1

CHAPTER Advanced Chemical Engineering

4
Thermodynamics

First Law of
Thermodynamics
 FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
MASS & ENERGY ANALYSIS OF
CONTROL VOLUME

2
 Conservation of Mass
 Conservation of mass is one of the most fundamental
principles in nature. We are all familiar with this
principle, and it is not difficult to understand it!

 The law of conservation of mass states that mass in an

isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by
chemical reactions or physical transformations.

 For closed system, the conservation of mass principle is

implicitly used since the mass of the system remain
constant during a process.
 However, for control volume, mass can
crossthe
boundaries. So the amount of mass entering and leaving
the control volume must be considered. 3
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates

 Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the
mass flow rate. Note the dot over the mass symbol indicates a time
rate of change. It is expressed as
m˙   V .dA
 If the fluid density and velocity are constant over the flow cross-
sectional area, the mass flow rate is

m˙  AV 
AV
1
where  
 iscalled
specificvoulme 4
 Principal of Conservation of Mass

 The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be

expressed as

min  mout  mCV

 For a steady state, steady flow process the conservation of mass

principle becomes
(kg/s)
min  mout
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 Flow Work & The Energy of a Flowing
Fluid

 As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control volume, work
done on that unit of mass is

W flow  FdL  FdLAA  PdV 

Pvm W
flow  flow 
 Pv
w m 6
 Total Energy of a Flowing
Fluid
 The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control
surface is the sum of the internal energy + flow work +
potential energy + kinetic energy
V2 V2

energy  u  P   gz 
h  gz
2
2
. . .  Vout
2
 .  V
2

Qn e t The 
W netfirst law m outa control volume
for h  2
 can 
gz outbe written
m inas in
h  2
in
 gz in 
 out  out
 in  

7
 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
 The steady state, steady flow conservation of mass and first law of
thermodynamics can be expressed in the following forms

2
 V
V 2  g(z  z ) 
2 1 2 1
  h2  h1  (kJ / kg)
q net  wnet 2000 1000 

2
 V
V 2  g(z  z ) 
2 1 2 1
Q n e t W net  m  h2  h1  (kJ
 2000 1000  )
2
. . 
. V
Q net W net  m  h2  h1 
2
V 21  g(z 2  z 1)  (kW
 2000 1000  )
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Steady-fl ow Engineering Devices

9
 Nozzle & Diff user
 Nozzle - device that increases
the velocity fluid at the expense
of pressure.
 Diffuser - device that increases
pressure of a fluid by slowing it
down.
 Commonly in jet
utilized
engines, rockets, space-
craft and even garden hoses.
 Q = 0 (heat transfer from
fluidthe to very
surroundings small
 W = 0 and ΔPE = 0

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 Energy balance (nozzle & diffuser):

. .  2
Vin  . .  . V
2

Qin  W in
.
 m  
2 gz

in  Qout  Wout  
m h  out  gz 
2
 in h 
in in
 out
out
 out
out


.  V 2 .  V 2
out
m in  hin  2in   m out  h out  2
   


  
2 2
V1 V2 
 h1    
 2    2 
h2 

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Example  Simplified energy balance:
6Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300ºC, V 2
  
1
V 22 
enters an adiabatic nozzle with 
 h1  2    h2 
a low velocity and leaves at 0.2   2 
MPa with a quality of 90%. State1
Find the exit velocity. P1  0.4  h1 
kJ
kg
MPa  3067.1
T  300 o  sup erheated
Solution: C
1

State 2
State1 State 2   hf 
P2  0.2 MPa 
P1  0.4 P2  0.2 x2   h x
 2 hf g
2486.1kg
TMPa 300 o MPa h2 2
x  0.9
C 2  Exit velocity:
kJ

1 0.9
V1 0
V2  2000  3067.1
 1078 m /
s 2486.1 12
Example State1 State 2
7Air at 10°C and 80 kPa enters the P1  80 V2 0
diffuser of a jet engine steadily
TkPa 10 o
1
with a velocity of 200 m/s. The C  200m /
V 1
inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2.
sA  0.4
The air leaves the diffuser with a 1
m
Solutio
2

velocity that is very small

n: 
compared with the inlet velocity. Simplified energy balance:
Determine (a) the mass flow rate  0
 2
1   2 
of the air and (b) the temperature  h1  V   h2
 2 
of the air leaving the diffuser. 2   
 From Ideal Gas Law:

