Scribd
Upload
99 views5 pages

03 Chemical Proportions in Compounds

The document discusses the concepts of percentage composition, empirical formulas, and molecular formulas. It provides examples of calculating the percentage composition of different compounds from their formulas and mass ratios. The key differences between empirical and molecular formulas are explained. Empirical formulas show the lowest whole number ratio, while molecular formulas show the actual number of atoms in a molecule. To determine the molecular formula from empirical formula and molar mass, the molar mass of the compound is divided by the molar mass of the empirical formula to give the subscript coefficient.

Uploaded by

TIFFANY UZAMERE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
99 views5 pages

03 Chemical Proportions in Compounds

The document discusses the concepts of percentage composition, empirical formulas, and molecular formulas. It provides examples of calculating the percentage composition of different compounds from their formulas and mass ratios. The key differences between empirical and molecular formulas are explained. Empirical formulas show the lowest whole number ratio, while molecular formulas show the actual number of atoms in a molecule. To determine the molecular formula from empirical formula and molar mass, the molar mass of the compound is divided by the molar mass of the empirical formula to give the subscript coefficient.

Uploaded by

TIFFANY UZAMERE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Chemical Proportions in Compounds: Percent Composition, Empirical Formulas,

Molecular Formulas

Law of Definite Proportions


(see your handout note)
States that in a particular chemical compound, the elements are always present in
the same proportions by mass

Composition of a compound is often given in terms of percentages by mass

Percentage composition of a compound refers to the relative mass of each element in


the compound

Calculate the % composition of H2O, given that 1.00 g of hydrogen atoms combine
with 8.00 g of oxygen atoms to form 9.00 g of H2O.
9.00 g of H2O contains 1.00 g of H and 8.00 g of O.
%H = 1.00 g x 100
9.00 g
= 11.1%
%O = 8.00 g x 100
9.00 g
OR %O = 100% - 11.1%
= 89.9%

3.65 g of sample NaF is found to consist of 2.00 g of Na and 1.65 g of F.


Calculate the percentage composition by mass.
In 3.65 g of NaF, there are 2.00g of Na and 1.65 g of F.
%Na = 2.00 g x 100
3.65 g
= 54.8% Na
%F = 1.65 g x 100
3.65 g
OR %F = 100% - 54.8%
= 45.2% F

Calculating % Composition from a Chemical Formula


Determine the % composition of HgS.

MHgS = 200.59 + 32.07


= 232.66 g/mol
232.66 g of HgS contain 200.59g of Hg and 32.07g of S
%Hg = 200.59g x 100
232.66 g
= 86.216% Hg
%S = 32.07 g x 100
232.66g
= 13.78% S

MC9H8O = 9 x 12.01 + 8 x 1.008 + 16.00


= 132.15 g/mol
Determine the % composition of C9H8O
132.15 g of C9H8O contains 108.09 g of C atoms, 8.064 g of H atoms and 16.00 g of O
atoms
%C = 108.09 g x 100
132.15 g
= 81.793%
%H = 8.064 g x 100
132.15 g
= 6.102%
%O = 16.00 g x 100
132.15 g
= 12.11%
Check: 81.793 + 6.102 + 12.11 = ?? Why not 100%?

#Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula #of a Compound

Empirical formula#

the simplest formula of a compound

shows the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound

means “capable of being verified or disproved by observation or experiment”

Molecular formula
the actual formula of a compound

shows the number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule or formula unit

benzene C6H6 molecular formula


CH empirical formula

glucose C6H12O6 molecular formula


CH2O empirical formula

water H2O molecular formula


H2O empirical formula

Note: the molecular formula is unique to a compound (see table 6.1 on p207 of
text). It shows the MOLAR RATIOS of atoms.

Calculate the empirical formula of compound that is 85.6% carbon and 14.4%
hydrogen.
.
In 100.0 g, there will be 85.6 g of C atoms and 14.4 g of H atoms.
The EF will show molar ratios, so we convert to moles.
nC = 85.6 g
12.01g/mol
= 7.13 mol C
nH = 14.4 g
1.008 g/mol
= 14.3 mol H
molar ratio of C : H = 7.13 : 14.3
Reduce: Divide by 7.13 (smallest value)
= 1 : 2
The empirical formula is CH2.

