DEFINITE INTEGRAL

E LECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Hoang Hai Ha

Email: hoanghaiha@hcmut.edu.vn

April 18, 2023

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 1 / 17

T HE AREA PROBLEM

We attempt to find the area S of a

region D that is bounded by y =
f (x), y = 0, x = a, x = b( f (x) ≥ 0)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 2 / 17

D IVIDING INTO MANY STRIPS AND APPROXIMATING BY AREA
OF RECTANGLES

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 3 / 17

D IVIDING INTO MANY STRIPS AND APPROXIMATING BY AREA
OF RECTANGLES

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 3 / 17

U SING MORE SMALLER RECTANGLES OF EQUAL WIDTH

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 4 / 17

D EFINITION 1.1
If f is a function defined f on a ≤ x ≤ b. Dividing [a, b] into n
sub-intervals of equal widths ∆x = (b − a)/n. Let
a = x 0 < x 1 < x 2 ... < x n = b. Let x i∗ ∈ [x i , x i +1 ]. Then the definite
integral of f from a to b is

Zb n
f (x i∗ )∆x
X
f (x)d x = lim
n→∞
i =1
a

if this limit exists and doesn’t depend on choices of x i∗ , we say that f is

integrable on [a, b].

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 5 / 17

E XAMPLE 1.1
Determine the area under the parabola y = x 2 from 0 to 1 by using
Z1
rectangles ( determine x 2 d x).
0

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 6 / 17

E XAMPLE 1.1
Determine the area under the parabola y = x 2 from 0 to 1 by using
Z1
rectangles ( determine x 2 d x).
0

1 2
Dividing [0, 1] into n equal subintervals: x 0 = 0 < < < ....x n = 1,
n n
1 i
∆x i = , we choose x i∗ = ( the right endpoins of each subinterval )
n n

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 6 / 17

E XAMPLE 1.1
Determine the area under the parabola y = x 2 from 0 to 1 by using
Z1
rectangles ( determine x 2 d x).
0

1 2
Dividing [0, 1] into n equal subintervals: x 0 = 0 < < < ....x n = 1,
n n
1 i
∆x i = , we choose x i∗ = ( the right endpoins of each subinterval )
n n
n n i2 1 1 X n
f (x i∗ )∆x i = i 2.
X X
2
= 3
i =1 i =1 n n n i =1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 6 / 17

 We need the formula
n n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
i2 =
P
i =1 6
1 X n
lim i2
n→∞ n 3
i =1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1
= lim =
n→∞ 6n 3 3

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 7 / 17

T HEOREM 2.1
If f is continuous on [a,b] or has a finite number of jump
discontinuities, then f is integrable on [a,b] or definite integral
Zb
f (x)d x exists.
a

E XAMPLE 2.1
Z1
sin x
d x is definite integral.
x
0

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 8 / 17

T HEOREM 2.1
If f is continuous on [a,b] or has a finite number of jump
discontinuities, then f is integrable on [a,b] or definite integral
Zb
f (x)d x exists.
a

E XAMPLE 2.1
Z1
sin x
d x is definite integral.
x
0
Z1
1
d x is not definite integral.
x
−1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 8 / 17

P ROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Zb Zb Zb
1 [ f (x) ± g (x)]d x = f (x)d x ± g (x)d x
a a a
Zb Zb
2 c f (x)d x = c f (x)d x
a a
Zc Zb Zb
3 f (x)d x + f (x)d x = f (x)d x
a c a
Zb Zb
4 if f (x) ≤ g (x) on [a,b], then f (x)d x ≤ g (x)d x
a a

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 9 / 17

 Za
5 f (x)d x = 0
a
Zb Za
5 f (x)d x = − f (x)d x,
a b
5 f is integrable on [a, b], m and M are global minimum and
maximum values, respectively of f , then:
Z b
m(b − a) ≤ f (x)d x ≤ M (b − a).
a

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 10 / 17

E XAMPLE 2.2
The graph of function g consists of 2 straight lines and a semicircle.
Z 7
Find g (x)d x.
0

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 11 / 17

T HE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF DIFFERENTIAL AND
INTEGRAL CALCULUS

T HEOREM 2.2 (PART 1)

Zx
If f is continuous on [a, b], then function g (x) = f (t )d t , a ≤ x ≤ b is
a
continuous and differentiable on (a, b) and g ′ (x) = f (x).

