MATHEMATICS and ABM CLUSTER

SCHOOL YEAR 2021 - 2022

Basic Calculus
MATH05
Course Outcome 6
Quarter 04

MATH05 | Specialized | CO6

E-mail address: shs@mapua.edu.ph
Telephone number: (02) 8247 - 5000
MATH05 | Basic Calculus

NAME: ____________________________________ TEACHER: ________________________

YEAR AND SECTION: _______________________ SCHEDULE: _______________________

Lesson
1 Definite Integration

COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN

Objective: Compute the definite integral of a function using the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus.

Subject Matters:
Lesson 1.1

Learning Competencies:
I. Compute the definite integral of a function using the fundamental theorem of
Calculus

Evaluation:
Performance Task: PT6.1 to be deployed in Blackboard

Written Work: WW6.1 to be deployed in Aleks

What do I know? (Pre-test)

Choose the best answer.
5
1. Evaluate ∫−1(3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
a. 0 b. 21 c. 48 d. 64
100 100 75
2. If ∫25 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀 and ∫75 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑁; then ∫25 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
a. 50 b. M-N c. N-M d. Not possible to solve
2
3. The average value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1) on the interval from x=1 to x=5 is
16 64 256 16
a. − 3 b. 3 c. 3 d. 3
3
4. Evaluate ∫−3(9 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
a. 18 b. 9 c. 0 d. none of the choices
𝑘 1
5. Solve for the value of k given that ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

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𝑘 𝑑𝑥
6. Solve for the value of k given that ∫0 =1
𝑥
a. 0 b. 1 c. lna d. e
𝜋
0
7. ∫−𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
4
a. −√2 b. -1 c. √2 d. 1
1 𝑑𝑥
8. ∫0 √1−𝑥 2
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
a. b. 4 c. d. 2
4 2
𝑎
9. Suppose that function is an even function and that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 10, where a>0. Compute
𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
a. 0 b. 10 c. 20 d. Not possible
𝑎
10. Suppose that the function is an odd function and that a>0, compute ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
a. 0 b. 10 c. 2a d. Not possible

What is it?

I. The Definite Integration

The definite integral link the concept of area to other important concepts such as length,
volume, density, probability, and other work.
Consider the region below. There are rectangles of non-uniform widths covering (in/out)
the region.
∆𝑥𝑖 − width of its rectangle
𝑓(𝑐𝑖 ) − directed (signed)height

The interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is divided into n subintervals. Let us sum up all the signed areas of the
rectangles covering (in/out) the region.
Let ∆𝐴 be the total signed area of all the n rectangles.
∆𝐴 = ∆𝐴1 + ∆𝐴2 + ∆𝐴3 +. . . +∆𝐴𝑖 +. . . +∆𝐴𝑛−1 + ∆𝐴𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑐1 )∆𝑥1 + 𝑓(𝑐2 )∆𝑥2 +
𝑓(𝑐3 )∆𝑥3 +. . . +𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖 +. . . +𝑓(𝑐𝑛−1 )∆𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑓(𝑐𝑛 )∆𝑥𝑛
∆𝐴 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 ) ∆𝑥𝑖 , approximation of total signed area

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We call this signed area as Riemann Sum.

where:
∆𝑥1 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 = 𝑥1 − 𝑎
∆𝑥2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
∆𝑥3 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥2
⋮
∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1
⋮
∆𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1 = 𝑏 − 𝑥𝑛−1
For uniform width, that is,
∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 = … = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 = … = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1
where:
𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥 = 𝑎 + ∆𝑥
𝑥2 = 𝑎 + 2∆𝑥
⋮
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑖∆𝑥
The Riemann Sum is given by
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥
Taking the limit of Riemann Sum (non-uniform width) as the maximum change, denoted by
‖∆‖(norm of partition), approaches zero, we have

lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖 , 𝑐𝑖 ∈ [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] ⊆ [𝑎, 𝑏]

‖∆‖→0

This limit of Riemann Sum is called the definite integral of f on [𝑎, 𝑏], which we write
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖
‖∆‖→0

𝑏−𝑎
For uniform width, ∆𝑥 = ‖∆‖ as ∆𝑥 → 0 ( → 0) , 𝑛 → +∞
𝑛
𝑏
⇒ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖
𝑛→+∞
𝑏
If 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 ) ≥ 0 on [𝑎, 𝑏], then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖 , represents the area of the
‖∆‖→0
region under the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), above the x-axis, and between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 .

