ Cookbooks, Historical, Informative

✓ Scientific surveys.

Database Products
✓ Google Search
✓ Google Earth

Education and Training Products

✓ Instructor Support Products
✓ Standalone or Self-Paced Products
✓ Combination Products

Kiosk Products
✓ Instant Photo Booth
✓ Banking Kiosk (money deposit, cheque)
✓ University Information Kiosk

Entertainment & Games

• Most popular
• Shipped in the form of Interactive CD / DVD ROM.
• Characteristics of E & G Products:-
✓ Immersive.
✓ Requires constant feedback and interaction with the user.
✓ Challenging and sometimes intriguing for user

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✓ Enabled online play for more than one user experience.

Introduction to graphic
Normal term of graphic
• Any picture or drawing object including engraving object.
• Also about the use of visual to explain concept (sometime difficult to
explain with text)
• Efficient Information delivery resource and accepted by people.

Computer Graphics

• Computer Graphics is the technology for presenting information.

Computer Graphic: Any image that produced by graphic computer

application from simple image to complex (fractal), refers to any
computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying
and manipulating pictures

Why study graphics

– Understanding
– Expression
– Communication

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Computer Graphic Application

• Car model development
• Electronic circuit and engineering drawing.
• Computer aided design and engineering analysis
• Scientific Visualization
• Entertainment and Gaming
• Military Planning & Rehearsal
• Computer-Assisted Surgery Medical Education & Visualization
• Business presentation graphics

Graphics Applications

• Paint programs: : Allow you to create rough freehand drawings. The

images are stored as bit maps and can easily be edited.
• illustration/design programs: Support more advanced features than paint
programs, particularly for drawing curved lines. The images are usually
stored in vector-based formats. Illustration/design programs are often
called draw programs
• Presentation graphics software : Lets you create bar charts, pie charts,
graphics, and other types of images for slide shows and reports. The
charts can be based on data imported from spreadsheet applications.

• Animation software: Enables you to chain and sequence a series of

images to simulate movement. Each image is like a frame in a movie.
• CAD software: Enables architects and engineers to draft designs.
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• Desktop publishing : Provides a full set of word-processing features as

well as fine control over placement of text and graphics, so that you can
create newsletters, advertisements, books, and other types of
documents.

Vector Image
• Draw type image or object oriented image
• Represented in geometric form (mathematical instruction) to create
straight line, oval, curve and sphere.
• E.g. instruction:
- Line startcoord = “x.0 y.0”
- endcoord = “x.20 y.20”

The usage of vector image

• Store computer file in clip art form for marketing purposes
• Use in technical fields such as CAD/CAM/ architecture, scientific modeling
Graphic art and multimedia using vector graphic application such as
Macromedia Freehand, Adobe Illustrator and AutoCAD

Bitmap Image
• Also known as raster image
• Representing image in dot form known as pixel or bit
• Arrange in simple matrix

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• For monochrome monitor, needs a matrix dimension.

• The depth needed to view color image such as 4, 8, 16, 24 bit.

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Raster to Vector Conversion

• There are reasons to convert from raster to vector

(1) better visual appearance of vector features

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(2) some plotter work only on vector data

(3) comparison with vector data is best when both data files have
identical formats

Raster Advantages

• A relatively simple data structure;

• The simple grid structure makes analysis easier.
• The computer platform can be “low tech” and inexpensive.
• Modification level is higher depend on the depth of an image
• Remote sensing imagery is typically obtained in raster format.

Raster Disadvantages
• Spatial inaccuracies
• Because each cell tends to generalize a landscape, the result is relatively
low resolution compared to the vector format.
• Because of spatial inaccuracies caused by data generalization, a raster
format cannot tell precisely what exists at a given location.
• Each cell must have a code, even where nothing exists.
• File size is bigger -High computer memory
• The process of resize make the image fuzzy and jaggies

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Vector Advantages
• In general, vector data is more map-like.
• Is very high resolution.
• The high resolution supports high spatial accuracy.
• Vector formats have storage advantages.
• The general public usually understands what is shown on vector maps.

Vector Disadvantages
• May be more difficult to manage than raster formats.
• Require more powerful, high-tech machines.
• Need high skill to draw high quality vector image
• The use of better computers, increased management needs, and
other considerations often make the vector format more expensive.
• Learning the technical aspects of vector system is more difficult
than understanding the simplicity of the raster format, particularly
when topology is introduced.
• Produced by computer so less/not realistic
• The complex object make the image instruction processing slower.

