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The Contemporary World Reviewer

1. The document defines globalization as the set of economic, social, cultural, technological, and institutional processes that intensify exchanges between different parts of the world. 2. Key players in economic globalization include multinational corporations, transnational corporations, and international organizations that facilitate the free movement of goods, capital, services, and technology across borders. 3. Multinational and transnational corporations play important roles in the global economy by promoting foreign investment, transferring technology, boosting exports, and investing in infrastructure development.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
125 views18 pages

The Contemporary World Reviewer

1. The document defines globalization as the set of economic, social, cultural, technological, and institutional processes that intensify exchanges between different parts of the world. 2. Key players in economic globalization include multinational corporations, transnational corporations, and international organizations that facilitate the free movement of goods, capital, services, and technology across borders. 3. Multinational and transnational corporations play important roles in the global economy by promoting foreign investment, transferring technology, boosting exports, and investing in infrastructure development.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

(Reviewer)
CHAPTER1:GLOBALIZATION DEFINED
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION 1. "Big is Better"
 Globalization is used to 2. "More is Better"
indicate the global nature of 3. "Time and Space have
capital, the emergence of a Disappeared"
single gobal economy, and 4. "Global Cultural Homogenity"
tremendous speed of exchange 5. "Saving Planet Earth"
across vast distances. (Kakepoto, 6. "Democracy for Export via
2005) American TV"
 Glocalization means a global 7. "The New World Order"
outlook adopted to local
conditions WORKING DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
 Globality refers to a social Globalization is defined as the set
condition, potentially the end- of processes (economic, social,
point of globalization, whereby cultural, technological,
individual and collective institutional) that contribute to
consciousness is focused the relationship between societies
increasingly at the global level and individuals around the world.
and away from the national level It is a progressive process by
which exchanges and flows between
UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHIES OF THE different parts of the world are
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF intensified.
GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization is defined as the STEGER DEVELOPED SIX CORE
set of processes (economic, CLAIMSOFGLOBALISM:
social, cultural, technological, 1. Globalization is about the
institutional) that contribute liberalization and global
to the relationship between integration of markets;
societies and individuals around 2. Globalization is inevitable and
the world. irreversible
 It is a set of multiple, uneven 3. Nobody is in charge if
and sometimes overlapping globalization
historical processes. Including 4. Globalization benefits everyone
economics, politics, and culture, 5. Globalization furthers the
that have combined with the spread of democracy in the
evolution of media technology to world
create the conditions under 6. Globalization requires a global
which the globe itself can now war on terror
be understood as “an imagined
community”(Lule, 2017). EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION IN
 - Barber(1992) defines VARIOUS ASPECTS
globalization as the opposite of GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS
localization. 1. Multinational corporation
operate on a global scale, with
THE MYTHOLOGY ABOUT GLOBALIZATION satellite offices and branches
 FERGUSON(1992).SHE CITED SEVEN in numerous locations.
MYTHS ABOUT GLOBALZATION SUCH AS:
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
2. A dress with design is inspired The Internet is a major contributor
by the culture of Africa, made to globalization not only
in South Korea and sold in New technologically but in other areas
York. as well, like in cultural exchanges
GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF of the arts.
CULTURES
1. Christian missionaries from LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Europe added to the 1. Define economic globalization
globalization of Christianity. 2. Identify the actors that
2. Colonization all over the world facilitate economic
was a major cause of globalization
globalization. 3. Define the modern world system;
GLOBALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY and
1. Global news networks, like CNN, 4. Articulate a stance on global
contribute to the spread of economic integration
knowledge.

