CE4353 – ADVANCED STRUCTURAL

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN II

ASSIGNMENT 01

NAME : RANASINGHE G.G.R.N

REGISTRATION NO : EN91389
INDEX NO : 18/ENG/091
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 19/04/2023
1
 Table of content
1 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 4
2 Determination of required parameters .......................................................................................................... 5
3 Earthquake load design ......................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Seismic weights of the building ................................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Calculation of the base shear ...................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Calculation of the overturning moment ................................................................................................. 9
4 Wind load design .................................................................................................................................................. 14
4.1 Details need for the wind loads analysis..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Site wind speed ..................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Calculation of design wind speed ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Calculation of the design wind pressure ..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5 Calculation of the shear force .................................................................................................................. 21
4.6 Calculation of the overturning moment .............................................................................................. 21
5 Evaluation of the critical load for the building .......................................................................................... 22
6 Strengthening buildings for the earthquake and wind loads .............................................................. 22
6.1 Application of horizontal structural systems .................................................................................... 23
6.2 Application of vertical structural systems ......................................................................................... 23
6.3 Base isolation................................................................................................................................................. 24
6.4 Adding dampers ........................................................................................................................................... 25
7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
8 References ............................................................................................................................................................... 25

2
 List of Tables

Table 1: Total weight per unit area................................................................................................................... 8

Table 2: Calculation of vertical distribution of lateral loads ................................................................... 9
Table 3: Calculation of overturning moments ........................................................................................... 10
Table 4: Calculation of distributed shear force along the height of the building ......................... 12
Table 5: Wind direction of the building ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 6: Base shear induced by the wind load .......................................................................................... 21
Table 7: Base overturning moment induced by the wind load ........................................................... 21
Table 8: Summary of the Calculations .......................................................................................................... 22

List of Figures
Figure 1: Plan view of a typical floor ................................................................................................................ 5
Figure 2: Elevation view of the building ......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3: Diaphragm system of a building (CivilEngineeringX, 2021)............................................. 23
Figure 5: Braced frames (OpenQuake, 2008) ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 6: Base Isolation (Bendix, 2019) ....................................................................................................... 24

3
1 Executive Summary
When developing the structure, it is important to consider both the lateral and vertical loads
that the building will experience. Two prominent lateral load scenarios that are frequently
taken into account in structure design are wind and earthquake loads. When energy that has
been contained in the Earth's crust suddenly releases, a seismic wave is created (ScienceDaily,
2021). Tectonic plate movement, explosions, mine collapses, reservoir water pressure, and
volcanic activity are some of the causes of earthquakes. Rahman (2016) claims that wind load
is mostly a horizontal load caused by air movement in respect to the Earth. In this task, a
particular 46-story building is chosen and its earthquake and wind loads are studied. Based
on the figures derived for base shear and overturning moment from both seismic and lateral
loads, it was decided which of the two load situations directs the building's design. The wind
load case is the most important load scenario for this building since the largest base shear and
overturning moments are calculated from it in the conclusion. The building can be
strengthened against lateral loads using diaphragms, trusses, braced frames, shear walls,
moment-resisting frames, base isolations, damping, and other methods. These strengthening
methods are covered in the report's last section.

4
2 Determination of required parameters
Registration number = 91389

Remainder of the (last two digits/4) =1

Therefore, number of stories = 42 stories

Last digit of the registration number =9

Therefore, 𝐿𝑁 = 45 + 9/2
= 49.5 𝑚
Therefore, 𝐿𝑆 = 30 + 9/2
= 34.5 𝑚

= 49.5m

= 34.5m

Figure 1: Plan view of a typical floor

5
 42(Roof Floor)
41
40 (plant room)
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30 (plant room)
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15 (plant room)
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Figure 2: Elevation view of the building

6
3 Earthquake load design

References Calculations Remarks

3.1 Seismic weights of the building

Typical floor : 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Plant room : 17 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Top floor : 09 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

The building is founded on a class 𝐵 rock site. The

calculations are done by using the Lateral force method.