Standard/format graphic

 BMP (bitmap) – An old image format. Image decompress, big in size and
accepted

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 TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)- Uses for image generated by scanner etc.
 PICT- For Macintosh Image format. Suitable for presentation, video and
screen view
 TGA (Targa)- first format support 24 bit of color)
 EPS (encapsulated PostScript)- Image for PostScript illustration

• GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) – Standard image for online

interchange, 8 bit image compression and small size
• WMF (Windows Metafile Format)- Use in Windows operating system.
Usually use for image vector clipart.
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group)- Method uses to compress an
image, suitable for photo picture. Not suitable for characters.

Additive colors
• Additive color synthesis is the creation of color by mixing colors of
light.
– The Additive, or light theory deals with radiated and filtered light.
Subtractive colors
• Subtractive color synthesis is the creation of color by mixing colors of
pigment, such as
paint or ink in your computer’s printer.
• This type of color is what is used in the art and design world. When
learning basic color
theory, art students typically use familiar colors like red, yellow, and
blue

Typeface
• A typeface is the basic design of a character.

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• Each typeface has a design for each letter of the alphabet, numbers,
punctuation symbols and may contain other symbols.
• Example:

Arial ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
1234567890
!@#$%^&*()_+-=?,.:”’;

Typeface Categories
– Serif
– Sans Serif
– Script
– Decorative/Ornamental

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 Business correspondence
 Book text
 Magazine article text
 Newspaper text
 Newsletter text

The ends of each

Sans Serif
character do not have
attributes (serifs)

• Webpages
• On-screen display
• Headings
• Tables
• Captions
• Headlines

Script Fonts
– Formal Invitations
– Place cards
– Poetry
– Announcements
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Decorative / novelty fonts

• Used for decoration.
– Headlines on flyers or advertisements.
– Webdings can be used for symbols in logos.

Font Style
– Bold
– Italic
– Underline
– Shadow
– Outline
– Small Caps

Typeface Spacing
• Monospace
• Proportional
• Leading
• Kerning
• Tracking

Monospaced Typefaces

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• Each letter takes up the same amount of space regardless of the letter
size.
• Advantages
– Easier to see thin punctuation marks.
– Similar characters look more different.
– If limited to a certain number of characters per line, each line will
look alike.
• Used often in computer programming and biology

Proportional Typefaces
• Proportional
– The amount of space each character takes up is adjusted to the
width of that character.
– Therefore, an i is not as wide as an m and receives less space.
• Advantages
– Does not take up as much space as monospaced typefaces.
– Easier to read.
• Used in most documents and publications.

Leading
• The vertical spacing between lines of text.
• Pronounced “led-ding.”
• In most software programs, it is referred to as line spacing.

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• In Desktop Publishing, it is still referred to as leading because typesetters

used long pieces of lead between the moveable type to create blank lines
between the text.
Kerning
• Kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a
proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result.
• Horizontal spacing between pairs of letters
• Used to add or subtract space between pairs of letters to create a more
visually appealing and readable text.
• BOOK – before kerning.
Tracking
• Adjusting the overall spacing of a group of letters is called tracking or
letter spacing. (Kerning adjusts the space between individual letter
forms)
• Horizontal spacing between all of characters in a large block of text.
• Makes a block of text seem more open or more dense.

General Rules to Follow

✓ Avoid using more than 3 fonts on one page.
✓ Avoid using 2 fonts from the same family close together.
✓ Make sure you use consistent type sizes for longer publications
(brochures, newsletters, etc.)
✓ Try to manipulate fonts (stretch, space letters apart, etc.) or add styles to
create visual interest instead of adding different fonts to a page

What is Audio
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• Audio is a key component of the communication.

Sound
• Sound waves vary in sound pressure level (amplitude) and in frequency.
• Sound pressure levels (loudness or volume) are measured in decibels (dB).

Properties of sound wave

Properties of sound
• Period- the difference between the formation of two crests(peak) is
termed as period
• Frequency –the number of peaks that occur in one seconds(1/period)
– Human hearing frequency range: 20 Hz - 20 kHz (audio), voice is
about 500 Hz to 2 kHz.
• Wavelength – is the distance from the midpoint of one crest to the
midpoint of the next crest
• Amplitude of a sound is the measure of displacement of the air pressure
wave from its mean
• Bandwidth –is defined as difference between the highest and lowest
frequency contained in a signal

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Digitization

Basic Digital Audio Concepts

• Sampling rate
– Number of sample taken of a signal in a given time (usually one
second)
• Bit depth
– Describes the accuracy of the audio data
• Channels
– E.g. Stereo has two channels
• Bit rate
– Measured in kilobits per second (Kbps) is a function of the bit depth
and sampling rate

Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM).