Definition:
A function f is said to be integrable on a finite closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] if the limit
lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖
‖∆‖→0
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖
‖∆‖→0
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)| 𝑎
= 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
Where a and b are called lower and upper limits of integration, respectively.

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Properties of Definite Integral

𝑏 𝑎
Order of Integration: 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑎
Zero with Interval: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑏 𝑏
Constant Multiple: ∫ 𝑘 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Sum and Difference: ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Examples
Evaluate the integrals.
𝟐 𝟐
1. ∫𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫−𝟏 𝟒𝒙(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
2 2 2 2
= ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 5 ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫−1 𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥3 5𝑥 2 = 4 ∫−1(𝑥 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
= − + 3𝑥]
3 2 1
2 2
1 5 = 4 ∫−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫−1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
= 3 (23 − 1) − 2 (22 − 1) + 3(2 − 1)
2
4𝑥 2 4𝑥 4
1
= 3 (8 − 1) − 2 (4 − 1) + 3(1)
5 = + ]
2 4 −1
7 15
=3− 2
+3 = 2(2 − (−1)2 ) + (24 − (−1)4 )
2

13
= 6 + 15
=− = 21
6
𝟏 𝟐
3. ∫𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 4. ∫𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙
3
= − ∫1 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 =0
3
𝑥2
=− − 2𝑥]
2 1
1
= − (9 − 1) − 2(3 − 1)
2
= −4 − 4
= −8
𝝅 𝝅
5. ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 6. ∫𝟎𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃]04 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥]02
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
4 2
=1−0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
=1 = −1 − 1
= −2

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𝟑 𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
7. ∫𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝟓𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 8. ∫𝟑 𝒙−𝟐
3
= 5 ∫𝑙𝑛2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 2
= ∫3 (1 + 𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑒 𝑥 ]3𝑙𝑛2 4 4 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑙𝑛2 )
= ∫3 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫3
= 5(𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥−2
= 5(𝑒 3 − 2) = (𝑥+2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 2|)]43
= 5𝑒 3 − 10
= (4 − 3) + 2((𝑙𝑛|4 − 2|) − (𝑙𝑛|3 − 2|)
= 1 + 2𝑙𝑛2 − 2𝑙𝑛1
= 1 + 𝑙𝑛4

𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
√𝟐 𝒅𝒙 10. ∫√𝟐
9. ∫𝟎 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐
1 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐|𝑥|]2√2
√2
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]0 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐√2
1 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛0 =3−4
√2 𝜋
𝜋 = 12
= 4

𝟎
𝟏𝟏. ∫−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
0
= ∫−1(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 for lower limit 𝑢 = 1 − 1 = 0
1
1
= ∫0 𝑢2 (𝑢 − 1)2 𝑑𝑢 𝑥 =𝑢−1 for upper limit 𝑢 = 1 + 0 =1
1
1
= ∫0 𝑢2 (𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
5 3 1
1
= ∫0 (𝑢2 − 2𝑢2 + 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
5 3 1
1 1 1
= ∫0 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ∫0 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫0 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
7 5 3 1
𝑢2 2𝑢2 𝑢2
=( 7 − 5 + 3 )]
2 2 2 0
2 4 2
= 7 (1 − 0) − 5 (1 − 0) + 3 (1 − 0)
2 4 2 2(15)−4(21)+2(35) 30−84+70 16
=7−5+3 = = = 105
105 105

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1.1 Integration of Absolute-value Functions