CHAPTER 2:THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION


LESSON 1:THE GLOBAL ECONOMY coordination between among its
The GLOBAL ECONOMY refers to the members.
interconnected worldwide economic * Intergovernmental Organization
activities that take place between * Supranational Organization
multiple countries. These economic
activities can have either a Intergovernmental Organization
positive or negative impact on the - Composed of nation-states.
countries involved. - Decisions and agreements reached
are not enforceable.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION refers to
the free movement of goods, capital, Supranational Organization
services, technology and - They surrender their power in
information. It results to an specific areas to the higher
increasing economic integration and organization.
interdependence of national,
regional, and local economies International Non-Governmental
around the world by strengthening Organization
the cross-border movement of goods, - Not created by International
technologies, and capital. treaty or Intergovernmental
Agreements. - They focusses on
MERCANTILISM a principle, the more solving social issues.
gold the country has, in the
addition to what it already
possessed, the more powerful the
country is.

KEY PLAYERS/ACTORS IN GLOBALIZATION


International Organization - They
promotes voluntary cooperation and
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)

Larger Manufacturing Corporation Examples of Transnationals


- These corporations sell goods and companies/ corporations
manufactured products.
* Multinationals
* Transnationals
Multinational Corporation (MNC)
- Also known as Global Corporations.
- An entity that owns and controls
production of goods or services in
one or more countries aside from
their home country.
- It has international Identity.
Transnational Corporation (TNC)
- A commercial enterprise that
operates substantial facilities
that does business in more that one International Corporation
country. - Is a componay which imports and
exports products only with no
invesment outside of the home
country.
- It has no Foreign Direct
Investment(FDI).

ROLES OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS


IN THE ECONOMY
Promotion of Foreign Investment.
 MNCs can bridge the gap between
the requirements of foreign
capital for increasing foreign
investment in a certain country
Technology Transfer.
Examples of Multinationals  With the presence of MNCs in a
companies/ corporations country, transfer of high
sophisticated technology are
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
essential for raising  Bank, a financial institution
productivity especially in the that accepts deposits from the
developing countries to be able public and creates credit, is
to start new productive ventures highly regulated in most
requiring high technology. countries due to its significant
Promotion of Exports. role in financial stability.
 With broad connections  International bank sells
everywhere throughout the world financial services and does not
and delivering items effectively create money. It is simply an
and hence with lower costs intermediary that simply move
multinationals can assume a money from the capital markets
critical role in promoting to businesses and institutions.
experts of a nation where they  Large bank act as affiliate of
contribute. smaller banks that do not have
Investment in Infrastructure. branches in other countries.
 Multinational Companies could be  Multinational or transnational
very well invest in companies can consolidate their
infrastructure such as power financial business transactions
projects, modernization of at a single bank from trade
telecommunications, airports and finance, currency transactions,
ports with their large control loans, inventory to payroll
over financial resources and (Duff, n.d).
their superior ability to raise
resources both globally and MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
domestically According to Immanuel Wallerstein
(1974), the modern worldsystem,
ROLES 0F TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS essentially capitalist in nature,
IN THE ECONOMY is a social system that has
 Under the influence of boundaries, structures, member
globalization and integration of groups, rules of legitimation, and
world economy, TNCs conquer new coherence. The life of the system
markets and seek to further is made up of the conflicting
expand economic power forces which hold it together by
 Transnational companies make it tension and tear it apart as each
possible to create complex new up of the conflicting force which
opportunities to attract hold it together by tension and
resources and entering foreign tear it apart as each group seeks
markets thereby, developing and eternally to remold it to it’s an
increasing international advantage. It possesses the
production and distribution of characteristic of an organism which
foreign direct investment. in some respects change and remain
 TNCs is an important tool for stable in others.
the transfer of technology and
management experience to CATEGORY OF WORLD ECONOMY
industrial countries. The CORE are powerful, wealthy and
 On the other hand, large highly independent of outside
international bank has also a control regions. They dominate the
major role in globalization. capitalist world-economy and
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
exploits the rest of the system.
Countries in the northwestern
Europe were the first core region
developed.

