SPSS notes

by
Abdelrahman M. Attia
MBBCH Candidate, Faculty of medicine Cairo University
Peer-Reviewer at Journal of Infection and Public health
Multiple international publications
Biostatistician

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Content Page
SPSS Interface 4
Data files 6
Data Entry 9
Computing Variables 13
Recoding Variables 15
Split File 19
Select Cases 23
Descriptive Statistics for categorical variables 26
Descriptive Statistics Cross tabs 28
Descriptive Statistics for numeric data 31
Descriptive Statistics for numeric data in 37
Multiple groups
Descriptive Statistics for numeric data in 39
multiple Categorical Variables
Data Visualization 42
Normality Testing 55
One sample Z-test 58
One sample T-test 63
Paired-T test 65
Independent-T test 69
One-Way ANOVA 72
Two-Way ANOVA 76
Wilcoxon signed rank test 89
Mann-Whitney U test 92
Kruskal-Wallis test 95
Pearson's correlation 98
Spearman's correlation 101
Chi-square test 104
Simple linear regression 106

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Multiple linear regression 109
Univariate Logistic regression 112
Multiple Logistic regression 115

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 Simple linear regression

• The simple linear regression studies the relationship, in order to

predict the values of the dependent variable based on the values of
the independent variable.
o Analyze > Regression > Linear…
o Dataset used: 27-Simple Linear Regression.sav

Example: We want to know is there Association between

Exam Score and IQ of Students

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• R square : 0.79 meaning that: 79% of the variability in the
Exam Score can be explained by the IQ through this model.
• Coefficient (B) : 0.14 with significant (P-value <0.001 )
meaning that : For every unit increase in the IQ, there is 0.14
units increase in the mean Exam Score, OR the student who have
Higher IQ had significant Higher Exam score, OR there is higher
odds for student who had high IQ to get higher Exam Scores.

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 Multiple linear regression

• The Multiple linear regression studies the relationship, in order to

predict the values of the dependent variable based on the values of
the independent variables.
o Analyze > Regression > Linear…
o Dataset used: 28-Multiple Linear Regression.sav

Example: We want to know is there Association between

IQ ,Hours of the study , gender of Students and Exam
Score of students.

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• R square : 0.84 meaning that: 84% of the variability in the
Exam Score can be explained by the independent variables ( IQ ,
Hours of the study , and Gender ) through this model.
• Coefficient (B) of IQ: 0.14 with significant (P-value
<0.001 ) meaning that : For every unit increase in the IQ, there
is 0.14 units increase in the mean Exam Score while controlling all
other independent variables, OR the student who have Higher IQ
had significant Higher Exam score, OR there is higher odds for
student who had high IQ to get higher Exam Scores
• Coefficient (B) of Hours of the study: 0.39 with
significant (P-value <0.001 ) meaning that : For every unit
increase in the Hours of the study, there is 0.39 units increase in
the mean Exam Score while controlling all other independent
variables, OR the student who have Higher Hours of the study had
significant Higher Exam score, OR there is higher odds for student
who had high Hours of the study to get higher Exam Scores
• Coefficient (B) of Gender : -0.28 with significant (P-
value = 0.004 ) meaning that : The Male students have
significant lower Exam score in comparison with Female students,
OR there is odds for Male students to get lower Exam Scores in
comparison with Female students.

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 Univariate Logistic regression
• The binomial logistic regression is a predictive technique which is
used when the dependent variable is dichotomous, and the
independent variables are continuous, ordinal or nominal.
o Analyze > Regression > Binary Logistic…
o Dataset used: 29-Univariate Logistic Regression.sav

• Example: We want to know if the age is predicting factor

for Ischimic heart diseases (IHD) .

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• Exp(B) (Odds Ratio (OR)) : 1.38 with significant (P-
value <0.001 ) meaning that: Older Ages are associated with
IHD OR The patients with older ages have higher odds to get IHD
in comparison with younger ages.

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 Multiple Logistic regression
• The binomial logistic regression is a predictive technique which is
used when the dependent variable is dichotomous, and the
independent variables are continuous, ordinal or nominal.
o Analyze > Regression > Binary Logistic…
o Dataset used: 30-Multiple Logistic Regression.sav

• Example: We want to know if the age, gender, and

smoking status are predicting factor for Ischimic heart
diseases (IHD) .

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• Exp(B) (Odds Ratio (OR)) of age : 1.41 with significant
(P-value <0.001 ) meaning that: Older Ages are associated
with IHD OR The patients with older ages have higher odds to get
IHD in comparison with younger ages.
• Exp(B) (Odds Ratio (OR)) of gender (Male): 24.5 with
significant (P-value <0.001 ) meaning that: Male Cases are
associated with IHD OR The Male patients have higher odds to get
IHD in comparison with Female patients.
• Exp(B) (Odds Ratio (OR)) Non-smoker: 0.05 with
significant (P-value <0.001 ) meaning that: The patients
with Non-smoking status have lower odds to get IHD in
comparison Current smokers.

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