If f(x) is continuous function in the closed interval [a,b] where a<c<b, then,
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Examples
Evaluate the integral.
𝟓
1. ∫−𝟒|𝒙 + 𝟐| 𝒅𝒙
−2 5
= ∫−4 −(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫−2(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
−2 5
𝑥2 𝑥2
= − ( 2 + 2𝑥)] + ( 2 + 2𝑥)]
−4 −2
1 1
= − 2 (4 − 16) − 2(−2 + 4) + 2 (25 − 4) + 2(5 + 2)
1 1
= − 2 (−12) − 2(2) + 2 (21) + 2(7)
21
=6−4+ + 14
2
53
= 2
𝑥 + 2, 𝑥+2≥0
|𝑥 + 2| = {
−(𝑥 + 2), 𝑥+2<0
𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ≥ −2
|𝑥 + 2| = {
−(𝑥 + 2), 𝑥 < −2
𝟑
2. ∫𝟎 |𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑|𝒅𝒙
3
3
= ∫02 −(2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 (2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
2
3
3
2𝑥 2 2 2𝑥 2
= −( − 3𝑥)] + ( − 3𝑥)]3
2 0 2
2
9 3 9 3
= − (4 − 0) + 3 (2 − 0) + (9 − 4) − 3 (3 − 2)
9 9 27 9
= −4+2+ −2
4
18 9
= =2
4
3
−(2𝑥 − 3) , 2𝑥 − 3 < 0 −(2𝑥 − 3) , 𝑥 <
|2𝑥 − 3| = { |2𝑥 − 3| = { 2
(2𝑥 − 3) , 2𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0 3
(2𝑥 − 3) , 𝑥 ≥
2

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𝟑𝝅
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 < 0
3. ∫𝟎𝟒 |𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙| 𝒅𝒙 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| = {
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ≥ 0
𝜋 3𝜋
= ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋4 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 3𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]02 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]𝜋4
2
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 )
4
√2
= (1 − 0) − ( 2 − 1)
√2
=2− 2

1.2 Integration of Piecewise-Defined Functions

If f(x) is continuous function in the closed interval [a,b] where a<c<b, then,
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Examples
Evaluate the integral.
𝟑 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙<𝟏
1. ∫−𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙; 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐, 𝒙≥𝟏
1 3
= ∫−2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (3𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
1 3
𝑥3 3𝑥 2
= ] +( − 2𝑥)]
3 −2 2 1
1 3
= 3 (1 + 8) + 2 (9 − 1) − 2(3 − 1)
= 3 + 12 − 4
= 11

𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 , 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏
2. ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙; 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟒−𝒙, 𝟏<𝒙≤𝟒
1 4
= ∫0 (2𝑥 (4
+ 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1 4 4
= 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 4
2𝑥 2 𝑥2
=( + 𝑥)] + (4𝑥 − )]
2 0 2 1
1
= (1 − 0) + (1 − 0) + 4(4 − 1) − 2 (16 − 1)
15
= 1 + 1 + 12 − 2
15
= 14 − 2
13
= 2

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𝝅 𝝅
𝝅
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙, −𝟐≤𝒙≤ 𝟑
3. ∫−𝝅 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ; 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟑 𝝅
𝟐 (𝝅) 𝒙 + 𝟏, <𝒙≤𝝅
𝟑
𝜋
𝜋 3𝑥
= ∫ 3 𝜋(1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 ( 𝜋 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
− 3
2

𝜋 𝜋
3 3𝑥 2
= (𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)] 𝜋 + ( 2𝜋 + 𝑥)]𝜋
−
2 3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3 𝜋2 𝜋
= ( 3 − (− 2 )) + 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 2 )) + 2𝜋 (𝜋 2 − ) + (𝜋 − 3 )
9

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= ( + ) + 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) + − +𝜋−
3 2 3 2 2 6 3

5𝜋 √3 9𝜋−𝜋+6𝜋−2𝜋
= + 2 ( 2 + 1) +
6 6
5𝜋+9𝜋−𝜋+6𝜋−2𝜋
= √3 + 2 + 6
17𝜋
= √3 + 2 + 6

1.3 Integration of Odd and Even Function

Recall:
For even integers, (-x)𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 ;
For odd integers,
Functions is said to be even if f(-x) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all x ∈ domain of f. The graph of an even function
is symmetric about the y-axis.
Functions is said to be odd if f(-x) = −𝑓(𝑥) for all x ∈ domain of f. The graph of an even function
is symmetric about the origin.
𝑎
Theorem: If f is odd on [-a,a] then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓𝑑𝑥 = 0

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𝑎 𝑎
Theorem: If f is even on [-a,a] then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Examples
Evaluate the integral.
𝟑 𝝅
1. ∫−𝟑(𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫𝟐 𝝅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
−
=0 𝟐
=0

∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝝅 𝟏
3. ∫ 𝝅(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 4. ∫−𝟏(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
− 1
𝟑
= 2 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
=0 1
𝑥3
= 2 ( 3 + 𝑥)]
0
2
= 3 (1) + 2(1)
8
=
3
𝟐
5. ∫−𝟐(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙
2 2
= 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2)5 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
2
2𝑥 3
= ] + 10𝑥]20
3 0
2 16 16+60 76
= 3 (8) + 10(2) = + 20 = =
3 3 3
or
2 2 2
= 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (2)5 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
2
2𝑥 3
= ] − 3(0) + 10𝑥]20
3 0
2
= 3 (8) + 10(2)
16
= + 20
3
16+60 76
= =
3 3

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𝝅
6. ∫𝟒 𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙
−
𝟒

𝜋
= 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 *𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜋
4
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]0
𝜋
= 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛0)
√2
= 2( 2 )
= √2

1.4 Average Value of Function

If f is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], then the average value of f on [𝑎, 𝑏] is defined to be
1 𝑏
𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
Examples
Find the average value of the function over the given interval.
1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙; [𝟏, 𝟑] 2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙; [𝟎, 𝝅]
1 𝜋
1 3 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋−0 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 3−1 ∫1 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
1 3
= 𝜋 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]𝜋0
= (3) ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
2 = − 𝜋 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0)
3 1
3 𝑥2
= 2 ( 2 )] = − 𝜋 (−1 − 1)
1 2
3 =𝜋
= 4 (9 − 1)
=6
𝟏 𝟏
3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 ; [𝟏, 𝒆] 4. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ; [𝟏, √𝟑]
𝑒 𝑑𝑥1 1 √3 𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑒−1 ∫1 𝑥 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = ∫
√3−1 1 1+𝑥 2
1
= 𝑒−1 (𝑙𝑛|𝑥|)]1𝑒 1
=( ) (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)]1√3
1 √3−1
= (𝑒−1) (𝑙𝑛𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛1) 1
=( ) (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛√3 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛1)
1 √3−1
= (𝑒−1) (1 − 0) 1 𝜋 𝜋
=( ) (3 − 4 )
1 √3−1
= 𝑒−1 1 𝜋
=( ) (12)
√3−1
𝜋
= 12(√3−1)

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What’s more?
Solve the following problem:
1
1. ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
2. ∫0 (4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 10)𝑑𝑥
9
3. ∫1 𝑦(3 − √𝑦)𝑑𝑦
3 𝑡3
4. ∫−3 1+𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
5. In each part, evaluate the integral given that
2𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
1 10
𝑎. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑐. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)dx
0 1

1 5
𝑏. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
−1
2

What I can do
Solve the following problem:
1 2
1. ∫0 (9 − √𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2
2. ∫0 𝑦 2 √1 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
3. Use the area shown in the figure to find
Area =0.8

a b c d

Area =2.6
𝑏 𝑐
𝑎. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑐. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)dx
𝑎 𝑎

𝑐 𝑑
𝑏. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎

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4. In each part, evaluate the integral given that

|𝑥 + 1|, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

0 6
𝑎. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑐. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)dx
-2 0

2 6
𝑏. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−2 −4
7
5. ∫−1(|𝑥 − 2| − 3)𝑑𝑥

Assessment (Post-test)
Choose the best answer.
5
1. Evaluate ∫−5(3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
a. 20 b. -21 c. 32 d. 64
100 100 75
2. If ∫25 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑁 and ∫75 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀; then ∫25 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
a. 50 b. M-N c. N-M d. Not possible to solve
3. The average value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 on the interval from x=1 to x=5 is
16 64 256 16
a. 3 b. 3 c. 3 d. - 3
3
4. Evaluate ∫−3(10 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
a. 38 b. 29 c. 42 d. none of the choices
𝑘
5. Solve for the positive value of k given that ∫0 (1 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −2
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
𝑘 𝑑𝑥
6. Solve for the value of k given that ∫0 𝑥 = 1
a. 0 b. 1 c. e d. lna
𝜋
0
7. ∫−𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥4
4
a. −√2 b. 1 c. √2 d. -1
1 𝑑𝑥
8. ∫0 √1−𝑥 2
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
a. b. c. d.
4 4 2 2
𝑎
9. Suppose that function is an even function and that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5, where a>0. Compute
𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
a. 0 b. 10 c. 20 d. Not possible
𝑎
10. Suppose that the function is an odd function and that a>0, compute ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
a. 0 b. 10 c. 2a d. Not possible

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NAME: ____________________________________ TEACHER: ________________________

YEAR AND SECTION: _______________________ SCHEDULE: _______________________

Lesson
2 Area by Integration

COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN

Objective: Compute the definite integral of a function using the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus.