3.2 Calculation of the base shear

ag = 0.1g
ag = 0.1g ( A Macro Seismic Hazard Zonation for Sri
Lanka)

Eq 4.5 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ). 𝑚. 𝜆
EN 1998-1-
1 Fundamental period of the building (𝑻𝟏 )

Eq 4.6 𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑡 𝐻 3/4
EN 1998-1- Assume story height is 3.5m
1 𝑇1 = 3.2𝑠
𝑇1 = 0.075 × 1473/4
𝑇1 = 3.2𝑠

Eq 3.1 𝜂 = √10/(5 + 𝜀) ≥ 0.55

EN 1998-1-
𝜂 = √10/(5 + 5) ≥ 0.55
1
𝜂= 1
𝑇1 > TD 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 )
𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) = 0.03255208 ( Design Response Spectrum) = 0.0325

Correction factor (𝜆 )

Cl Tc = 0.5 ( class 𝐵 rock site, table 3.2)

4.3.3.2.2(1) 𝑇1 = 3.2> 2Tc = 1 𝜆=1
EN 1998-1-
1 𝜆=1
7
Total weight of the building (W)

= 49.5m

= 34.5m

Total area of the typical floor = (34.5 × 49.5) − 4 ×

1
(2 × 4.5 × 7.75) − 2 × (4.5 × 19)
= 1467 𝑚2
Therefore, the total weight is taken as follow

Table 1: Total weight per unit area

Seismic Total weight per
No. of
Floor type weight area for the floor
floors
per area type
Typical floor 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 38 456 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Plant room 17 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 2
3 51 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Roof floor 09 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 2
1 9 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Total weight of the building 516 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Therefore, total weight of building= 516𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 1467𝑚2

= 𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵

Therefore, the base shear= 0.03255208 × 77163.3 × 1

= 2511.826 kN

8
 3.3 Calculation of the overturning moment

To calculate the vertical distribution of the lateral load,

𝑚𝑖 𝑧𝑖
𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹𝐵 ( )
Σ𝑚𝑖 𝑧𝑖

According to the Table 02, all the vertical distribution of

the lateral load were calculated.

According to the Table 03,

Total overturning moment = 32283846.0016 kNm

According to the table 04, all the shear force distribution

for the building floor is calculated.

Table 2: Calculation of vertical distribution of lateral loads

Floor Area Load of Total mass

Floor
Height the Floor of the Floor 𝒎 𝒊 𝒁𝒊 𝑭𝒊 (kN)
Number
(m) (kPa) (kg)
1 3.5 12 1794.5 6280.75 2.7069
2 7 12 1794.5 12561.50 5.4139
3 10.5 12 1794.5 18842.25 8.1208
4 14 12 1794.5 25123.00 10.8277
5 17.5 12 1794.5 31403.75 13.5346
6 21 12 1794.5 37684.50 16.2416
7 24.5 12 1794.5 43965.25 18.9485
8 28 12 1794.5 50246.00 21.6554
9 31.5 12 1794.5 56526.75 24.3623
10 35 12 1794.5 62807.50 27.0693
11 38.5 12 1794.5 69088.25 29.7762
12 42 12 1794.5 75369.00 32.4831
13 45.5 12 1794.5 81649.75 35.1900
14 49 12 1794.5 87930.50 37.8970
15 52.5 17 2542.2 133465.50 57.5220
16 56 12 1794.5 100492.00 43.3108
17 59.5 12 1794.5 106772.75 46.0177
18 63 12 1794.5 113053.50 48.7247
19 66.5 12 1794.5 119334.25 51.4316
20 70 12 1794.5 125615.00 54.1385
9
 21 73.5 12 1794.5 131895.75 56.8454
22 77 12 1794.5 138176.50 59.5524
23 80.5 12 1794.5 144457.25 62.2593
24 84 12 1794.5 150738.00 64.9662
25 87.5 12 1794.5 157018.75 67.6731
26 91 12 1794.5 163299.50 70.3801
27 94.5 12 1794.5 169580.25 73.0870
28 98 12 1794.5 175861.00 75.7939
29 101.5 12 1794.5 182141.75 78.5008
30 105 17 2542.2 266931.00 115.0440
31 108.5 12 1794.5 194703.25 83.9147
32 112 12 1794.5 200984.00 86.6216
33 115.5 12 1794.5 207264.75 89.3285
34 119 12 1794.5 213545.50 92.0355
35 122.5 12 1794.5 219826.25 94.7424
36 126 12 1794.5 226107.00 97.4493
37 129.5 12 1794.5 232387.75 100.1562
38 133 12 1794.5 238668.50 102.8632
39 136.5 12 1794.5 244949.25 105.5701
40 140 17 2542.2 355908.00 153.3919
41 143.5 12 1794.5 257510.75 110.9839
42 147 9 1345.87 197842.89 85.2678
TOTAL 5828009.39 2511.80

