It is because we possess more complex

capabilities such as self-awareness, analytical

Developmental Scientists identified the three thinking, self-evaluation, motivation, decision-
(3) aspects or domain of human development making, and reflective thought.
(Papalia & Feldman 2012):

• Physical Development It was during the time of the Western

• Cognitive Development philosophers, particularly the Greek thinkers,
• Psychosocial Development when question about the self and about being
human were started to be asked.
While human development covers the whole
lifespan of human existence in relation to the According to Plato in his book entitled “The
three domains. Republic”, building character as much as

Human Development is also influenced by: intelligence, is what education is all about.

The Republic is considered to be the greatest

o Heredity
work on philosophy of education.
o Environment
o Maturation

Personality Development (Outside) includes On the other hand, eastern thought may have
image enhancement such as skin care and understood personal development through
make-up, fashion and clothing, and even the another concept.
body contouring, modeling and beauty
The great Chinese being will always desire to
pageants and many others.
become the “superior man”, not just to his
Personal Development (Inside) may be peers and followers, but to himself most
defined as process in which persons reflect especially.
upon themselves, understand who they are,
accept what they discover.
Psychology, being the study of human
It involves the set of values, attitudes, behavior, thinking and behavior, serves as a foundation
and thinking skills. for personal development.
According to Zorka Hereford, Pesonal It started during the flourishment of
Development is the process of striving to be the Humanistic and Positive Psychology in the
best that you can be in order to reach and 1950s which focuses with personal growth and
realize your full potential.
meaning as a way of reaching one’s fullest
It is your journey of Self-discovery, Self- potentials.
improvement, and Self-realization.

Human nature is very complex.

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

 Adolescence is the transition period between
childhood and early adulthood.
Proponents of Humanistic and Positive
Psychology: Spiritual and religious beliefs influence
( ) personal development. Research shows that
the formation of one’s personal identity
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational includes attitudes about religion.
theory in psychology comprising a five-tier
model of human needs, often depicted • Early Adolescence – 10-13 yrs. Old

as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. • Middle Adolescence – 14-16 yrs. Old

• Late Adolescence – 17-20 yrs. Old
From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards,
the needs are: physiological, safety, love and
belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Adolescence typically begins with the process
of puberty, a term that is used to describe the
many changes that teenagers experience.

As adolescents develop physically, they also

develop cognitively, psychologically, socially,
and spiritually.

The concept of “self-identity” is molded

( )
through various interactive experiences
Individual has within himself the capacity and around himself/herself.
the tendency, latent if not evident, to move
Identity is a self-belief of what the individual
forward toward maturity.
thinks and feels about himself /herself.
Martin Seligman & Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Social Identity oftentimes formed in
helped refocus the emphasis of psychology.
consideration of social roles and social norms.
Positive Psychology also created a balance
Identity is also influenced by how others
between what humanistic psychology
perceive an individual.
emphasized that human nature is basically
good, while adding that human nature Role Confusion affects an individual's
includes both positive and negative aspects. relationship with others because there is no
clear definition of what he is and how he
relates to others.
While personal development falls within the
realm of psychology, it cannot be detached
from the development of the brain and the rest At this stage, brain also continues to develop.
of the physical body.
Cognitive Growth among adolescents is
usually marked by the way they are able to
comprehend abstract concepts.

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

Idealism is very prominent among one’s ignorance is the beginning of true
adolescents. knowledge.

Reckless behavior of adolescents is The “self” is an intangible identity that directs a

sometimes attributed to the development of person’s thoughts and actions. Thus, it is
their brains. outside the physical realm of the person.

Experimentation is a common activity among The “self” is the essence of a person.

adolescents as they search for their identity.

To further validate their chosen identity, they It refers to the uniqueness and relatively
search for social groups (Clubs & enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts,
Organizations) with whom they find common and motives that characterize an individual.
interests.
It is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and
Sexual Experimentation also happens in this characteristics that makes a person’s behavior
stage that sometimes end up in a disaster. consistent and distinct.

