CONTAINER

TRANSPORTATION
THE BOX- OPPORTUNITIES???
 I. CONTAINERIZATION

1. Purpose / Philosophy

2. Evolution / History

3. Advantages
Prior to Containerization
 MULTIPLE HANDLING
All cargoes other than bulk commodities were moved package by package
and piece by piece with multiple handling, resulting in damage, pilferage and
time loss.
 Unitization
• Palletization
• Jumboization
• Ro-Ro
• Lash
• Containerization
 Unitization
⚫Palletization

⚫ Jumboization

⚫ Ro-Ro

⚫ Lash

⚫ Containerization
 Unitization
⚫ Palletization

⚫Jumboization
⚫ Ro-Ro

⚫ Lash

⚫ Containerization
 Unitization
• Palletization

• Jumboization

•Ro-Ro
• Lash

• Containerization
 Unitization
• Palletization

• Jumboization

• Ro-Ro

•LASH
• Containerization
 Unitization
• Palletization

• Jumboization

• Ro-Ro

• Lash

•Containerization
With the advent of Containerisation
 Pictorial flowchart

Shipper books WHL advises port depot to

shipment with WHL release empty to Shipper Port depot releases Released empty is taken
At Shipper’s premises
empty to Shipper to Shipper’s premises
shipment stuffed into Contr.

laden box taken to vsl side

Stuffed laden box upon
for loading
Stuffed laden box returned return to port is stacked in
At Shipper’s premises
to port by Shipper CY
shipment stuffed into
Contr.

laden box is loaded to vsl

Ship sails out with the
shipment
1. Philosophy of Containerization

• To reduce to absolute minimum

the number of times a piece of
cargo is handled
 Transport Time

t1 Loadi t2 Unloadi t3
ng ng

t1, t3: Loading and Unloading time

t2: On voyage
 Driving Forces of Containerization

Containerization

Specialized Land
Unitization Cellular ships
terminals consumption
Transshipment Multi-rate
Standardization Gantry cranes
productivity structure
 2. Evolution / History of Containerisation

• Rail Container – 1920

• Sea/ Marine Container – 2nd World War
• Malcom Maclean – Sealand
• First Sea Container Transportation – 1956
• Piggy back system on RORO
• Dedicted Container Ship----1966
 Containerization

1. Purpose / Philosophy

2. Evolution / History

3. Advantages
 ADVANTAGES OF CONTAINERIZATION
1. Reduced ship time in Port
2. Better berth utilization
3. Reduced time between producer and
consumer
4. Minimum physical handling of cargo – less
damage
5. Good security – less pilferage
6. Protection against weather and other
harmful atmosphere
7. Less labour & staff cost
8. Saving in packaging cost
 II. CONTAINER INFRASTRUCTURE
SYSTEM
1. Ship operation

2. Quay operation
Terminal

3. Yard operation

4. R & D operation
Off Terminal
 Container System

1. Container Cycle

4. Ship Operation 2. Yard Operation

3.Quay Operation
 Container System

1. Container Cycle

4. Ship Operation 2. Yard Operation

3.Quay Operation
 1. Container

• Definition

• Physical Characteristics

• Types
 1.1. Container : Definition

• Rectangular Box

• Weatherproof

• Safe and Secure

• Standardized features
 1.2. Physical Characteristics
1. Types

2. Size – Weight

3. Markings

4. Construction Material
 Container Types
1. Dry General
2. Open Top
3. Open Sided
4. Open Top-open Sided
5. Reefer
6. Special
• Tank
• Pen
• Car
 Container Size
LENGTH: 20 FT
40 FT

Loại bình thường có cả DC và HC

WIDTH : 8 FT width ko thay đổi

Reefer container - chỉ có HC: 40' HC (High

Cube), ko có cái 20' HC
HEIGHT : 8 FT 6 INCH
9 FT
9 FT 6 INCH
 Container Weight

1. Tare Weight : 1.5 to 2.5 tons

2. Max Gross Weight : 20 to 45 tons

3. Pay Load : 18 to 42 tons hay còn gọi là NET

maximum amount of cargo that a container can accommodate
 Door Header
REAR
Cam & keeper
TIR Plate

CU. CAP.
Locking Bar cubic
capacity
Weight Decal

Guide
J-Bar

Hinge
Catch & retainer
Handle Hub
CSC Plate Handle

Gasket
Bracket

Cone Protector

Corner Fitting

Left Door Sill Right

 Container Markings
PIER2PIER.COM - Educational
ALPHA NUMERICAL MARK

APLU 204151 2

Agent Code Serial Number Check Digit

On All Sides
Except Bottom
 Top Front Header
FRONT

Front Corner Post

Corner Fitting Front Panel

Right Left

Cone Protector
Botto
m Front Sill
 Container Material
• Steel

• Aluminum

• FRP / Plywood
 Top Front Header
FRONT

Front Corner Post

Corner Fitting Front Panel

Right Left

Cone Protector
Botto
m Front Sill
 SIDE

Top Rail
Ventilator

UIC Decal
Height Code

Forklift Pocket
Bottom Rail Bottom Rail
Gusset
 Roof Gusset
ROOF

Left Front Extension Plate Right

Top Rail

Roof Panel

Rear Extension Plate

Roof Gusset
 Interior
Roof Panel

Lashing Ring Lashing Ring

Front Panel

Left Side Panel Right Side Panel

Lashing Bar

Goose Neck Tunnel Plate

Central Rail
Floor

Lashing Ring
Lashing Ring
 1. Container

• Definition

• Physical Characteristics

• Types
 1.3. Types of Containers
The exterior dimensions of all containers
conforming to ISO standards are 20/40/45 feet
long x 8 feet wide x 8 feet 6 inches high or 9
feet 6 inches high for high cube containers.
 General Purpose container

20' Standard Steel

Container

40' Standard Steel

Container

40' High Cube Steel

Container
45' High Cube Steel
Container
 Types of Containers ..contd..
OPEN TOP CONTAINER
20' and 40' Removable tarpaulin for top
loading
of over height cargo
hàng hóa cao quá khổ của container, hàng hóa phải cẩu từ trên xuống

FLAT RACK
20' and 40' For over width and
heavy cargo

PLATFORM
20' and 40' For extra length and heavy
cargo
 Reefer container : For Temperature controlled cargo,
cooling, freezing or heating of foods or chemicals

+ 20ft container

+ 40 HC container
+) Tank container
20ft chỉ có mỗi loại 20ft, ko
bao giờ có loại 40ft
 Container System

1. Container Cycle

4. Ship Operation 2. Yard Operation

3.Quay Operation
2. Terminal/Yard Operation
2.1. Container terminal
• Feeder

• Mainline

• Hub
 Feeder Terminal
• Definition: Where vessels directly calling at
POD cannot be supported and so containers
have to be handled through smaller
vessels for connecting to mother vessels calling
at other ports/terminals
• Characteristics
– Shallow berth – less then 10 m draft
– Low volume
– Poor/inadequate
infrastructure/equipment
– Low productivity
 Mainline Terminal
• Definition: Where vessels calling directly at
POD can be serviced
• Characteristics
– Modestly high draft – 12 m
– Quay length – upto 300 m
– Good productivity – 50-70 moves/vessel hour
– Sufficient exchange per call
2.2. Receipt / Delivery Operation Sites

• Container Yard

• Container Freight Station trạm giao nhận hàng lẻ

welcome cargo from different shippers and not economical enough to put into container
=> carrier will consolidate

• Inland Container Depot

2.2. Receipt / Delivery Operation Sites

• Container Yard

• Container Freight Station

• Inland Container Depot

2.2. Receipt / Delivery Operation Sites

• Container Yard

• Container Freight Station

• Inland Container Depot

 Container Freight Station (CFS)
• To provide place for storing import/export FCL
containers

• To provide facilities for completing

customs/documentation formalities before
delivery/shipment

• To de-stuff LCL import containers and to provide

space for their storage before delivery

• To receive and consolidate individual export

consignments and stuff them as LCL cargo
2.2. Receipt / Delivery Operation Sites

• Container Yard

• Container Freight Station

• Inland Container Depot

 Inland Container Depot (ICD)
• Similar to CFS but at upcountry / hinterland
• Also called Dry port
• First in Bangalore in 1981
ICD Long Bình, Long Thành

Homework: Difference between ICD and Container Depot

 Container System

1. Container Cycle

4. Ship Operation 2. Yard Operation

3.Quay Operation
 3. CONTAINER HANDLING EQUIPMENT

1. Chassis
2. Straddle

3. Crane

4. Transtainer

5. Front Loader
 Handling Systems Comparison
Parameter Chassis Straddle Carrier Transtainer
Space Requirement Very Large Medium Small

Cost High Moderate Medium

Manning Level More men / low Less men / High skill More men /
skill Medium skill
Selectivity Very good Medium Low

Quay crane Low Very good Bad

efficiency
Container damage Very Low High Medium

Maintenance Very low Very high Low

Computerisations Limited Medium High

 Container Equipment
• Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

• Straddle Carrier

• Transtainer : RTG / RMGC

• Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT

• Spreader
 Container Equipment
• Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

• Straddle Carrier
• Transtainer : RTG / RMGC

• Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT

• Spreader
 Container Equipment
• Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

• Straddle Carrier

• Transtainer : RTG / RMGC

• Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT

• Spreader
 Container Equipment
• Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

• Straddle Carrier

• Transtainer : RTG / RMGC

• Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT

• Spreader
 Container Equipment
• Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

• Straddle Carrier

• Transtainer : RTG / RMGC

• Front Loader: Reach Stacker / TLT

• Spreader
 Container System

1. Container Cycle

4. Ship Operation 2. Yard Operation

3.Quay Operation
4. Container Ships
 Six Generations of Containerships
Length Draft TEU
First Converted Cargo Vessel 135 m <9m 500
(1956-1970) 200 m < 30 ft
Converted 800
Tanker
Second 10 m 1,000 –
Cellular Containership 215 m
(1970-1980) 33 ft 2,500

250 m 3,000
Third Panamax Class 11-12 m
(1980-1988) 36-40 ft
290 m 4,000

Post Panamax 275 –

Fourth 11-13 m 4,000 –
(1988-2000) 305 m 36-43 ft 5,000

Post Panamax Plus

Fifth 335 m 13-14 m 5,000 –
(2000-2005) 43-46 ft 8,000

New Panamax
Sixth 15.5 m 11,000 –
(2006-) 397 m 50 ft 14,500
The Largest Available Containership,
1970-2008 (in TEUs)
 Characteristics of Some Historical Containerships

Year Name Capacity Yard Length (m) Width (m) Draft (m) Speed
(TEU) (knots)
1956 Ideal X 58 US 174.2 23.6 ? 18.0

1968 Elbe Express 730 B&V 171.0 24.5 7.9 20.0

1981 Frankfurt Express 3,430 HDW 271.0 32.3 11.5 23.0

1991 Hanover Express 4,407 Samsung 281.6 32.3 13.5 23.0

1995 APL China 4,832 HDW 262.0 40.0 12.0 24.6

1996 Regina Maersk 6,700 Odense 302.3 42.8 12.2 24.6

2001 Hamburg Express 7,506 Hyundai 304.0 42.8 14.5 25.0

2003 OOCL Shenzhen 8,063 Samsung 319.0 42.8 14.5 25.2

2005 MSC Pamela 9,200 Samsung 321.0 45.6 15.0 25.0

2006 Emma Maersk 14,500 Odense 393.0 56.4 15.5 24.5

 Specifications for Very Large Post-Panamax Containerships

Malacca-max Emma Maersk Sovereign Maersk

(Projected)
Capacity (TEU) 18,000 14,500 8,400

Length (meters) 400 393 348

Width (meters) 60 56 43

Draft (meters) 21 15.5 14

Deadweight (tons) 243,600 156,900 105,000

Speed (knots) 25 25 25
Containership Size versus Cost per TEU-Day
 Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2008
Aircraft Year of First Speed (km/hr) Maximum Range at Seating Capacity
Commercial Service Full Payload (km)
Douglas DC-3 1935 346 563 30

