2W04 Assignment Solutions # 5, Due Tuesday March 7th, 2023 (Marked 5,6 7)

1. A steady-flow system, open system that involves no changes with time anywhere within the system or
at the system boundaries, and this requires that the inlet mass flow rate must equal to the outlet flow
rate.
2. Air is decelerated in an adiabatic diffuser. The velocity at the exit is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Air is an ideal gas with
constant specific heats. 3 Potential energy changes are negligible. 4 There are no work interactions. 5
The diffuser is adiabatic.
Properties The specific heat of air at the average temperature of (20+90)/2=55°C =328 K is cp = 1.007
kJ/kgK (Table A-2b).
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m 1 = m 2 = m . We take diffuser as the system,
which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow
system can be expressed in the rate form as
E − E = E system 0 (steady) =0
inout
  
Rate of net energy tra nsfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies

E in = E out 100 kPa

AIR 200 kPa
m (h1 + V12 / 2) = m (h2 + V 22 /2) 20C
h1 + V12 / 2 = h2 + V 22 /2 90C
500 m/s
Solving for exit velocity,


V 2 = V12 + 2(h1 − h2 ) 0.5

= V12 + 2c p (T1 − T2 ) 
0.5

0.5
  1000 m 2 /s 2 
= (500 m/s) 2 + 2(1.007 kJ/kg  K)(20 − 90)K  
  1 kJ/kg 
 
= 330.2 m/s
3. Air is expanded in a turbine. The mass flow rate and outlet area are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas. 2 The flow is steady.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPam3/kgK (Table A-1).
1 MPa
Analysis The specific volumes of air at the inlet and outlet are
RT1 (0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(600 + 273 K) 600°C
v1 = = = 0.2506 m 3 /kg
P1 1000 kPa
Turbine
RT2 (0.287 kPa  m /kg  K)(200 + 273 K)
3
v2 = = = 1.3575 m 3 /kg
P2 100 kPa 100 kPa
The mass flow rate is
200°C
A1V1 (0.1 m 2 )(30 m/s)
m = = = 11.97 kg/s
v1 0.2506 m 3 /kg

The outlet area is

m v 2 (11.97 kg/s)(1.3575 m 3 /kg)
A2 = = = 1.605 m 2
V2 10 m/s
4. Helium is compressed by a compressor. For a mass flow rate of 90 kg/min, the power input required
is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Helium is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The constant pressure specific heat of helium is cp = 5.1926 kJ/kg·K (Table A-2a).
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m 1 = m 2 = m . We P2 = 700 kPa
take the compressor as the system, which is a control volume since
T2 = 430 K
mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow
system can be expressed in the rate form as
E − E out = E system0 (steady) =0 ·
in   Q
Rate of net energy tra nsfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies He
E in = E out
90 kg/min ·
W in + m h1 = Q out + m h2 (since ke  pe  0) W
W in − Q out = m (h2 − h1 ) = m c p (T2 − T1 )

Thus,
Win = Q out + m c p (T2 − T1 ) P1 = 120 kPa
= (90/6 0 kg/s)(20 kJ/kg) + (90/60 kg/s)(5.1926 kJ/kg  K)(430 − 310)K
T1 = 310 K
= 965 kW

5. No, the temperature of air as “ideal gas” must be constant based on the first law, [Q-
W=∆H+∆K.E+P.E], since the cross section just before and after the throttle is the same so the change in
kinetic energy is negligible. Also the area of the valve and time elapsed with the fluid in the valve is not
enough to cause significant heat transfer, and the work done is zero, so the first law reduces to
∆H=mCp∆T=0
Or, ∆T=0...........Tbefore=Tafter
6. Ethylene glycol is cooled by water in a heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer in the heat
exchanger and the mass flow rate of water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat
loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat
transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heats of water and

ethylene glycol are given to be 4.18 and 2.56 Cold
kJ/kg.C, respectively. Water

Analysis (a) We take the ethylene glycol tubes as 20C

Hot Glycol
the system, which is a control volume. The energy
balance for this steady-flow system can be
expressed in the rate form as
E − E out = E system0 (steady) =0 80C 40C
in  
Rate of net energy tra nsfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies

E in = E out
m h1 = Q out + m h2 (since ke  pe  0)
Q out = m c p (T1 − T2 )

Then the rate of heat transfer becomes

Q = [m
 c p (Tin − Tout )] glycol = (2 kg/s)(2.56 kJ/kg.C)(80C − 40C) = 204.8 kW

(b) The rate of heat transfer from glycol must be equal to the rate of heat transfer to the water. Then,
Q 204.8 kJ/s
Q = [m c p (Tout − Tin )]water ⎯
⎯→ m water = = = 1.4 kg/s
c p (Tout − Tin ) (4.18 kJ/kg.C)(55C − 20C)
7. Steam is supplied from a line to a piston-cylinder device equipped with a spring. The final
temperature (and quality if appropriate) of the steam in the cylinder and the total work produced as the
device is filled are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is an unsteady process since the conditions within the device are changing during
the process, but it can be analyzed as a uniform-flow process since the state of fluid at the inlet remains
constant. 2 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 3 The process is adiabatic.
Analysis We take the tank as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. Noting that the
microscopic energies of flowing and nonflowing fluids are represented by enthalpy h and internal energy u,
respectively, and also noting that the initial mass in the system is zero, the mass and energy balances for this
uniform-flow system can be expressed as
Mass balance: min − mout = msystem ⎯
⎯→ mi = m 2
Energy balance:
E −E = E system
inout
  
Net energy tra nsfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies

mi hi − Wb,out = m 2 u 2
Wb,out = mi hi − m 2 u 2

Combining the two balances:

Wb,out = m 2 (hi − u 2 )

Because of the spring, the relation between the pressure and volume is a linear relation. According to
the data in the problem statement,
2700
P − 300 = V
5
The final vapor volume is then
5
V2 = (1500 − 300) = 2.222 m 3
2700
The work needed to compress the spring is
V2
 2700 
 
2700 2
Wb,out = PdV =  V + 300 dV = V 2 + 300V 2 = 270  2.222 2 + 300  2.222 = 2000 kJ
 5  25
0

The enthalpy of steam at the inlet is

P1 = 1500 kPa 
 hi = 2796.0 kJ/kg (Table A - 6)
T1 = 200C 

Substituting the information found into the energy balance equation gives
V2 2.222
Wb,out = m 2 (hi − u 2 ) ⎯
⎯→ Wb,out = (hi − u 2 ) ⎯
⎯→ 2000 = (2796.0 − u 2 )
v2 v2
Using an iterative solution of this equation with steam tables gives (or better yet using EES software)
T2 = 233.2 C
u 2 = 2664.8 kJ/kg
v 2 = 0.1458 m 3 /kg