Table 3: Calculation of overturning moments

Floor Overturning
Floor Height 𝑭𝒊 (kN)
Number moment (kNm)
1 3.5 2.7069 9.4742
2 7 5.4139 37.8970
3 10.5 8.1208 85.2682
4 14 10.8277 151.5878
5 17.5 13.5346 236.8560
6 21 16.2416 341.0726
7 24.5 18.9485 464.2377
8 28 21.6554 606.3513
9 31.5 24.3623 767.4134
10 35 27.0693 947.4240

10
11 38.5 29.7762 1146.3830
12 42 32.4831 1364.2905
13 45.5 35.1900 1601.1465
14 49 37.8970 1856.9510
15 52.5 57.5220 3019.9040
16 56 43.3108 2425.4053
17 59.5 46.0177 2738.0553
18 63 48.7247 3069.6536
19 66.5 51.4316 3420.2005
20 70 54.1385 3789.6958
21 73.5 56.8454 4178.1397
22 77 59.5524 4585.5320
23 80.5 62.2593 5011.8728
24 84 64.9662 5457.1620
25 87.5 67.6731 5921.3998
26 91 70.3801 6404.5860
27 94.5 73.0870 6906.7207
28 98 75.7939 7427.8039
29 101.5 78.5008 7967.8355
30 105 115.0440 12079.6159
31 108.5 83.9147 9104.7443
32 112 86.6216 9701.6214
33 115.5 89.3285 10317.4469
34 119 92.0355 10952.2210
35 122.5 94.7424 11605.9435
36 126 97.4493 12278.6145
37 129.5 100.1562 12970.2340
38 133 102.8632 13680.8020
39 136.5 105.5701 14410.3185
40 140 153.3919 21474.8727
41 143.5 110.9839 15926.1968
42 147 85.2678 12534.3725
TOTAL 248977.32

11
Table 4: Calculation of distributed shear force along the height of the building

Floor
Floor Height Fi (kN) Story shear force (kN)
Number
1 3.5 2.7069 2511.8
2 7 5.4139 2509.0931
3 10.5 8.1208 2503.6792
4 14 10.8277 2495.5584
5 17.5 13.5346 2484.7307
6 21 16.2416 2471.1961
7 24.5 18.9485 2454.9546
8 28 21.6554 2436.0061
9 31.5 24.3623 2414.3507
10 35 27.0693 2389.9883
11 38.5 29.7762 2362.9191
12 42 32.4831 2333.1429
13 45.5 35.1900 2300.6598
14 49 37.8970 2265.4698
15 52.5 57.5220 2227.5728
16 56 43.3108 2170.0508
17 59.5 46.0177 2126.7400
18 63 48.7247 2080.7223
19 66.5 51.4316 2031.9976
20 70 54.1385 1980.5660
21 73.5 56.8454 1926.4275
22 77 59.5524 1869.5821
23 80.5 62.2593 1810.0297
24 84 64.9662 1747.7704
25 87.5 67.6731 1682.8042
26 91 70.3801 1615.1311
27 94.5 73.0870 1544.7510
28 98 75.7939 1471.6640
29 101.5 78.5008 1395.8701
30 105 115.0440 1317.3693
31 108.5 83.9147 1202.3253
32 112 86.6216 1118.4106
33 115.5 89.3285 1031.7890
34 119 92.0355 942.4604
35 122.5 94.7424 850.4250
36 126 97.4493 755.6826
37 129.5 100.1562 658.2333
38 133 102.8632 558.0770

12
39 136.5 105.5701 455.2138
40 140 153.3919 349.6437
41 143.5 110.9839 196.2518
42 147 85.2678 85.2678

13
4 Wind load design

References Calculations Remarks

4.1 Details need for the wind loads analysis

Location : Colombo
Terrain category :3
Shielding : None
Natural frequency : 46/147
: 0.31 Hz
Horizontal directions: (𝐿𝑁 =) 49.5 m x (𝐿𝑆 =) 34.5 m
rectangular section

Assumptions
Topography: Ground Slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than
5km in all directions
Reinforced concrete construction. Curtain wall facade on all
four faces
Average building density: 160 kg/m3
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟= 1.2 kg/m3

= 49.5 m

= 34.5 m

Figure 3: Wind direction of the building

14
 4.2 Site wind speed
Eq 2.2 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝛽 = 𝑉𝑅 𝑀𝑑 (𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 𝑀𝑆 𝑀𝑡 )

Regional gust wind speed (𝑽𝑹 )

Assume that the building contains many people.
Therefore, importance level = 3
Table 3.2
Table 3.3 Return period = 1000