Douglas DC-7 1953 555 5,810 52

Boeing 707-100 1958 897 6,820 110

Boeing 727-100 1963 917 5,000 94

Boeing 747-100 1970 907 9,045 385

McDonnell Douglas DC-10 1971 908 7,415 260

Airbus A300 1974 847 3,420 269

Boeing 767-200 1982 954 5,855 216

Boeing 747-400 1989 939 13,444 416

Boeing 777-200ER 1995 1030 14,300 300

Airbus A340-500 2003 886 15,800 313

Airbus A380 2007 930 14,800 555

Boeing 787-8 2008 1040 15,700 250

 III. CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION
1. Types of Cargoes
Group 1: Economically and technically
suitable: general cargoes
Group 2: Technically but Uneconomically
Group 3: Specialized Container:
frozen/chilled, live animals, chemicals
Group 4: Unsuitable
 III. CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION
trước dấu / là at the loading port - shipper, sau là at the destination - consignee
2. Container shipping procedures
❖ FCL/FCL 1 shipper - 1 consignee -> CY/CY
❖ LCL/LCL many shippers - many consignees -> CFS/CFS
❖ FCL/LCL 1 shipper - many consignees -> CY/CFS
❖ LCL/FCL many shippers - 1 consignee -> CFS/CY
FCL: full ko có nghĩa là đầy hàng trong cont, mà là chỉ có 1 shipper dùng nguyên cái cont đó
LCL: nhiều shipper mang hàng rời đến để xếp vô 1 cái cont
 FCL/FCL: Procedures
As a rule, containers are loaded and sealed by
shipper at the shipper's facility. Then it
transported by ocean, rail and/or truck
directly to the point of final destination.
 FCL/FCL: Procedures

Empty Cont

SHIPPER CARRIER
CY - ORIGIN
Stuffed/Sealed/Cleared
Container
(Cleared = Custom Clearance)
SHIPPING
Stuffed/Sealed/Cleared
Container
CARRIER
CONSIGNEE
CY - DESTINATION
Empty Cont

có sự mất cân đối về lượng vỏ container, hàng hóa đi nhưng cont ko về

 FCL/FCL- Full Container Load
Sizable shipments
Stuffing and Unstuffing fees are on cargo
owner’s account
Containers are brought to the CY
Carrier’s period of responsibility: CY - CY
One shipper – One Consignee
 Less than Container Load
• Less than Container Load (LCL) means
international shipping of boxed, crated or
palletized cargo.
• LCL freight is the low cost solution for
international shipping of smaller seafreight
that will not fill an entire 20 foot sea freight
container.
 LCL/LCL- Less than Container Load

A A’

B CFS CFS B’

C CARGO C’
HOUSE BILL OF
LADING
carrier biết chắc chắn trong cont có gì
cargo owners finish custom clearance
 LCL/LCL- Less than Container Load

• Not enough cargo

• Stuffing and unstuffing fees
• Customs?
• CFS – CFS
• Multiple shippers – Multiple consignee
• FCL/LCL
• LCL/FCL
 3. Container Freight Rate
• Basis Ocean Freight (Pure freight): Rate tariff published
& filed
• Feeder Freight: auxiliary route
• Terminal Handling Charges (THC): Ancillary Charges for
moving cargoes on the pier, loading or unloading.
Separately charged since 1991 the one making the booking pays to the port, not to the carrier,
nhưng thường trong thực tế sẽ trả cho shipping lines, shipping
sẽ trả lại cho port vì port ko work trực tiếp với ng book

• Surcharges: Additional charges or add-on costs

✔ Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF): When US dollar
drops, CAF goes up.
✔ Fuel Adjustment Factor (FAF):Bunker charge. When
price of bunker c fuel increases, FAF goes up = BAF (Bunker Adjustment
Factor)

✔ Others: Peak season, security, congestion, DOC

phụ phí kẹt tàu kẹt cảng, Documentation fee - paid to get the
tàu phải chờ lâu B/L
 4. Important Notes
• FOB, CIF, CFR 🡪FCA, CIP, CPT
Risk transfer point
Documentation: Shipped B/L
Multimodal Transport
4. Important Notes
Carrier’s Responsibility
a) Period of Responsibility: CY – CY; CFS - CFS
Hague 1924, Hague Visby 1968: tackle – tackle
Hamburg 1978: Receipt - Delivery
Other transport mode: Receipt – Delivery
b) Basis of Responsibility
c) Limitation: depends on transport mode
Hague 1924: not mention
Hague – Visby 1968: SOC
Hamburg 1978: full regulations for container
transport