RT
v1  P 1 
m3
1.015kg
1

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 Mass flow rate  From energy balance:
V2
1 h2  h1  1
m  V1 A1
v1 2000
 1   284.42  2002

 2000
2000.4
 1.015   304.42kg

 k kJ

78.8 g
T2 
s
 Enthalpy at state 1 h Cp
2

h1  CpT1  304.42


 284.42 1.005
1.005283 kg
kJ  302.9
K

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 Turbine & Compressor

 Turbine – a work producing device through the expansion of a

fluid.
 Compressor (as well as pump and fan) - device used to
increase
pressure of a fluid and involves work input.
 Q = 0 (well insulated), ΔPE = 0, ΔKE = 0 (very small compare
to Δenthalpy).
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 Energy balance: for turbine

. . .  2
Vin  . . 
. V
2

Qin  W in  m    in   Qout  Wout
2 gz  
 
m h  out  gz 
2
 in h 
in in
out
out
 out
out


. . .

min
h  W out 
m out
h
in out
 
. .
W out  m h1  h 2


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 Energy balance: for compressor, pump and fan

. . .  2
 Vin 
. . 
. Vout
2

Qi  Wi  m 
2 gz
i
  Qou  Wou m  houtout 2  ou

n n in h 
in in
n  t t
out
 gz t 

. . .
W in 
m in
h   h
m out out
in
 
. .
W in  m h2  h 1

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Example 8

The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW. Compare

the magnitudes of Δh, Δke, and Δpe. Then determine the work done
per unit mass of the steam flowing through the turbine and calculate
the mass flow rate of the steam.

Data : Inlet (P = 2 MPa, T = 400ºC,v = 50 m/s, z = 10

m)
Exit (P = 15 kPa, x = 90%, v = 180 m/s, z = 6m)

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Solution:
 From energy balance:
State1   Vin  gz 
. . 2

p1  2 sup erheated Qin

 W in.
m 2 in 
  in h inin   
1 
TMPa 400 o
3248.4 kgkJ
 h1 3247.6
C 
. .
 .  V 2 
State 2 Qout
W out  h  out  gz
2 out 
out  
m
out
P2  15 
kPa  sat.mixture  Solve the equation:
x 
2 
out

h20.9

 x2hfg 2 h  h2  h1 885.87
-887.39 kgkJ
hf 2
 225.94  0.9 (2372.3)
2373.1
 V2
 V 2

2361.73
2361.01 kJkg
KE  2 1
 14.95kg
kJ 2000

g  z2  z1 
PE  1000  0.04kg
kJ

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 the work done per unit mass


 V 2 V 2   g  z1  z2  
Wout  h1  h2    2000    1000 
1 2

  
885.87
887.39 14.95  0.04
870.96 kJ
872.48 kg

 The mass flow rate

Wout 5000 5.74

mW  870.96
872.48  5.73
kg
s
out

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 Solution:
Example
9Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is  simplified energy balance:

compressed steadily to 600 Win  m h2  h1   Qout

kPa and 400 K. The mass
flow rate of the air is 0.02  m h2  h1   mqout
kg/s, and a heat loss of 16 State
kJ/kg occurs during the 1
P1  100 air
process. Assuming the h 
T
kPa 
1  280 1
kJ
kg
changes in kinetic and
K 280.13
potential energies are State
negligible, determine the 2
P2  600 ai
necessary power input to the h  r
T
kPa 
2   2 kJ
compressor. 400K 400.98 kg

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 Thus

Win  0.02 400.98  280.13

 2.74
16kW


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Throttling Valve

Flow-restricting devices that

cause a significant pressure drop
in the fluid.

Some familiar examples are

ordinary adjustable valves and
capillary tubes.