Proposed The wind zone (see figure 03) = 𝐼𝐼𝐼

wind regions Consider the 3 second gust
for Sri Lanka Therefore,
by Maduranga 𝑉𝑅 = 46 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉𝑅 = 46 𝑚/𝑠
W.L.S and
Lewangamage
C.S. (2018)

Figure 4: Wind zone of Sri Lanka, design of buildings for high winds

15
 Wind directional multiplier (𝑴𝒅 )
According to the logical value to be used in Sri Lanka,
𝑀𝑑 = 1.00 𝑀𝑑 = 1.00

Terrain/Height multiplier (𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 )

Terrain category =3
Total height of the building = 147 𝑚
𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟕
𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 = 1.207 (by interpolation)

Shielding multiplier (𝑴𝑺 ) 𝑴𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟎

For no shielding, 𝑀𝑆 = 1.0

Topographic multiplier (𝑴𝒕 )

𝐻 1
= = 0.025 < 0.05
2𝐿𝑢 2 ∗ 20

Therefore, 𝑀𝑡 = 𝑀ℎ = 1.0
𝑀𝑡 = 𝑀ℎ = 1.0

𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝛽
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝛽 = 𝑉𝑅 𝑀𝑑 (𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 𝑀𝑆 𝑀𝑡 )
= 55.52 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝛽 = 46 × 1.00 × (1.207 × 1.0 × 1.0)
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝛽 = 55.52 𝑚/𝑠

Therefore, site wind speed = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎/𝒔

𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔
4.3 Calculation of design wind speed = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎/𝒔

𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝛽 = 55.52 𝑚/𝑠

4.4 Calculation of the design wind pressure

Eq.2.4(1) 𝜌 = (0.5𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 )[𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠 ]2 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟

= 1.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Density of air (𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 )
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Aerodynamic shape factor for internal pressure (𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 )

𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑖 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑖 𝐾𝑐,𝑖
𝐾𝑐,𝑖 = 1.0
Assume that the building is effectively sealed and having no
opening windows.
16
Table 5.1 (A) 𝐶𝑝,𝑖 = −0.2 𝑜𝑟 0
Table 5.5 𝐾𝑐,𝑖 = 1.0

𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑖 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑖 𝐾𝑐,𝑖

𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑖 = 0 × 1.0 = 0
Or
𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑖 = −0.2 × 1.0 = −0.2

Figure 5: Representation of internal pressures and external pressures

Aerodynamic shape factor for external pressure (𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 )

𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑒 𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑐,𝑒 𝐾𝑙 𝐾𝑝

Table 5.2 (A) 𝐶𝑝,𝑒 = 0.8 (Windward wall)

Assume wind direction 0° degree and flat roof pitch degree < 10°
Consider the North- South wind direction;
𝑑 = 49.5 − 2 × 4.5 = 40.5 𝑚
𝑏 = 19 𝑚
𝑑 40.5
= = 2.132
𝑏 19
𝐶𝑝,𝑒 = −0.29 (Leeward wall)
Table 5.2 (B)
Horizontal distance from wind ward edge = 40.5 m < 161 m
Table 5.2 (C) 0 to 1h 𝐶𝑝,𝑒 = −0.65 (Side wall)

Horizontal distance from wind ward edge = 40.5 m < 161 m

ℎ 161
= = 3.98 > 1
𝑑 40.5
And 𝑲𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟎
Table 5.3 (B) 0 to 0.5h 𝐶𝑝,𝑒 = −1.3, −0.6 (Roof) 𝑲𝒄,𝒆 = 𝑲𝒄,𝒊
= 𝟎. 𝟗
Table 5.4 𝐾𝑎 = 1.0 (No significant openings) 𝑲𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟎
17
 𝐾𝑐,𝑒 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑖 = 0.9 (Two effective surfaces) 𝑲𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟎
Table 5.5
𝐾𝑙 = 1.0 (No cladding) 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈,𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐
Table 5.6
𝐾𝑝 = 1.0 (Cladding is non permeable)
Table 5.8
𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑒 = 0.8 × 1.0 × 0.9 × 1.0 × 1.0 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈,𝒆
𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑒 = 0.72 (Winward) = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟕

𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑒 = −0.29 × 1.0 × 0.9 × 1.0 × 1.0

𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑒 = −0.261 (Leeward)

Section 6 Dynamic response factor (𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 )

𝐻𝑆 𝑔𝑅 2 𝑆𝐸𝑡
1 + 2𝐼ℎ √𝑔𝑣 2 𝐵𝑆 + 𝜁
𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 =
1 + 2𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ

Turbulence factor (𝑰𝒉 )

Terrain category = 3
At height z = 147 m,
z Terrain category 3
100 0.166
147 𝐼ℎ
150 0.15 𝐼ℎ =0.15096

Table 6.1 𝑔𝑣 = 3.4

𝐼ℎ =0.15096

Peak velocity for upwind velocity fluctuations (𝒈𝒗 )

𝑔𝑣 = 3.4

Background factor (𝑩𝑺 ) 𝒔=𝟎

1 𝒃𝒔𝒉 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒎
𝐵𝑆 =
2
√0.26(ℎ − 𝑠)2 + 0.46𝑏𝑠ℎ
1+
𝐿ℎ
0.25
ℎ 147 0.25
𝐿ℎ = 85 ( ) = 85 ( ) = 166.43 𝑚
10 10

𝑠=0 (Since base moment is calculated at h=0)

𝑏𝑠ℎ = 19 𝑚 (Considering the North-South direction)

1 𝐵𝑆 = 0.145
𝐵𝑆 =
√0.26 × (147 − 0)2 + 0.46 × 192
1+ 166.43
18
 𝐵𝑆 = 0.145 𝐻𝑆 = 1.0

Height factor for resonant response (𝑯𝑺 )

𝐻𝑆 = 1.0 (As, s=0)

Peak factor for resonant response (𝒈𝑹 )

𝑔𝑅 = √1.2 + 2 log 𝑒 (600𝑛𝑎 )
𝒈𝑹 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟏
46
𝑛𝑎 = = 0.312 𝐻𝑧
147
𝑔𝑅 = √1.2 + 2 log 𝑒 (600 × 0.312) = 3.41

Size reduction factor (S)

1
𝑆=
3.5𝑛𝑎 ℎ(1 + 𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ ) 4𝑛 𝑏 (1 + 𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ )
[1 + ] [1 + 𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑉 ]
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑆 = 0.139
1
𝑆=
3.5 × 0.312 × 147(1 + 3.4 × 0.15) 4 × 0.312 × 19(1 + 3.4 × 0.15)
[1 + 55.52 ] [1 + 55.52 ]

𝑆 = 0.139

Reduced frequency (𝑬𝒕 )

𝜋𝑁
𝐸𝑡 =
(1 + 70.8𝑁 2 )5/6
𝑛𝑎 𝐿ℎ (1 + 𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ ) 𝑵 = 𝟏. 𝟒1
𝑁=
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠
0.312 × 166.43 × (1 + 3.4 × 0.15) 𝑬𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎7𝟏
𝑁= = 1.41
55.52
𝜋 × 1.41 𝜻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
𝐸𝑡 = = 0.071
(1 + 70.8 × 1.412 )5/6

𝜁 = 0.03 (Reinforced concrete structure)

𝐻 𝑔 2 𝑆𝐸
1 + 2𝐼ℎ √𝑔𝑣 2 𝐵𝑆 + 𝑆 𝑅𝜁 𝑡
Cl 6.2.2 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 =
1 + 2𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ
𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛
1.0 × 3.412 × 0.139 × 0.071 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟑
1 + 2 × 0.15 × √3.42 × 0.145 + 0.03
=
1 + 2 × 3.4 × 0.15
𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 = 0.843
Therefore, 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 = 0.843

𝜌 = (0.5𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 )[𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠 ]2 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 𝝆

= 1𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝜌 = 0.5 × 1.2 × 55.522 × 0.72 × 0.843
𝜌 = 1122.56 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (Windward)

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𝜌 = 0.5 × 1.2 × 55.522 × (−0.27) × 1 𝝆
𝜌 = −499.36 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (Leeward) = −𝟒𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟔𝒌𝑷𝒂

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 4.5 Calculation of the shear force
Table 5: Base shear induced by the wind load
Height of Windward Leeward Shear
sector 𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 contribution
𝒒𝒛 𝒒𝒛 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝒒𝒛 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 𝑨 𝒒𝒛 𝒒𝒛 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝒒𝒛 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 𝑨
(m) (kN)
147 1.207 1.850 1.332 177.119 1.850 -0.500 -66.434 243.553
140 1.2 1.828 1.316 500.202 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 690.012
120 1.18 1.768 1.273 483.668 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 673.478
100 1.16 1.708 1.230 467.411 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 657.221
80 1.13 1.621 1.167 443.547 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 633.357
60 1.09 1.508 1.086 412.701 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 602.511
40 1.04 1.373 0.989 375.707 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 565.517
20 0.940 1.122 0.808 306.930 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 496.740
Total base shear 4562.389