The Periphery are areas that lack


strong central governments and
controlled by other states. These
regions, which exported raw
materials to the core, relied on
coercive labor practices and are
heavily exploited. Example are most GLOBAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
countries in African region and is the process of arrangement
Latin America that are the least between regions to reduce or
economically developed. Based on eliminate trade barriers, and to
the World Trade map below, you will coordinate monetary and fiscal
see that the Philippines is also policies with the common purpose of
categorizes as Periphery region. increasing the trade to those
countries involved.
The Semi-Periphery nations lie Regional integration; trade
between the two extremes, the core liberalization; foreign direct
and periphery, and served as investment; and privatization and
buffers. They are either exploiting deregulation are certain factors in
or exploited. Tensions can exist promoting the growth of economic
between the central and local globalization.
governments. They always strive to
get into a dominant position of the Transnational Corporations (TNCS)
core state. India and Portugal are - breakdown of national barriers
examples. through the creation single,
integrated world market has
The EXTERNAL AREAS are regions that facilitated mobility of capital,
maintained their own economic growth in foreign direct investment.
system. They managed to remain
outside of the modern world economy. North American Free Trade Agreement
Internal trade is given (NAFTA)
significance by the countries of - was an agreement signed by Canada,
this region. Russia is well fitting Mexico, and the United States that
in this case where its power helped created a trilateral trade bloc in
regulate the economy and limited North America. The agreement came
foreign commercial influence. into force on January 1, 1994, and
superseded the 1988 Canada–United
States Free Trade Agreement between
the United States and Canada. The
NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the
largest trade blocs in the world by
gross domestic product.
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
Philippine Economic Zone Authority
(PEZA) and Board of Investments Privatization
- they offer tax incentives to - means the government allows
attract foreign investors. private companies to compete in the
industry and enterprise. This
Regional Integration includes turning ownership of a
- the practice of two or more state-owned corporation to a
countries sitting, meeting and private individual corporation.
discussing together to overcome
economic crisis and promote Deregulation
development. - is the removal of regulatory
barriers in doing business allowing
Trade Liberalization more competition from others but
- is the free flow of trade between still dominated few players.
countries around the world
Example in the Philippines is the
Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) privatization of the former
- it takes place when a foreign National Steel Corporation (NSC)
firm or individual establishes and the deregulation of oil prices.
business operations or acquires Ironically, the effects of such
business assets which includes action from the government were not
establishing ownership and beneficial to the Filipino
controlling interest in a company community per observation.
in another country.
These factors are greatly
influenced on theory of Neo-
Liberalism that emphasized
liberalization and privatization of
the economy with reduction of trade
barrier for economic development
which would benefit all human kind.

Joseph Stieglitz (2002) opinioned


that economic globalization was
never aimed to help the citizens of
the developing world. The three
institutions that run it namely:
The International Monetary Fund,
World Bank, and World Trade
Organization, are all instruments
of exploitation in the hands of the
elite states of the advanced
developed countries.
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)