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Audio File Size

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Audio Formats

– au - Sun File Format

– wav - Microsoft RIFF/waveform Format
– al - Raw A-law Data Format
– u - Raw u-law Data Format
– snd - NeXT File Format
Using Sound in Multimedia
– How to make sounds
– How to record and edit sounds on the computer
– How to incorporate sounds into your multimedia project

Use of Audio in Multimedia

1. Content Sound
provides information to audiences.(dialogs in movies or theater)
1. Ambient sound
consists of array of background & sound effects

Content Sound used in multimedia

• Narration : provides information about an animation that is playing on
the screen
• Testimonials : these could be auditory or video sound tracks used in
presentations or movies

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• Voice-overs : these are sound for short instructions ,for example, to

navigate the multimedia application
• Music –music may be used to communicate(as a song)

Ambient Sound used in multimedia

• Message reinforcement : the background sound you hear in real life,
such as crowds at a ball game, can be used to reinforce the message that
you wish to communicate.
• Back ground music : set the mood for audience to receive and process
information by starting and ending a presentation with music.
• Sound effect : sound effects are used in presentation to liven up the mood
and add effects to your presentations, such as sound attached to bulleted
lists.

MIDI vs. Digital Audio

• MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a communications
standard developed in the 1980’s for electronic instruments and
computers.
• It allows instruments from different manufacturers to communicate.

• MIDI data is NOT digitized sound- it is music stored in numeric format

• Digital audio is a recording, which depend on your sound system
• MIDI is a score and depends on both the quality of the instruments and
the sound system
• MIDI data and digital audio are like vector and bitmapped graphics:
• Digital audio like bitmapped image – samples original to create a copy
• MIDI – like vector graphic- stores numeric data to recreate sound

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Making MIDI Audio

• Creating a MIDI score requires:
– Knowledge of music and some talent
– Ability to play a musical instrument
– Sequencer software (Smart Score)
– Sound synthesizer
• Built into PC board
• Add-on for MAC

Preparing Digital Audio

• Balance file size versus quality
• Set recording levels
• Edit the recording

MIDI Advantages
• MIDI file are much more compact and take up less memory and system
resources
• MIDI files embedded in web pages load and play much faster than digital
• You can change the length of a MIDI file by varying its tempo
• With high quality MIDI devices, MIDI files may actually sound better than
digital

MIDI Disadvantages

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• MIDI represents musical instruments not sounds and will be accurate

only if your playback device is identical to the production device
• MIDI sound is inconsistent
• MIDI cannot be easily used to reproduce speech

Digital Audio Advantages

• Digital audio sound is consistent and device independent
• A wide selection of software support is available for both MAC and PC
• A knowledge of music theory is not required for creating digital audio, but
usually is needed for MIDI production

Multimedia project delivering

– bug free
– accurate
– operationally and visually on target
– the client requirements have been met.

Testing
• The terms alpha and beta are used by software developers to describe
levels of product development when testing is done and feedback is
required.

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Alpha Testing
Alpha releases are typically for internal circulation only, which is passed
among a select group of mock users – often just the team working on the
project

Beta testing
• The beta testing group should be representative of real users and should
not include persons who have been involved in the project’s production.

File Archives
• An archive file is a file that is composed of one or more computer files
along with metadata.
• Archive files are used to collect multiple data files together into a single
file for easier portability and storage, or simply to compress files to use
less storage space.
• Archive files often store
• directory structures
• error detection and correction information
• arbitrary comments
• sometimes use built-in encryption.

Advantages of using file Archives

• take less time to transmit by modem than do uncompressed files.
• East to uploading and downloading online files.

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• Self-extracting archives are useful for delivering projects on disks in

compressed form.
• Some compression applications allow you to compress, split and store
large files on several floppy disks or Zip disks; the segments of these files
are then automatically rejoined during installation.
• Provide an encryption or security feature, so that people who have access
to disks containing private archive files cannot read them without
authorization. This helps hide classified data.

Video
Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing,
storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing
scenes in motion

1. An animation is an animated drawing, cartoon, etc.

A video is a live recorded motion picture.