4.6 Calculation of the overturning moment

Table 6: Base overturning moment induced by the wind load
Height of Windward Leeward Moment
sector 𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 distribution
𝒒𝒛 𝒒𝒛 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝒒𝒛 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 𝑨 𝒒𝒛 𝒒𝒛 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝒒𝒛 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 𝑨
(m) (MNm)
147 1.207 1.850 1.332 177.119 1.850 -0.500 -66.434 35802.244
140 1.2 1.828 1.316 500.202 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 96601.692
120 1.18 1.768 1.273 483.668 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 80817.315
100 1.16 1.708 1.230 467.411 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 65722.106
80 1.13 1.621 1.167 443.547 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 50668.580
60 1.09 1.508 1.086 412.701 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 36150.687
40 1.04 1.373 0.989 375.707 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 22620.694
20 0.940 1.122 0.808 306.930 1.850 -0.500 -189.810 9934.791
Total overturning moment 398318.110

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5 Evaluation of the critical load for the building
The building is a 42 storied building and the values for the base shear load and the base
overturning moment are induced by the earth quake loads and wind loads separately.

Table 7: Summary of the Calculations

Base Shear Load Base Overturning Moment

Earthquake Load 2511.8 kN 248977.32 kNm

Wind Load 4562.389 kN 398318.110 kNm

According to the above values, the highest base shear load and highest base overturning
moment were obtained from the wind load calculations.

6 Strengthening buildings for the earthquake and wind loads

There are several methods to strengthen the building against earthquake loads and wind
loads. some of them are explained below.

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6.1 Application of horizontal structural systems

Horizontal structural systems come in a variety of forms and can be employed to strengthen
the structure. They are trussing and diaphragms. The lateral earthquake forces can be
distributed among vertical structural systems by diaphragms. The sideways seismic forces are
transferred via trussing to vertical structural structures.

Figure 6: Diaphragm system of a building (CivilEngineeringX, 2021)

6.2 Application of vertical structural systems

Different kinds of vertical structural systems can be employed to reinforce the building. They
consist of shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced frames. As shown in Figure 4,
braced frames are known as a trussing or triangulation when diagonal structural elements are
inserted into the rectangular areas of the structural frames.

Figure 7: Braced frames (OpenQuake, 2008)

23
In moment-resisting frames, joints between columns and beams are intended to be stiff. As a
result, during an earthquake, the columns and beams will bow. Shear walls are walls without
apertures that are primarily responsible for transferring earthquake forces to the ground. Due
to the lack of holes in those walls, the walls around elevators and shafts are typically regarded
as shear walls. The fundamental purpose of shear walls is to combat flexural rigidity.

6.3 Base isolation

The sideways movement occurs mainly in the bearings and building distortion is less as shown
in the Figure 6. Some methods of applying base isolation are rubber bearings and friction
pendulum.

Figure 8: Base Isolation (Bendix, 2019)

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6.4 Adding dampers

Dampers are used to absorb some energy going into the building from ground motion. Due to
that, the building deforms less and the chance of getting damage is reduced. Several dampers
which can be used in the buildings are metallic dampers, friction dampers, viscous fluid
dampers, and tuned mass dampers.

7 Conclusion
It was established that the largest base shear and overturning moments are produced from
the wind load case based on the values obtained for base shear and overturning moment
from both seismic and lateral loads. As a result, the wind load might be considered the
critical load scenario for this building. Diaphragms, trussing, braced frames, shear walls,
moment-resisting frames, base isolations, damping, and other techniques are some of the
ways to strengthen the building against lateral loadings.

8 References

Bendix, A., 2023. Insider. [Online]

Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/base-isolation-buildings-safe-earthquake-2019-
6?amp
[Accessed 16 April 2023].
CivilEngineeringX, 2023. Diaphragm. [Online]
Available at: https://www.civilngineerinX.com/construuction/diaphragm
[Accessed 12 April 2023].
OpenQuake, 2008. Braced frame. [Online]
Available at: https://taxonomy.openquake.org/terms/braced-frame-lfbr
[Accessed 15 April 2023].
Rahman, F. U., 2016. Types of loads on structures. [Online]
Available at: https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-loads-on-
structure/1698/?amp=1
[Accessed 17 April 2023].
ScienceDaily, 2023. Earthquake. [Online]
Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/earthquake.htm
[Accessed 16 April 2023].

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