CHAPTER 2:LESSON 2 & 3


LESSON 2, MARKET INTEGRATION countries having the most voting
In order to create a global power.
economic system that would ensure
longer-lasting peace, a network of The World Bank Group (WBC,) was
global financial institutions that also created following the Bretton
would promote economic independence wood agreements to provide
and prosperity was set up. It was financial assistance to countries
in 1944 that the Bretton Woods affected by World War I for
System was inaugurated during the reconstruction projects in 1945, It
United Nations Monetary and has two ambitious goals to end
Financial Conference. This system extreme poverty and to promote
was largely influenced by British shared prosperity. A family of five
economist John Maynard Keynes international organizations—
(1883-1946) who believed that a. The International Bank for
economic crises occur when money is Reconstruction and Development
not being spent and, there, not (IBRD)
moving. Governments have to b. International Development
revitalize markets with infusions Association (IDA)
of capital (Claudio, 2018) c. International Finance
International Financial Corporation (JFC)
Institutions d. Multilateral Investment
Key Terms Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Bretton Woods System e. International Centre for
International Monetary Fund Settlement of Investment Disputes
World Bank
General Agreement on Tariffs and The first two organizations IBRD
Trade and IDA are confusingly referred to
World Trade Organization as the World Bank that give grants
to the poorest countries in the
The International Monetary Fund fields of human development. But
(IMF) is an international just like the IMF, World Bank has
organization created in 1945 as long been criticized due to
part of the Bretton Woods Agreement, corruption, the so-called free
consisting of 189 member countries. market reform policies.
It aims to promote global economic
growth and financial stability, The General Agreement on Tariffs
encourage international trade, and and Trade (GATT) is an agreement
reduce poverty through monitoring, signed by 23 nations in 1947 to
capacity building, and lending. reduce or eliminate trade barriers
Structural adjustment programs are such as tariffs and quotas in
required when granting loans, which international trade. While GATT is
have been criticized for focused on trades in goods, WTO is
reproducing colonialist structures also responsible for the
and aggravating poverty. Decisions increasingly important trade in
are made by the most powerful services.
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
Advantage And Disadvantage of
The World Trade Organization (WTO), Global Corporation
which has 164 members and 23 Advantage:
observer governments. The WTO's One of the advantages of global
main function is to ensure smooth, corporations is cheaper labor,
predictable, and free trade flows which allows them to operate in
as possible. Though it claims to be countries where labor is not
fixing, it is accused of being expensive. They also benefit from a
responsible in Widening the social broader market base that increases
gap between rich and poor. Martin the chances to reach out to more
Khor (2002) contented that W TO customers around the globe. A tax
does not manage the global economy cut is one of the strategies
impartially, but is biased towards implemented by most countries to
rich and multinational corporations. attract more foreign businesses to
Hence, harming smaller countries invest in their countries, leading
which have less negotiation power. to job creation and more employment
That in the absence Of proper opportunities, especially in
environmental regulation and developing countries.
resource management, increased Disadvantage:
trade might cause so much adverse The potential abuse of workers may
damage that the gains from trade occur, where the international
would be less than the corporation can demand cheaper
environmental costs (Charnovitz, labor and lesser benefits.
2007). Additionally, threats to local
businesses may arise, where giant
Attributes of Global Corporation corporations dominate industries
Global due to better and more affordable
corporations include multinational products due to financial resources
and transnational corporations that to buy in bulk. While jobs are
produce and sell goods or services created in the developing countries
in various countries. These where offices and operations are
corporations have large-scale set up by global corporations, loss
operations and dominate mostly by of jobs may result for people
developed countries and MNCs. living in developed countries
However, they still have to follow
restrictions set forth by the LESSON 3: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATR
countries where they set their SYSTEM
operations. While global International relations:
corporations are important, still This refers to the study of how
there is a need to create policies countries interact with one another
to create a balance between the and establish relationships in the
developed and developing countries. global interstate system. It
Globalization has become important involves understanding the behavior
in this contemporary world but that occurs across state boundaries,
there is an urgency to make it as well as the roles and functions
equitable. of international organizations that
facilitate interactions among
states.
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
Internationalization: EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON
This refers to the process of GOVERNMENT
increasing the involvement of Many people remain wary of the
businesses in the international changes brought about by
arena, particularly through globalization in the world. Many
international trade, alliances, and people have doubts regarding how
treaties. It does not necessarily
globalization affects people's
mean the elimination or
lives. Some people are led to
minimization of national boundaries
for economic purposes, which is the
assume that this will lead to
goal of globalization. the establishment of a one-world
government. These are the
Four key attributes in world positive outcomes of
politics today: globalization studied by
1. Independent states, Mohammad Abo Gazleh's which it
2. Diplomatic interaction, is based on (2001).
3. International organizations,
and The following are:
4. Organizations taking lives of 1. Communication - internet users
their own. and subscribers are remarkably
rising.
State: 2. Education - the top libraries in
This refers to a community of the world are now accessible to
people permanently occupying a students and researchers of all
fixed territory and possessing an ages because to advancements in
independent government organized communication and technology.
for political ends, to which the 3. Different fore issues - most
great body of inhabitants render people are now aware of the rights
habitual obedience. A state is of women and children, health, the
characterized by four essential environment, discrimination, and