Traits – These are qualities that are inherently

unique and different from each individual.
• Being courageous in standing up and
Characteristics – These are unique qualities
being different from your friends.
• Developing self-esteem that could be acquired through time.
• Being true to yourself and avoiding the Personality is a pattern of habits, attitudes,
tendency to please others. and traits that determine an individual’s
• Learn how media and advertising are characteristics and personality.
trying to influence your thinking and
feelings. Personality is influenced by both nature
• Being aware, critical, and being (heredity or genetic make-up) and nurture
involved with social issues. (environment).
• Embrace a healthy lifestyle.
Our personality is complex combinations of
• Developing your spirituality.
genes, environmental exposure and
’ experiences, and cultural backgrounds.

Adolescence is the time when young people There are common personality traits across
start to ask questions about themselves, about many cultures but not exactly the same.
their future, and even about their religious and
political beliefs.
This theory is an approach in identifying types
Knowing oneself is the first step in studying of personalities base on certain traits or
personal development. attributes, which vary from one person to
Plato added to this idea that the beginning of another.
knowledge is self-knowledge. Psychologists Costa & McRae (1992)
For Socrates, the most important thing to developed a categorized scheme that
pursue was self-knowledge and admitting describe personality.

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

Based on their studies, they discovered the
existence of five universal and widely agreed This is the Theory of Duality or understanding
upon dimensions of personality.
the nature of things in simple, dual mode.
Five-factor Model:
It is like the separation of “body” and “spirit” in
• Openness to experiences the western religion.
• Extraversion One good example of this theory is the Yin &
• Conscientiousness
Yang or the male-female gender
• Agreeable
categorization of eastern thought.
• Neuroticism

In 1926, Gen. Smuts, a South African stateman,

There are different ways to measure
military leader, and philosopher, wrote about
personality. One is by observing people’s holism in his book Holism and Evolution.
behavior.
He defines this term as the tendency in nature
This method is limited as it does not observe all to form wholes which are greater that the sum
aspects of personality and it is also done
of the parts through creative evolution.
subjectively.

• Rorschach Inkblot Test

• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator The concept of gestalt was defined by
(MBTI) Merriam-Webster Dictionary as something
• The Keirsey Temperement Sorter that is made of many parts and yet is somehow
more than or different from the combination of
its parts; broadly, the general quality or
character.

An example of holism and gestalt is evident in

music. A symphony cannot be defined by one
of its notes alone.

The interaction of the different notes in a

symphony produces something bigger and
Holistic Development – It emphasizes the
greater effect than the notes themselves.
complete aspect of a person or his totality.
Just like music, it is important to see the person
The measurement of attractiveness is based
in his entirety and not just his parts.
on how physically well developed an
adolescent is.

This may bring a feeling of inferiority and

desperation knowing someone looks more
attractive.

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

According to Dr. Damasio, from a neuro- Attitudes are a person’s thought, feelings, and
scientific approach, feeling arises from the emotions about another person, object, idea,
brain as it interprets an emotion, which is behavior, or situation.
usually caused by external stimulus.
Beliefs and certain values and norms affect the
Example: A feeling of fear which produces the attitude of a person.
emotion of being afraid.
Behavior is a manifestation or acting out of the
Emotions was taken from the Latin verb attitudes an individual has.
movare, which means to move or be upset or
agitated.
At the core of every person lies a system of
It is defined by Smith (1973) as a descriptive
beliefs that adheres to the highest ideals of
term referring to variations in level of arousal,
human existence.
affective state or mood, expressive
movements, and attitudes. These ideals create meaning and purpose in a
person’s life… and these are called values.
In a state of strong emotion, the person’s
physical responses include faster heartbeat, The United Nations (UN) listed following
profuse sweating and dilation of eye pupils, universal values:
higher blood pressure, and muscular tremors,
o Equal Rights
affecting the nervous system in general.
o Human Dignity
Feelings, moods, and emotions do not exactly o Social Progress
mean one and the same. o Freedom
o Peace
Paul Ekman of University of California
identified six (6) basic emotions that human Another example of values according to Five
beings experience: Values for the Workplace:

o Happiness o Accountability
o Sadness o Perseverance
o Fear o Diligence
o Anger o Integrity
o Disgust o Discipline
o Surprise Psychologist Shalom H. Schwartz wrote the
However, a recent research study in 2014 has Basic Human Values: Theories, Methods,
concluded that there are only four basic and Applications:
emotions: o Self-Direction
o Happiness o Stimulation
o Sadness o Hedonism
o Anger/Disgust o Achievement
o Surprise o Power
o Security