Subject Matters:
Lesson 2.1 Area by Integration

Learning Competencies:
I. Compute the area of a plane region using the definite integral
II. Solve problems involving areas of plane regions

Evaluation:
Performance Task: PT6.2 to be deployed in Blackboard

Written Work: WW6.2 to be deployed in Aleks

What do I know? (Pre-test)

A. Choose the best answer.

𝑥2
1. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = and 𝑦 = 3𝑥 can be found using ______
2
1 6 6 𝑥2
a. 2 ∫0 (6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 c. ∫0 (3𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
2
6 𝑥2 1 12
b. ∫0 ( 2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 d. ∫0
(3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
2

2. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 and the line 𝑥 =3. Find the area of the
region in one decimal place
a. 5.8 b. 7.8 c. 6.5 d. 14.1

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3. Choose the correct shade of graph to get appropriate area indicated by the integral
2
∫−3 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥?

a. c.

b. d. None of the choices

4. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 2 Find the area of the region in one decimal
place.
a. 2.6 b. 2.7 c. 1.7 d. 1.8

B. Match the shaded aread on the left to the correct integral on the right.

𝑏 𝑐
A. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑏 𝑐
B. ∫𝑎 (𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

𝑏
C. ∫𝑎 ((𝑔(𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑦))𝑑𝑦

𝑏
D. − ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦))𝑑𝑦

𝑏
2. E. ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

𝑏
F. − ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

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𝑏 𝑐
A. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑐
B. ∫𝑎 (𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

𝑏
C. ∫𝑎 ((𝑔(𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑦))𝑑𝑦
3.
𝑏
D. − ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦))𝑑𝑦

𝑏
E. ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

𝑏
F. − ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

4.

5.

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What is it?

II. The Area under a Curve

Let us first consider the irregular shape shown below. How can we find the area of this
shape?

We can find an approximation by placing a grid of squares over it.

By counting squares, A > 33 and A < 60; i.e. 33 < A < 60.

By taking a finer ‘mesh’ of squares we could obtain a better approximation for A.

We now study another way of approximating to A, using rectangles, in which A can be

found by a limit process.

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The diagram shows part of the curve y = f(x) from x = a to x = b.

We will find an expression for the area A bounded by the curve, the x-axis, and the lines
x = a and x = b.
The interval [a,b] is divided into n sections of equal width, Δx, n rectangles are then
drawn to approximate the area A under the curve.

Dashed lines represent the height of each rectangle. The position of each line is given by
an x-coordinate, xn. The first rectangle has height 𝑓(𝑥1 )and width ∆𝑥𝑖 .

f(x1 )

Δx1

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Thus the area of the first rectangle = 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ∗ ∆𝑥1

An approximation for the area under the curve, between 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏, can be found
by summing the area of the rectangles.

A = f(x1).Δx1 + f(x2).Δx2 + f(x3).Δx3 + f(x4).Δx4 + f(x5).Δx5 + f(x6).Δx6

Using the Greek letter Σ (sigma) to denote ‘the sum of’, we have 𝐴 ≈ ∑𝑖=6
𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ). 𝛥𝑥𝑖 . For
any number n rectangles, we then have 𝐴 ≈ ∑𝑖=𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ). 𝛥𝑥𝑖 .

In order to emphasise that the sum extends over the interval [a,b], we often write the
sum as 𝐴 ≈ ∑𝑥=𝑎
𝑥=𝑏 𝑓(𝑥). 𝛥𝑥 .

By increasing the number n rectangles, we decrease their breadth Δx. As Δx gets

increasingly smaller we say it ‘tends to zero’, i.e. Δx → 0. So we define 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∑𝑥=𝑎
𝑥=𝑏 𝑓(𝑥). 𝛥𝑥 .
𝛥𝑥→0

The form 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∑𝑥=𝑎

𝑥=𝑏 𝑓(𝑥). 𝛥𝑥 was simplified into the form that we are familiar with
𝛥𝑥→0
today
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

This reads ‘the area A is equal to the integral of f(x) from a to b’.