elements: people, territory, inequilities thanks to greater
sovereignty, and government. In the media coverage of these issues.
absence of any of these elements, a 4. Culture - it has a better
state ceases to exist. understanding than ever of the many
cultures' customs and religions,
Nation: which makes it easier for people to
This refers to a group of people show sympathy and compassion for
who share common characteristics one another through disasters and
such as history or origin, culture, tragedies.
religion, and language and have a 5. Resources - there is an
sense of shared identity. A nation increasing dependency between these
may exist within one state or span nations because industrialized
multiple states, and a state may be countries require natural and human
comprised of multiple nations. resources while emerging countries
Unlike a state, a nation does not require capital, technology, and
necessarily have a fixed territory brainpower.
or an independent government.
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
6. Investments - investments from waste a lot of time doing pointless
rich nations are made in emerging things
nations, increasing their foreign 5. International politics - China is
exchange reserves. a better example, enforcing its
7. Competition - to compete globally, interests against the Philippines
every domestic and international on territorial disputes,
firm will raise the quality of particularly with regard to its
their goods and services, leading marine and fluvial domains.
to a system where the strongest 6. Economy - the rise of multi-
survive national firms that provide less
expensive goods and services caused
At the same time, there are also the downfall of many national
negative effects of this phenomenon economies; It has caused price
identified by Gazleh (2001) fluctuations.
7. Science - despite the fact that
These are the following: globalization has made significant
1. - Language has a big impact contributions to new scientific
especially the English that could revolutions across a variety of
be problematic because it fields, particularly in the
marginalizes cultures and basically computer and space sciences, these
wipes away most traditions, rituals, new revolutions have also paved the
and values in most communities. way for their misuse for immoral
2. Developing Countries - even ends and harm to the dignity of
though they made significant God's created man, including the
contributions to the system, environment.
developing nations do not reap the
rewards of these Globalization continues to raise
contributions.These nations' important concerns about world
governments no longer prioritize peace and the future. Can the
decent education, accessible application of the free market
healthcare, and a fair distribution principle globally improve
of food in their political international peace and security?
objectives. Instead of closing the Will it stop wars or the spread of
gap between the rich and the poor, war rumors? Will it put an end to
globalization expands it. labor strikes or inequalities
3. Religion - Globalization between or among groups of people?
facilitates the transmission of The process of modern globalization
information about many religious appears to. not guarantee political,
viewpoints, but because of the economic, or social stability. Real
promotion of purely secular system challenges are presented to humans.
ideals, religious values have less Since they are the most affected,
of an impact on people's conduct. they must deal with the current
Values corruption penetrates issues. To build a better life is
people's minds in various ways. their moral obligation and
4. Morals - immoral behavior is accountability. To create a just
becoming a disease and is growing and equitable society in which to
more and more widespread. On the live, people should, in fact,
Internet, a lot of individuals
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
globalize themselves within the
field of moral qualities. INTERNATIONAL VS GLOBALISM
Internationalism:
INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING The principle of cooperation among
INTERNATIONAL RELATION different nations in political,
Institutions governing economic, and cultural aspects for
international relations refer to the promotion of the common good.
organizations with international Internationalism is a political
principle that advocates greater
membership, scope, or presence that
play a vital role in contemporary political or economic cooperation
among states and nations. It is
international relations. These
institutions can be categorized associated with other political
into different types such as movements and ideologies, but can
generalist interstate organizations, also reflect a doctrine, belief
system, or movement in itself.
economic institutions,
international legal bodies, and Globalism:
regional security arrangements. An ideology based on the belief
that people, goods, and information
Their aim is to promote peace,
order, and cooperation among should be able to cross national
borders unfettered, with an
nations, and to address issues such
as economic development, human attitude of putting the interests
rights, and security threats. of the entire world above the
interests of individual nations.
4 Areas of United Nations Hegemonic internationalism:
 Military Issues The dominance of one country over a
nation or nation-state, with
 Economic Issues
nations being integrated based on
 Environmental Issues
 Human Protection unequal terms.
Liberal internationalism:
NGO's ( Non-governmental
A belief that nation-states should
organizations) and global
give up some of their freedoms and
economic associations also establish a continuously growing
govern international relations. global system consisting of various
 are not ties to any country nations working together to prevent
or nation state. lawlessness in the world.
 a non profit group that Revolutionary internationalism:
functions independently of The belief that conflicts in
any government. Sometimes society are due to international
called Civil factors and alliances, and nation-
states are forced to do what they
think is right.
Socialist internationalism:
The idea that the socialist-working
class movement is an
internationalist one, where people
belonging to the working class
nation unite to protect themselves
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
against exploitation, abuse, and substances that may affect human
oppression by the capitalist class. health and well-being.
Economic globalism: Military globalism:
Involves long-distance flows of The long-distance networks in which
goods, services, capital, and force, and the threat or promise of
information that accompany market force, are deployed.
exchange. Social globalism:
Environmental globalism: The movement of information, ideas,
Refers to the distant images, and people who carry those
transportation of materials in the by people themselves, including
aerial, fluvial, or terrestrial religions and the diffusion of
aspects, including biological scientific knowledge.