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Example 10
State1 Steam enters a throttling valve at
8000 kPa and 300°C and leaves
P1  8000 kPa sup erheated at a pressure of 1600 kPa.
 Determine the final temperature
 h1 
o
T1  300 kJ
2786.5 and specific volume of the
C kg
State 2 steam.

P2  1600 
kPah   make int
2  erpolation
P h1kPa T  oC  vf vg hf hg

1500 198.29 0.001154 0.131710 844.55 2791

1600 T2 v f2 vg 2 hf 2 hg 2

1750 205.72 0.001166 0.113440 878.16 2795.2

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 At state 2, the region is  Specific volume at state 2
sat. mixture
v2  v f 2  x2vfg 2
T  T  201.3o
C  0.0011588 
2 sat

 Getting the quality at state 2 0.997 0.124402 

 0.1240
h2  hf 2 m3
kg
x2  0.0011588
g2  hf
2
h
2786.5 

857.994
2792.68 
857.994
 0.997
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Mixing Chamber

The section where the mixing process

takes place.

An ordinary T-elbow or a Y-elbow in

a shower, for example, serves as the
mixing chamber for the cold- and
hot-water streams.

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 Mixing Chamber

 Energy Balance:

m1h1  m 2 h 2  m3h3
m1h1   m3  m1  h2 
m 3 h 3 m 1  h1  h2   m 3  h3
 h2 
 h3  h2 

m m h h
1 3
 1 2 

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Heat Exchanger

Devices where two moving fluid

streams exchange heat without
mixing.

Heat exchangers typically involve

no work interactions (w = 0) and
negligible kinetic and potential
energy changes for each fluid
stream.
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 Solution:
Example
11  simplified energy balance:
Liquid sodium, flowing at 100
kg/s, enters a heat exchanger at  mwh1w  ms h2s  mwh2w
ms h1s
450°C and exits at 350°C. The
specific heat of sodium is 1.25 ms h1s  h2s   mw h2w  h1w 
kJ/kg.oC. Water enters at 5000
kPa and 20oC. Determine the m s C p,s T1s  T2s   mw h2w  h1w 
minimum mass flux of the water State1: water
so that the water does not
completely vaporize. Neglect the P1  5000 kPa  comp.liquid

pressure drop through the T1  20o  h1w  kJ
kg
exchanger. Also, calculate the C 2: water 88.61
State
rate of heat transfer.
Assume a sat. vapor
P2  5000 state to obtain the
hkPa 
2
kJ
kg
max. allowable exiting
enthalpy.
2794.2
w

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 the minimum mass flux of the  the rate of heat transfer
water so that the water does not
completely vaporize
Q  m h  h
w w 2w 1w 
mw m s C p,s T1s  T2s   4.62 2794.2 
 h2w  h 1w

88.61
1001.25450  350
  12.5 MW
 4.622794.2  88.61
s
kg

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Supplementary Problems
1. Air flows through the supersonic nozzle . The inlet conditions are 7 kPa
and 420°C. The nozzle exit diameter is adjusted such that the exiting
velocity is 700 m/s. Calculate ( a ) the exit temperature, ( b )the mass flux,
and ( c ) the exit diameter. Assume an adiabatic quasiequilibrium flow.

2. Steam at 5 MPa and 400°C enters a nozzle steadily velocity of 80 m/s,

and it leaves at 2 MPa and 300°C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2,
and heat is being lost at a rate of 120 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow
rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the steam, and (c) the exit area
nozzle.

3. Steam enters a turbine at 4000 kPa and 500oC and leaves as shown in Fig
A below. For an inlet velocity of 200 m/s, calculate the turbine power
output. ( a )Neglect any heat transfer and kinetic energy change ( b )Show
that the kinetic energy change is negligible.

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 Figure A

4. Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 60°C is mixed with cold
water at 10°C. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 45°C
be supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing chamber to be negligible
and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 150 kPa.
5. Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant
enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70ºC
and leaves at 35°C. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15°C and
leaves at 25ºC. Neglecting any pressure drops, determine (a) the mass
flow rate of the cooling water required and (b) the heat transfer rate from
the refrigerant to water.
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