C OROLLARY 2.1
ψ(x)
Z
Let F (x) = f (t )d t , then
ϕ(x)

F ′ (x) = f (ψ(x))ψ′ (x) − f (ϕ(x))ϕ′ (x). (1)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 12 / 17

E XAMPLE 2.3
Determine all local extreme values in (0, 1) for function
Zx
2t − 1
f (x) = 2
dt.
t +t +1
0

Solution
2x − 1
f ′ (x) = .
x2 + x + 1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 13 / 17

E XAMPLE 2.3
Determine all local extreme values in (0, 1) for function
Zx
2t − 1
f (x) = 2
dt.
t +t +1
0

Solution
2x − 1
f ′ (x) = .
x2 + x + 1
1
f attains local min at x = .
2
E XAMPLE 2.4
Z x
(arctan t )2 d t
0
Evaluate the limit L = lim p .
x→+∞ x2 + 1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 13 / 17

T HEOREM 2.3 (PART 2(N EWTON -L EIBNIZ ))
If f is continuous on [a,b], then

Zb
f (x)d x = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F (x) is the antiderivative of f .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 14 / 17

T HEOREM 2.3 (PART 2(N EWTON -L EIBNIZ ))
If f is continuous on [a,b], then

Zb
f (x)d x = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F (x) is the antiderivative of f .

Z x
Let G(x) = f (x)d x, then G(x) = F (x) +C , ∀x ∈ [a, b].
a

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 14 / 17

T HEOREM 2.3 (PART 2(N EWTON -L EIBNIZ ))
If f is continuous on [a,b], then

Zb
f (x)d x = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F (x) is the antiderivative of f .

Z x
Let G(x) = f (x)d x, then G(x) = F (x) +C , ∀x ∈ [a, b].
a
G(a) = 0, then C = −F (a).

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 14 / 17

T HEOREM 2.3 (PART 2(N EWTON -L EIBNIZ ))
If f is continuous on [a,b], then

Zb
f (x)d x = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F (x) is the antiderivative of f .

Z x
Let G(x) = f (x)d x, then G(x) = F (x) +C , ∀x ∈ [a, b].
a
G(a) = 0, then C = −F (a).
Zb
Then f (x)d x = G(b) = F (b) − F (a).
a

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 14 / 17

E XAMPLE 2.5
Z4
dx
Evaluate I = p
x2 + 4
3

Solution ¯ ¯ ¯4
p
¯ 2
I = ln ¯x + x + 4¯ ¯ .
¯¯
3

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 15 / 17

E XAMPLE 2.5
Z4
dx
Evaluate I = p
x2 + 4
3

Solution ¯ ¯ ¯4
p
¯ 2
I = ln ¯x + x + 4¯ ¯ .
¯¯
3

E XAMPLE 2.6
Z9 p
2x 2 + x 2 x − 1
Evaluate d x.
x2
1

E XAMPLE 2.7
Z3
Evaluate |x 2 − 3x + 2|d x.
−1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 15 / 17

If an object moves along a straight line with speed v(t ), then
Rt2
Displacement= v(t )d t = s(t 2 ) − s(t 1 )
t1
Rt2
Total distance traveled= |v(t )|d t .
t1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 16 / 17

E XAMPLE 3.1
An object moves along a line so that its velocity at time t is
v(t ) = t 2 − t − 6(m/s).
Find the displacement of the particle during the time period
1 ≤ t ≤ 4.
Find the distance traveled during this time period .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) DEFINITE INTEGRAL April 18, 2023 17 / 17