CHAPTER II: LESSON 4 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE


Government
The government is a group of People This is not a tantamount to global
who rule or run the administration government. For the record, There
of a country. In other words, it is no such thing as global
may be said that a government is government. Each state has an
the body of representatives that independent government of which
governs and controls the state at a other states cannot and should not
given time. Government is the control. To negotiate and enforce
medium through which the power of compliance of the agreed norms set
the state is employed. forth, Institutions are created.
Governance
How the government is being run and International organizations
managed by the people who are in are important actors in the
the government is called Governance. critical episodes of international
Governance does not only refer to politics:
government but may also be
undertaken by a market, or network,  With power in Mediation.
or over a social system. It is also  Dispute resolution.
a broader term referring to how to  Peace keeping.
solve a problems that are faced in  Applying sanctions and others.
any society whether in community,
national or global level. They also help in managing various
key areas of international concerns,
Global Governance from global health policy to the
 Global Governance refers to the monetary policies around the world
various intersecting processes (Abott and Snidal, 1998).
that create world order.
 It is a movement among An international organization can
transnational actors toward be defined as an institutional
political cooperation aimed to agreement between members of an
solve issues or problems that international system in order to
affect more than one state or achieve objectives according to
region. systematic conditions, reflecting
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
attributes, aspirations and International Organizations (IO’s)
concerns of the members’(Hanreider, often refers to international
1966). intergovernmental organizations or
groups that are primarily made-up
Sources of Global Governance of member-states.

Treaties and Organizations

International NGOs
Powers of IO’s
Power Classification
- Can invent and apply
categories.
- Create powerful Standards.
Power to Fix Meanings
- IO’s as legitimate sources
of information.
- Meanings have effects on
various policies.
Power to Diffuse Norms
- IO’s spread ideas across
the world, establishing global
Powerful Transnational Corporations standards.
- Experts in various fields.
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
a knowledge that makes cooperation
Roles and Functions of the United among members states possible where
Nations many areas are highly complex and
United nation is the most diverse.
prominent international institution
establish. promotes international NORMATIVE
cooperation, and creates and Another challenge is the normative
maintains international order. role of the UN which has been
fundamental since its creation.
 League of nations Member-states are committed to
 Established on October 24, 1945 review and reform their norms and
 "United Nation means“ practices and align these with
 the first declaration, January 1, international norms and standards.
1942 Norms are measurements of morality.
 Founders and members Implementing a new development
 Objectives agenda is difficult where hard-won
normative gains are contested by
Challenges of Global Governance in nationalism, populism, and
the 21st Century protectionism which are
Global Governance can be defined as significantly increasing. Norms are
political cooperation between the not given or statistic, they should
different countries in the world be articulated, and defended,
towards the management of common performed, and practiced, otherwise
problems affecting more than one they will decay or be replaced.
country (Barnett, 2004).