We have derived a method for finding the area under a curve and a formal notation

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

We have seen the integration symbol before in connection with anti-differentiation,

but we have not yet connected finding the area under a curve with the process of integration.

Let us remind ourselves of where we started.

Can we apply this method to calculate the area under a curve?

In conclusion, the area A bounded by the x-axis, the lines x = a and x = b and the curve
𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is denoted by, ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

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Suggested Steps to Determine the Area of a Plane Figure by Integration:

I. Determine the intersection points of the given boundaries or equations.

II. Graph the given functions.
III. Shade the area to be determined.
IV. Consider a thin rectangle anywhere within the region, horizontal or vertical element, to
represent the entire region.
V. Determine the dimensions of the rectangular element and limits of integration. Apply the
integral using the extreme points as the limit of integration to determine the total area.
VI. Set up the area of the element and evaluate the integral throughout the region.

2.1 Area of a Plane Region

Area under a curve

𝒃
𝐀 = ∫𝒂 𝒚 𝒅𝒙

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Area above a curve

𝒃
𝑨 = − ∫𝒂 𝒚 𝒅𝒙

Examples
Find the area of the region described.

1. 𝒚 = 𝟒, 𝒙 = 𝟓, 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
To check the answer, we can
5
𝐴= ∫−1 𝑦𝑑𝑥 use the formula in
geometry.
5
= ∫−1 4 𝑑𝑥
Area of a rectangle(A)
= 4𝑥]5−1
=length x width
= 4(5 − (−1))
A= (4)(6) sq. units
= 4(6)
A = 24 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 A= 24 sq. units

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2. 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟒, 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
4
𝐴 = ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
4 Area of a trapezoid(A)
= ∫0 (𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
4 4 1
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 3 𝑑𝑥 =2 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)(𝑈𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 )
4
𝑥2 1
= ( 2 + 3𝑥)] =2 (4)(7 + 3)
0
1
= 2 (16) + 3(4) =20 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐴 = 20 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

3. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟒, 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝑏
𝐴 = − ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
4
= − ∫1 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥3 5𝑥 2
= −(3 − )]
2 1
1 5
= − 3 (43 − 1) + 2 (42 − 1)
63 75
=− +
3 2
−126+225
= 6
99
= 6
33
𝐴= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2

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2.2 Area between Curves

with horizontal element

𝒃
𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒃
= ∫𝒂 (𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 ) 𝒅𝒚

*𝒙𝒓 = 𝒙𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 *𝒙𝒍 = 𝒙𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕

with vertical element

𝒃
𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝒃
= ∫𝒂 (𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 ) 𝒅𝒙

*𝒚𝒖 = 𝒚𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 *𝒚𝒍 = 𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

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Examples
Sketch the region enclosed by the curves and find its area.

1. 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒃
𝑨 = ∫𝒂 (𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 ) 𝒅𝒚
4 𝑦+4 𝑦2
Points of intersection: 𝐴 = ∫−2 [( ) − ( 4 )] 𝑑𝑦
2
𝒚+𝟒 4
𝒙= 𝟐 1 𝑦2 1 𝑦3
= 2 ( 2 ) + 2𝑦 − 4 ( 3 )]
𝑦+4 −2
𝑦2 = 4 ( 2 ) 1 1
= 4 (16 − 4) + 2(4 + 2) − 12 (64 + 8)
𝑦 2 = 2𝑦 + 8 12 72
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 = 4 + 2(6) − 12
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 + 2) = 0 = 3 + 12 − 6
𝐴 = 9 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑦−4=0 𝑦+2=0
𝑦=4 𝑦 = −2
𝑦+4
𝑥=
2
𝑦=4 𝑦 = −2
4+4 −2 + 4
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
=4 =1

(1, −2), (4,4)

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Alternative solution:
𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
4 1
𝐴 = ∫1 (√4𝑥 − (2𝑥 − 4)) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (√4𝑥 − (−√4𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
4 1
= ∫1 ((4𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 2(4𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

3 4 3 1
(4𝑥)2 𝑥2 (4𝑥)2
=( − 2 ( 2 ) + 4𝑥)] + ]
6 3
1 0
1 1
= (64 − 8) − (16 − 1) + 4(4 − 1) + (8 − 0)
6 3
56 8
= − 15 + 12 + 3
6
56 8
= +3−3
6
56+16
= −3
6
72
= −3
6