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

 o Conformity This memory may even go way before us and
o Tradition is imprinted in our genetic codes.
o Benevolence
Example: Fear of snakes, heights, etc.
o Universalism
Thalamus → is responsible for sending
impulses to the other parts of the brain or
• Openness to change
“stimulus-sensing”.
• Self-transcendence
• Self-enhancement Neocortex → this is termed as “Thinking
• Conservation Brain” where processing happens.

Values – usually are nouns. Amygdala → Memory Bank

Virtues – adjectives that describe positive and Body parts → the body will naturally react to
desirable qualities which usually mirror a the situation.
value it represents.
Frontal Lobes → these lobes send signals to
Values Virtues the other parts of the body.
Peace Peaceful, Calm, Relax
Integrity Reputable, Responsible, Belivable Small amounts of pulses coming from the
Thalamus escape to the Amygdala. This
phenomenon is also known as “hijacking of the
amygdala”.

This concept was first introduced by Peter

Daniel Goleman, author of the best-selling Salovey (only popularized by Daniele
book Emotional Intelligence (1995) traces the
Goleman).
origins of emotions from human race’s life and
survival instinct. Goleman defines Emotional Intelligence as
follows:
This instinct developed by Goleman is also
known as the “Flight or Fight”. • Ability to motivate oneself (Intrinsic
motivation)
Neuroscientists have agreed that there are • Persist in the face of frustrations
parts of the human brain primarily involved in • To control impulses
the creation of emotions. • To regulate one’s mood and keep
The primary parts are the Amygdala, the distress
neocortex, and the frontal lobes. • To empathize and to hope

On the other hand, Salovey identified five

Amygdala has become the center of action,
(5) domains of emotional intelligence:
the emotional sentinel that can take control of
our actions. It also keeps a memory bank of • Motivating oneself or Intrinsic
previous experiences related to emotions. Motivation
• Recognizing Emotions in Others
• Managing Emotions

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

 • Knowing one’s emotions or Self emotions, knowing how to handle emotions
Awareness positively, and being empathic and sensitive to
• Handling Relationships (Organizing other people’s emotions.
groups, negotiating groups, personal
connections, social analysis)

On the other hand, Goleman also refers to

The human brain is made up of two
eight main families of emotions and their
hemispheres: Right & Left Brain.
corresponding members:
These two hemispheres control the opposite
o Anger
sides of the body.
o Sadness
o Fear The concept of right brain and left brain
o Enjoyment thinking is developed by Roger W. Sperry, an
o Love American Psychologist.
o Surprise
o Disgust He discovered that human brain has two (2)
o Shame very different ways of thinking:

Emotional Intelligence is important as it Left Brain – Verbal and processes information

directly affects: in an analytic and sequential way.

• Physical and Mental Health • Looking first at the pieces then putting
• Work Performance them together to get the whole.
• Relationships (Inductive Approach)
• Verbal & Analytical, Uses words
Why is Emotional Intelligence (EQ) so • Logical, Judging, & Evaluating
important? o Language
o Logic
It is not the smartest people that are the most
o Linearity
successful or the most fulfilled in life.
o Numbers & Sequence
Intellectual Intelligence (IQ) can help you get o Analysis
into college, but the Emotional Intelligence
Right Brain – Visual and process information
(EQ) will help you manage the stress and
emotions when taking final exams. in an intuitive and simultaneous way.