The United Nations has naturally


face numerous problems and
challenges given the scope of its
responsibilities. Take note that
the institution is not a world
government. It functions due to the
voluntary cooperation from states.
If one state refused to cooperate
there is always tendency that the
influence of UN is compromised. For
POLICIES
instance, problems cannot be
Are enacted and implemented to
identified or addressed immediately
settle problems or issues. These
if rapporteurs sent by the UN are
are articulated and linked set of
not welcomed by the countries
governing principles and goals for
concerned.
agreed programs to reach those
goals.
Weiss(2015), identified five global
governance gaps.
INSTITUTIONAL
KNOWLEDGE
Institutional gaps would include
Is a valuable core asset which is
any failures of effective mechanism
both intangible and concrete, a
to ensure that the law is in place.
general and specific source. It is
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
The different organizations of the 5. Climate Change - long-term
UN will see to it that these shifts in temperatures.
policies are properly implemented.
6. Human Rights - rights
COMPLIANCE inherent to all human beings (race,
The final challenge for global sex, nationality, ethnicity,
governance. It is on the issue language, religion and etc.
whether the policies are
implemented or enforced effectively. 8. HIV/AIDS - virus that attacks
cells.

Challenges in this Covid-19


Pandemic
• Millions of people across the
globe had been infected with the
novel corona virus and killed
hundreds of thousands individuals.
• The virus travelled form Wuhan
province of China to other
countries, spread to Global North
and Global South until it turned
The UN’s relationship to the gaps into a global pandemic.
is explored through case studies of • Digital technologies are being
some of the most burning problems deployed in order to continue
of this age, including: "business as usual" as lock downs
1. Terrorism – The use of force and economic recession wrecks the
or violence against persons or global market.
property in violation of the • The aim hope to "flatten the
criminal laws. curve" of the spread of the disease,
government imposes new travel
2. Nuclear Proliferation – the restriction by countries which
acquisition of nuclear weapons by redefine refugees and migration
nations or terrorist organizations. governance that somewhat posed
greater risks to marginalized
3. Humanitarian Crises - is a population.
generalized emergency situation • National governments may exercise
that affects an entire community or their governmental powers to limit
a group of people in a region, the movement of people or declare
which involves high levels of state of emergency, and challenge
mortality or malnutrition and the rule of law.
health emergencies.
State relevance and Globalization
4. Development Aid - covers a • Loss of sovereignty due to
vast array of resource flows. globalization, the state remains
the key actor in the international
and domestic arenas even with the
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
assumption of the emergence of for state has grown, and also the
global society. local resource pools and
• It must not overlook that the socioeconomic problems on which it
entire set up for global governance is based are undiminished.
is actually and currently designed • Globalization needs strong states
by nation-states. with strong democratic institutions.
• It has always been the principle • To ensure the globalization
of the state to protect and serve benefits are enjoyed equally by
the people. both developed and developing
• There is no evidence that countries.
globalization reduces the relevance • Good governance is a must
of state’s functions. (Bertucci, 2001)
• According to Jones (2000), the
state will persist because the need