Video Standards & Formats

• Broadcasting
• PAL, SECAM, NTSC
• Digital TV/video
• DVB, DV
• Storage and transmission
– DVD, MPEG
• Streaming media
– Adobe, RealPlayer, Windows and Quicktime

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Analog camcorders
• S-VHS (Super Super-VHS)
– Uses special S-VHS tapes
– Requires special, expensive equipment and jacks
– Sharper video quality than VHS
• VHS-C ( VHS-compact)
– Tapes smaller than S-VHS and VHS
– Requires special adapter
• 8mm
– Tapes smaller than VHS
– Popular among people withoutcomputers

Digital Advantages
• No Generational Loss
• Digital Audio (CD-quality)
• Progressive-Scanned Image (not interlaced) = sharper image, no blurring
• Can Carry Non-video Data Layers for interactivity
• Superior Transfer of Colors

Media Converters
• If you already have an analog camcorder, and would like to do digital
editing on a computer, you need a media converter.

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Digital Video File Size Considerations

Determining file size

• Frame rate: lower the better (15 fps minimum)
• Image size: use smaller playback window
• Color depth: 8-bit vs. 16-bit vs. 24-bit color

Considerations for Compressed Video

• Video Format/Architecture (QuickTime, Real, Windows Media)
• Data Rate
• Frame Rate
• Window Size

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• Streaming Method: Progressive or Realtime

Video Compression
Y = 0.299R+0.587G+0.144B
U = (B-Y)
V=(R-Y)

• YUV color space reduce the color information

− Y:U:V = 4:2:2 (Used in TV)
( for every 4 samples of luminous information there are only 2 samples of color
signals)
− Y:U:V = 4:1:1(JPEG)
− Y:U:V = 4:2:0 (JPEG)

What is a codec
• A codec is software that is used to compress or decompress a digital
media file, such as a song or video.

Video File Formats

• .flv Flash Video File
• .mov Apple QuickTime Movie
• .mp4 MPEG-4 Video File
• .mpg MPEG Video File
• .rm Real Media File
• .wmv Windows Media Video File
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Animation

Computer animation generally refers to any time sequence of visual changes

in a scene.

Nature of Animation
• Created Version of Video
– Artificial images only
• Dynamic
– Same characteristic as video
• Not real But looks real
– At times almost fully realistic (3D animation)
• Data size can be smaller using vector

Types Of Animation

1.Animation
2. 3D Animation
3. Computer Animation
Cell animation
Parametric Animation
4. Stop-Motion Animation
5.Motion Capture Animation

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Principles of Animation
1. Squash and stretch
2. Anticipation
3. Staging
4. Straight ahead action and pose to pose
5. Follow through and overlapping action
6. Slow in and slow out
7. Arcs
8. Secondary action
9. Timing
10.Exaggeration
11.Solid drawing
12.Appeal

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Techniques of Animation

What is an Image File Format

• Image file formats are standard way of organizing and storing of image
files.

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Image File Size

• This is expressed as number of bytes
• This value depends on two factors
– Number of pixels on the screen
– Bit depth (Number of bits allocated for a pixel)

Types of Image File Compression

• There are two types of Compression algorithms.

Lossless Compression
Lossy Compression
Lossless Compression
 Algorithms reduce file size without losing image quality
 They are not compressed into as small a file as a lossy compression file.
 When image quality is valued than file size, lossless algorithms are
typically chosen.
 because it lets you recreate the original file exactly.
 All lossless compression is based on the idea of breaking a file into a
"smaller" form for transmission or storage and then putting it back
together on the other end so it can be used again.

Loss-less Compression
• Every pixel in the image is preserved during compression.
• Can reproduce original image without loss
• Not high compression ratio (~2.0)

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• Algorithms: RLE, LZW, etc.

Chain Coding

Color space compression

• Uses human eye characteristics

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– Less sensitive to color than lightness

– Less sensitive to Red than Green
• YUV colour space
– Originally developed for colour TV signal
– Convert colour to Luminance(Y) and Chrominance (U,V) values
Y=0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B
Most sensitive colour for human eyes
U=(B-Y) V=(R-Y)
Colour Space Compression

BMP – Bitmap File Format

JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
GIF – Graphics Interchange Format
PNG – Portable Network Graphics
TIFF – Tag Interchange File Format
EPS – Encapsulated Postscript
PICT – Picture File Format

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