How to raise your Emotional Intelligence? • Looking first at the whole picture then
the details. (Deductive Approach)
• You must bring your emotions into • Non-verbal & Intuitive, Uses pictures
balance at will • Idea-Gathering & Creative
• Take into consideration your Memory o Images/Imagination
Bank to prevent you from continually o Colors
repeating earlier mistakes. o Patterns
o Rhythm and Music
To develop one’s emotional intelligence
o Parallel Processing
means to be honest and open to oneself,
accepting one’s capacity for different types of

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

 experience unstable relationship in the
future.
• Anxious Ambivalent Attachment – is
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines
when the primary caregiver is
relationship as “the way in which two or more
inconsistent in terms of presence and
people, groups, countries, etc., take to, behave
meeting a child’s emotional needs. This
toward, and deal with each other.”
type may affect children in a way they
Personal Relationship – This is a type of will develop separation and anxieties
relationship which is closely associated with a with loved ones.
person and which can only have meaning to
this person.
Being attracted to another person may also
Characteristics: mean liking their genes that are perceived
through their physical looks.
o Privacy
o Intimacy According to Fisher, there are three (3) stages

Friendship or “Best Friends” occupy an in falling in love.

increasing important place in the lives of the • Lust – It is only driven by sex
adolescents. hormones.
Adolescents and their friends are similar in • Attraction – “Lovestruck Phase”
many aspects. They are typically having the • Attachment – Long-lasting
same age and race. In addition to forming commitments are exchanged.
close friendships, most adolescents belong to ’
one or a larger peer group.
Adolescents’ romantic relationship can be
Cliques – Consist of five (5) to ten (10) members categorized in the following phases:
only.
Initiation Phase – The romantic attention and
Crowds – Are larger groups of individuals. selection during this phase is shallow and only
focuses on physical characteristics.

The succeeding relationships in the future are Affiliation Phase – The focus in this phase is
all shaped largely by our attachment to our on companionship, rather than intimacy.
parents.
Intimate Phase – The focus of the paired
• Secure Attachment – is when the relationship is intimacy and often sexual
primary caregiver is most of the time activity.
present and available.
Intimacy is a deep feelings or emotional
• Avoidant Attachment – is when the
attachment to a partner.
primary caregiver is cold and
detached, and even unresponsive to a Committed Phase – They are better at
child’s needs. The child senses resolving conflicts within the relationship.
rejection and this will oftentimes

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

Ways To Become Responsible In A Nuclear Family – It is considered the
Relationship: “traditional family” and consists of a mother,
father, and the children. The nuclear families at
• Clarify your boundaries
present prefer to have fewer children than in
• Learn to communicate
the past.
• Learn to forgive others
• Invest in ‘emotional bank account’ o Housewife or Househusband
• Consult professionals o Adopted children are also considered
as part of this family
As we defined relationship as the interactive
behavior between two or more persons, Single Parent – is a parent who cares for one
groups, or nations who are bound by common or more children without the assistance of the
interests, let us now define some important other biological parent. Historically, single-
responsibilities that are necessary in a parent families often resulted from death of a
relationship to make it flourish and stay spouse.
beneficial for the parties involved.
In the Philippines, at least 13.9 million Filipinos
1. Be responsible for what you think and are single parents who carry the burden of
say to another person. raising their family by themselves.
2. Be responsible for what you promise to
do or not to do. Step Families – is formed by the marriage or
3. Ensure the relationship is mutually long-term cohabitation of two individuals. Step
beneficial. families are also called blended families.
4. Respect the other party or parties Extended Family – The extended family
involved.
consists of grandparents, aunts, uncles, and
5. Be ready to provide support when
cousins. The extended family comes to live
needed.
either with or in place of a member of the
nuclear family.