Chapter III: Lesson 1 A World of Regions


A World of Regions
A world region is a large primary North-south Divides
division of the world used in The North – South Divide or Rich
higher education — originally in – Poor Divide is the socio-
anthropology, but then also in economic and political division
geography and history, and as the between the wealthy developed
basis for area studies. countries known as “The North”,
and the poorer developing countries
It includes the countries belonging or “The South”.
to the Third World and Periphery. Although most of the countries
These are regions outside Europe under “The North” are located in
and North America. With three- the Northern Hemisphere, the divide
fourth of the world populations, is purely not based on geographic
only has access to one-fifth of the location. Some countries located in
world income. Hence, countries that the same hemisphere may not be
have low-income and often qualified for the “Developed”
politically or culturally status. In effect may deemed part
marginalized. of “The South.” this divide is
recently known as development gap
which greater emphasis on the gap
Global Divides: The North and the between the economically rich and
South poor countries.
 Globalization is a phenomenon,
regionalism is also seen as a
political and economic
phenomenon.
 Regionalism - is a political
process
 characterize by economic policy.
 Countries are group
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
 Low standard of living
The Global North  Low Industrial development
The Global North mostly encompasses
the west and The First world with Global South vs The Third World
many of the Second world. It is  This is called a South-South
home of all the G8 (Canada, France, Cooperation (SSC), political and
Germany, Italy, Japan, United economical term referring to the
Kingdom, United states and European long term goal of pursuing world
union.). Global North also Includes economic changes that mutually
the outermost regions of the benefit countries in the Global
European Union, Australia, New South and lead to greater
Zealand, and developed members of solidarity among the
the Asia(The four Asian Tigers- disadvantaged in the world
Hongkong, Singapore, Taiwan and system" (Gray, 2016).
south Korea).  It was a French demographer,
The North, with one quarter of the anthropologist and economic
world of the world population, historian Alfred Sauvy (1898-
controls four fifths of the income 1990) who coined the term "the
earned anywhere in the world. Third World" in 1952, comparing
It owned 90% of the manufacturing it with Third Estate, a concept
Industries which are also located that emerged during the French
in the countries belonging to The Revolution which refers to the
north French population.
 There growth and develop of the
The Global South developing countries in the
The Global South refers to the 1970's was slowing Developed
regions of Latin America, Asia, countries were becoming
Africa, and Oceania. It Includes dependent on the Third World for
the countries belonging to the energy due to the decline of US
Third World and periphery. oil reserves.
With three-fourth of the world  The Global South was merged to
populations, only has access to the Third World in order to
one-fifth of the world income. avoid the stigma brought about
Countries that have low-income and by the form "Third World" as
often politically or culturally being very poor and thus created
marginalized. a new world order (Butler 2007).
 They are the countries at the
Major Differences periphery that produce mainly
Global North agrarian and mineral raw
 Less Population materials for industrialized
 High Wealth states. In deeper sense, the
 Industry developing countries originally
 High standard living belong to the Global South still
 High Industrial Development has a chance to become a
Global South developed country.
 Low wealth
 Agriculture
 Large population
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(Reviewer)
Global relations In Latin America resources for external diplomacy.
Latin America, like Africa, has a Much energy has, in fact, been
small populations but endowed with spent on the presently 33
reach natural resources. This preferential trade agreements
region is target for grand-scale inside Latin America, of which the
pillage for capital accumulation by Pacific Alliance (Mexico, Chile,
Europe and the United States. Colombia, Peru) is the most
Countries in Latin America were
under the control of either Spain important, while a Latin America-
or Portugal during the Colonial Era. wide free trade arrangement is
During the 19th century, the world still missing, though highly
capitalist system exploited the desirable if its businesses are to
peonized peasants. The tillers, become more competitive on the
laborers, and uneducated were world market.
subject to brutality by big
agrarian landowners. The natural Global activities of Latin American
resources like mines were exploited countries have focused on basically
by the developed countries. two areas: the initiatives of some
of its larger countries and
Some would argue that Latin economic relations with the outside
America’s restricted role in world. The efforts of Brazil to
global diplomatic affairs has a gain a permanent seat in a reformed
great deal to do with its internal UN Security Council are
problems: the constant struggle for particularly important. Along with
democracy, economic decline, Germany, India and Japan Brazil has
growing inequality, the fight worked toward that goal but so far
against drugs, or corruption. achieved only the consideration of
Indeed, these issues absorb some new approaches to Security
enormous energies within these Council reform regrettably without
political systems leaving limited any concrete results.

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