= 12 − 3
𝐴 = 9 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

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2. 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒃
Points of intersection: 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 (𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝑦 = 𝑥2 1
A = ∫0 (√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 = 𝑥 2
2 3 1
(√𝑥) = (𝑥 2 )2 𝑥2 𝑥3
=( )− ]
𝑥 = 𝑥4 3
2
3
0
𝑥4 − 𝑥 = 0 2 1
𝑥(𝑥 3 − 1) = 0 = 3 (1 − 0) − 3 (1 − 0)
𝑥=0 𝑥3 − 1 = 0 2 1
=3−3
𝑥3 = 1
𝑥=1 1
A = 3 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑥=0 𝑥=1
𝑦=0 𝑦=1
(0,0), (1,1)

3. 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝒃
𝑨 = ∫𝒂 (𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 ) 𝒅𝒚
𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
3
𝐴 = ∫0 (𝑦 2 − 0) 𝑑𝑦
Point of intersection: 3
𝑦2 = 𝑥 = ∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(3)2 = 𝑥 3
𝑦3
𝑥=9 = ]
3 0
(0,0), (9,3)
1
= 3 (27)
27
A= 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3

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4. 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟒
𝒃
𝑨 = ∫𝒂 (𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 ) 𝒅𝒚
Points of intersection:
𝟒 𝒚
𝑨 = ∫𝟎 (𝒚 − 𝟐) 𝒅𝒚
𝒚 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 𝑦
𝑥 = 2𝑥 = ∫0 (2) 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0 4
1 𝑦2
𝑥=0 = 2 ( 2 )]
𝑦=𝑥 0

𝑦=0 𝐴 = 4 square units

(0,0)

𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4
4=4
(4,4)

𝑦 = 2𝑥, 𝑦 = 4
2𝑥 = 4
𝑥=2
(2,4)

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5. 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝝅𝟐

𝒃
𝑨 = ∫𝒂 (𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 ) 𝒅𝒙

𝜋
= ∫ 2 𝜋(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − (4𝑥 2 − 𝜋 2 )) 𝑑𝑥
−
2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2 ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4(2) ∫02 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝜋 2 ∫02 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
4𝑥 3 2 2
= 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − + 𝜋 𝑥)]
3 0

4𝜋 3 𝜋
= 2 (1 − 3(8) + 𝜋 2 ( 2 ))

𝜋3
=2− + 𝜋3
3

2𝜋 3
𝐴 = 2+ 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3

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What’s more?
Find the area bounded by the given curves.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥2; 𝑦 = 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 7; 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2
3. 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦2; 𝑥 = 𝑦2 − 1
4. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7

Assessment (Post-test)

A. Choose the best answer.

1. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 and the line 𝑥 =3. Find the area of the
region in one decimal place
a. 5.8 b. 10.7 c. 11.7 d. 14.1

𝑥2
2. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = and 𝑦 = 𝑥 can be found using ______
3
1 3 3 𝑥2
a. 3 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 c. ∫0 (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
3
3 𝑥2 1 3
b. ∫0 ( 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 d. ∫0
(3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
3

3. Choose the correct shade of graph to get appropriate area indicated by the integral
3
∫−3 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥?

a. c.

b. d. None of the choices

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4. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 2 Find the area of the region in one decimal
place.
a. 2.6 b. 2.7 c. 1.7 d. 1.8

B. Match the shaded aread on the left to the correct integral on the right.

𝑏 𝑐
A. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑏
B. ∫𝑎 ((𝑔(𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑦))𝑑𝑦

𝑏 𝑐
C. ∫𝑎 (𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

𝑏
2. D. − ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

𝑏
E. − ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦))𝑑𝑦

𝑏
F. ∫𝑎 (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥

3.

4.

5.

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References
https://www.math.ksu.edu/~dbski/calculus/chapter5
th
Howard Anton, Iri C. Bivens and Stephen Davis, Calculus Early Transcendentals, 9 edition
th
Salas, Hille and Etgen, Calculus One and Several Variables, 10 edition
th
Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6 edition
th
Ron Larson and Bruce Edwards, Calculus, 9 edition

https://wps.pearsoned.com.au/

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