It is in the family that we feel we are loved,

secured, and accepted. However, not all
o Interracial Mariages
parents can give the proper nurturance and
o Adoptive Families
guidance for adolescents.
o Same-sex Marriages
Family Structures – A group of individuals Influence of the family structure on the
living under one roof and usually under one adolescent
head.
For the single parent family: The absence of
Two or more persons who share resources,
one parent may create an impact on the
share responsibility for decisions, share values
growing child who would look up to authority
and goals, and have a commitment to each
as role models.
other over time. (Belen T.G. Medina, PhD –
Filipino Sociologist) For the step family: The child or children
usually experience the trust versus mistrust on
the other party,

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

For the extended family: The presence of
different generations within a home provides According to organization:
the child a sense of stability in relationships.
• Conjugal Family – A husband & wife
The presence of grandparents also provides
• Nuclear Family – Husband, wife, and
the child a sense of anchoring or rooting to the
children
family’s history.
• Extended Family – Two or more
But the presence of grandparents may also
nuclear family
create confusion in terms of parenting style.
According to place of residence:

Parenting styles • Neolocal Family – Away from both

parents
Authoritarian Parents – Parents who are • Patrilocal Family – Husband’s
depending on force alone to control their
residence
children rather than reasoning them or
• Matrilocal Family – Wife’s residence
praising them.
According to authority:
Authoritative Parents – Parents who
maintain firm control over their children • Patriarchal – Authority of the father
through reasoning with their children rather • Matriarchal – Authority of the mother
than depending on force. • Egalitarian – Shared authority

Permissive Parents – Parents who do not According to form of marriage:

consistently enforce rules and do not have
• Monogamy – One wife & one
high expectations of their children.
husband
Rejecting/Neglecting Parents – Parents who • Polygamy – More than one spouse at
do not provide supervision, and do not have a time
any expectations and who are not supportive • Polyandry – One woman with more
of their children. than one husband at a time
• Polygyny – One man more than one
wife at a time
o Childbearing Function
According to Dr. Wayne Matthews of North
o Regulation of Sexual Behavior
Carolina State University, there are five “L’s”
o Identification of Social Status
which contribute to strong family relationships:
o Mechanism for Social Control
o Child-rearing Function o Love
o Education Function o Loyalty
o Socialization Function o Learn
o Laughter
o Religious Function
o Leadership
o Political Function

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

Parental authority and parenting styles also Peer groups can have positive or negative
influence the development of a child and influence on an individual.
adolescent. Authoritative parents who impose
behavioral control over their children often
produce positive results. Culture is learned and socially shared, and it
affects all aspects of an individual’s life.
In contrast, parents who are more lenient and
use psychological control tend to diminish the Their lifestyle is also profoundly shaped by the
sense of self of the children or the adolescents. roles and responsibilities they are expected to
assume.

Some of the good characteristics of Filipino

Social Relationships tend to be less intimate.
Community are the following:
This is vital to adolescents’ development that it
creates an impact on their beliefs, outlook, and o Bayanihan
convictions in life. This is what others called o Close Family Ties
“Social Circle”. o Pakikisama
o Utang na Loob
The first social circle an adolescent has is his
family. The set of values his family owns will
definitely influence the way he looks at things.
There are varieties or types of social influence,
Example: Value for Education such as the following:

People do not expect others to behave • Compliance: Agrees and follows what
randomly but to behave in certain ways in is requested or required of him.
particular situations. People also behave • Identification: Influence by someone
depending upon their social roles. he likes or looks up to.
• Internalization: Able to own a certain
The following are the different types of
belief or act.
relationships which can influence adolescents:

• Parental Relationship – Arguments

between parents and children may be A leader was often typecast as someone who
in the issue of control. is the head of the group of people by virtue of
having strength and wisdom or may have
Parent-Adolescent disagreement also inherited a position of power.
increases as peers show greater impact on the
child. Chester Barnard (1938) defined leadership as
the ability of a person in position of authority to
It involves the approval and disapproval of influence others to behave in such manner that
new friends. goals are achieved.
• Peer Relationship – As adolescents French and Raven (1960) said that a leader
work to form their identities, they go may obtain power through various means and
away from their parents, and the peer sources, such as position, giving rewards,
group becomes very important. expertise, respect, or coercion.

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

 behavior, belief, or thinking to be like
Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones (2006) others.
provided three (3) points in achieving • Conversion – Occurs when an

authentic leadership: individual whole-heartedly changes

his or her original thinking and beliefs,
• Leadership is situational actions and attitudes to align with
• Leadership is non-hierarchical those of the other members group.
• Leadership is relational • Minority Influence – It happens when

In addition, an authentic leader has the a bigger number of people are

following critical elements present: influenced by a much smaller number
of people and when the minority’s way
• They walk their talk of looking at and doing things are
• They adjust to situations and display accepted.
adaptability and flexibility. • Reactance – Is when there is a willing
• They have a high level of comfort rejection of a social influence being
being themselves. exerted on an individual or group.
• Obedience – It refers to another form
Authentic leadership is primarily determined
by how followers view the leader. of social influence wherein a person
follows what someone tells him or her
Daniel Goleman pointed out that the OFC to do, although it may not necessarily
provides an immediate connection between reflect the person’s set of beliefs or
thought, emotions, and behavior. values.
• Persuasion – It is used by one person
or group to influence another to
• Compliance - refers when a person
change their beliefs, actions, or
seems to agree and follows what is
attitudes by appealing to reason or
requested or required of him or her to
emotion.
do or believe in but does not
necessarily have to really believe or • Competing – It is assertive and
agree to it. uncooperative.
• Identification – refers when a person
An individual’s interests are above all else,
influenced by someone he or she likes
power and authority are often used to win
or looks up to, like a movie star, a
against others.
social celebrity, or a superhero.
• Internalization – It is when a person is • Accommodating – It is unassertive
able to own a certain belief or act and and cooperative.
is willing to make it known publicly and
privately. An individual is willing to neglect his or her
interests or needs for the sake of the other
Social scientists & psychologists identified
person, yielding one’s position and allowing
other types of social influence:
the other to pursue his or her position at the
• Conformity – It is a type of social other’s expense.
influence that involves a change in

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

 • Compromising – It is moderately present in a situation and usually takes into
assertive and moderately cooperative. consideration how followers behave.

An individual is neither here nor there, prefers Transactional Theory – This theory states
to split whatever is at stake in half to party that leadership involves a transaction or
satisfy both parties just to get over the negotiation of resources or position and
usually employs reward and punishment.
problem.
Transformational Theory – This theory
• Avoiding – It is unassertive and
involves a vision, which leader uses to rally
uncooperative.
support from followers and the role of the
The individual prefers to stay out of the leader is in motivating others to support the
situation either by postponing a decision, vision and make it happen.
taking wait and see position or withdrawing :
completely until conditions are better.
• A good leader is someone who is
• Collaborating – It is assertive and honest & trustworthy.
cooperative. • A good leader delegates.
• A good leader is committed.
The individual seeks a mutually satisfying • A good leader is open to change.
solution by understanding the needs and • A good leader is someone who is
interests of the other person and expanding reliable.
the resources rather than competing over • A good leader is knowledgeable and
them. Seeks win-win solution. confident.

: :

Trait Theory – This theory defines a leadership • Leadership is not a position

based on certain personality traits which are • Leadership is not power
generality suited for all leaders, such as • Leadership is not pride
decisiveness, persistence, high level of self-
confidence and assertiveness, among others.
Authoritarian Leader – This is the leader who
Behavioral Theory – This theory presupposes has the monopoly of power within the group.
that leadership is a learned behavior and that
Democratic Leader – The leader is in favor
leaders are defined according to certain types
with the idea of mutually agreed upon
of behavior exhibit.
decision.
Participative Theory – The opposite of an
Transactional Leader – The leader uses
autocratic leader, the participative leader
social interaction in order to gain insights.
involves other people to make common
decisions. Transformational Leader – This is the leader

Situational Theory – This theory assumes that who inspires his members to move toward
change.
there is no one style of leadership and that
leadership behavior is based on the factors

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development

Charismatic Leader – The leader has a self-
promoting personality, high energy level, and
the willingness to take risks.

Laissez-Faire Leader – The leader leaves the

group to its own capacity to finish its tasks.

2nd Semester, Quarter I & II – Personal Development