The percentage composition of a fuel is 81.7% carbon and 18.3% hydrogen. Find the
empirical formula of the fuel.
In 100.0 g, there will be 81.7 g of C and 8.3 g of H
nC= 81.7 g
12.01 g/mol
= 6.80 mol C
nH = 18.3 g
1.008 g/mol
= 18.2 mol H
molar ratio of C : H = 6.80 : 18.2
= 1 : 2.68
Too far from 2 or 3 to round up or down. Multiply first.
x 2 = 2 : 5.36 (still no good)
x 3 = 3 : 8.04 Round to 3 : 8
The empirical formula is C3H8 .

Rules for determining the empirical formula:#

If the percent composition of a compound is known, the empirical formula may be


determined by determining the relative number of moles of each element present in a
certain mass of that compound.

100.0 g is a very convenient mass to use but any mass will work.

Keep the elements in the same order as that given in the question when percent
composition data is listed.

When determining the mole ratios, always divide each number of moles by the
smallest number of moles so that each ratio will be equal to or greater than 1.0.

If, after dividing to get the mole ratios, you have one or more fractional values
(such as 1.20, 3.25, 2.50, etc…), multiply all the mole ratios by the smallest
quantity that will produce whole numbers for each value.

Never simply round off a fractional mole ratio unless it is already very close to a
whole number (ie. 1.98 to 2.0, not 2.5 to 3.0). (see table 6.2 on p210 of text)

POEM - to help you remember


% to Mass
Mass to Mole
Divide by Smallest
Multiply until Whole

Sample Problems#
Determine the empirical formula of a compound which is 15.7% C and 84.3% S.

A certain carbohydrate compound was found to be 58.31% C, 8.31% H and 33.28% O.


Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

Watch the Video on the next slide to see sample calculations!

Determine the empirical formula of a compound which is 15.7% C and 84.3% S.

Try it!
p. 209 #9 - 12
p. 211 #13 - 16
Determining a Molecular Formula#
Given a molecular formula, you can determine the empirical formula

Butane C4H10 -> C2H5

But, given an empirical formula, can you determine the molecular formula?

Eg. CH2O could be C2H4O2, or C3H6O3, etc.

The empirical formula of ribose (sugar) is CH2O. In a separate experiment, using a


mass spectrometer, the molar mass of ribose was determined to be 150 g/mol. What
is the molecular formula of ribose?
MCH2O = 12.01 + 2 x 1.008 + 16.00
= 30.03 g/mol
150 g/mol = about 5
30.03 g/mol
MF = 5 x (CH2O)
= C5H10O5
The molecular formula of ribose is C5H10O5 .

A compound contains 92.2% C and 7.71% H. The molar mass of the compound is 78.0
g/mol. Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
In 100 g there will be 92.2 g of C and 7.71 g of H
nC = 92.2 g
12.01 g/mol
= 7.68 mol
nH = 7.71 g
1.008 g/mol
= 7.65 mol
molar ratio of C : H = 7.68 : 7.65
= 1 : 1
The empirical formula is CH .
continued on next slide

The empirical formula is CH .


MCH = 12.01 + 1.008
= 13.02 g/mol
The molar mass of the compound is 78.0 g/mol
78.0 g/mol
13.02 g/mol
= about 6
MF = 6 x (CH)
= C6H6
The molecular formula is C6H6 .

Molecular formula = r X Empirical formula


subscripts subscripts

where r is a whole number ratio

Additional information is needed – use the molar mass of the compound


 
Molar mass of = r X Molar mass of
compound empirical formula

r = Mcompound
Mempirical formula

The empirical formula of ribose (sugar) is CH2O. In a separate experiment, using a


mass spectrometer, the molar mass of ribose was determined to be 150 g/mol. What
is the molecular formula of ribose?

Try it!
p. 218 #17 - 20

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy