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Dry Transformer Training

This document provides an overview of cast resin transformers, including: - Key parts of transformers like the magnetic circuit and electrical windings. - Key parameters like rated power, voltage ratios, and tapping ranges to adjust output voltage. - Design considerations like the intelligent engineering platform and types of magnetic cores. - The manufacturing, testing, accessories, and special applications of trihal transformers. - Guidelines for installation, commissioning, maintenance, and troubleshooting of transformers on site.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

544 views83 pages

Dry Transformer Training

Uploaded by

Hilde Goebel

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 83

Trihal

Cast Resin Transformer

Wei Qiang
Schneider (Suzhou) Transformers Co., Ltd
August 2011
Index
● The transformer:
● Principle and definitions
● Key parts
● Key parameters
● Trihal transformer:
● Key characters
● Trihal transformer design:
● Intelligent Engineering Platform of SST
● Trihal transformer Manufacture
● Trihal transformer Test
● Trihal transformer Accessories
● Trihal transformer special Application
● Utilization on site:
● Reception and Installation
● Commissioning and Maintenance
● Trouble shooting guides
Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 2
●The transformer:
●Principle and definitions
●Key parameters
●Key parts

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 3

Transformer: definition
Static apparatus which :
● by electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law and Lenz’s
law)
● transforms alternating voltage and current
● between two or more windings at the same frequency
● usually at different values of voltage and current
● to transmit an electrical power
The transformer contain two circuit. One is the
magnetic circuit to link the windings, the other is the
electrical circuit. In other words it will be the Core and
the windings. These are the key parts of the
transformer.

Rated power: It is a conventional value of apparent power

which establishes a basis for the design,
manufacturer’s guarantees and tests.

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 4

Single-phase transformer
S=UxI
kVA = kV x A
I1
I2
S = rated power
U = rated voltage (at no-
U1, n1 U2, n2 load)
I = rated current

Transformer ratio :
n1 U1 I2
 
n2 U2 I1

n = number of turns

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 5

Three-phase transformer
S = U x I x 3
kVA = kV x A x 3
I1

S = rated power
I2
U1
U = rated voltage (at no-
load)
I = current
U2 / 3

Transformer ratio :
U1 I2 n1
 
The constant 3 is a multiplier for the phase U2 I1 n2  3
voltage in the case of star-connected windings,
and for the phase current in the case of delta- n = number of turns
connected windings, and takes account of the
angular displacement of the phases.

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 6

HV tapping range
Aim : adjust the rated voltage of the transformer to the system.

Example: 20 000 V  2.5 %

U1 n1
 plus tapping
= pos 1 20 500 1904
 rated tapping
= pos 2 20 000 1858
 minus tapping
= pos 3 19 500 1812
Magnetic
core
tapping range 2.5 %
 46 turns by step

This type of regulation is used to adjust the voltage of

the transformer off circuit (and not at no-load) ;
the transformer has to be disconnected from the
Means : off-circuit tapping links network.
The tapping links must be disconnected and
connected by hands, respecting the torque of the
nuts.
Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 7
Magnetic core and no-load losses
The magnetic core is made from laminations of grain
oriented silicone steel insulated with mineral oxide.
The performance of the core depends on the grade of the
steel, the cutting pattern and the method of assembly.

The no - load losses (Wo) correspond to the active power absorbed when rated voltage at
rated frequency is applied to the terminals of one of the windings, the other winding(s) being
open - circuited.

The main losses in the magnetic core are :

●the Hysteresis losses (reversing of magnetic flux)
●the Eddy - current losses (the magnetic core is an electrical conductor)

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 8

No-load current and inrush current
The no-load current :
● is the current required for the core magnetization
● measured when rated voltage is applied at rated frequency,
the current flowing through a line terminal of a winding
The magnetic core ● the other winding(s) being open-circuited
● is often expressed as a percentage of the rated current of the
same winding.

The inrush current :

● appears when energizing a transformer
● is caused by the super-saturation in the magnetic core
c ● can reach high values, more than 10 times the rated current
current
● can be calculated at a time t given by the formula :
 t 
Ii
It I I
t   i eτ 
 
e 1
1 1 1 1
    ...  2,71828...
1! 2! 3! 4!

 = time constant, depends of the power.

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 9
Noise and noise measurement
The noise, especially for the distribution transformer is produced mainly by the
magnetostriction of the metal sheet of the core.
The noise level can be
expressed in two ways :
In acoustic pressure level In acoustic power level
Lp(A) Lw(A)

This value is calculated from the

This value is obtained by : acoustic pressure level and is the
● calculating the quadratic 6 prescribed reference according IEC standards:
measuring contour
average of measurements points
● carried out according to mini. LW(A) = LP(A) + 10Log S
standard IEC 60551
● at a standardised distance
from the transformer S = equivalent surface in sq.m
(prescribed contour) layout of measuring
points = 1,25 x H x P, where:
● on a transformer energised at
rated voltage and at no load H = transformer height (in metres)
P = measurement contour perimeter at
a distance of 1 metre
- The acoustic level is expressed in dB(A) -

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 10

HV and LV windings for
distribution transformer
Aluminium or copper ?

Depending on currents
Magnetic
or
core upon customer request

LV winding HV winding

Conductor

Type Foil Round wire Strip

Dry type (Trihal) According

S =100 to 3150 kVA X X current

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 11

Vector group
The vector group of a transformer defines the connection of the HV and LV windings

●1st letters group: CAPITAL letters

the highest voltage (if the neutral is
brought out : YN or ZN)

●2nd letters group: small letters

the lowest voltage (if the neutral is
brought out : yn or zn)

●3rd letters group: number

clock-hour figure

Main vector groups are: Dyn11, YNd11, Dzn0

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 12

Clock-hour figure

Ex : Dyn11

The clock - hour figure defines

the phase displacement
between HV and LV windings.

The vector rotation is anti – hour.

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 13

Load losses - efficiency
● The load losses
● are composed of ohmic losses (R x I2), eddy-current losses and stray-load
losses
2
 load.curre nt 
● are proportional to the square load :  
rated.curr ent 

● is related to a specified reference temperature :

● 75°C for the oil immersed transformers
● 120°C for the F class cast resin transformers.

● Efficiency
● is the ratio between supplied power and the absorbed power
● is function of the load (k) and the installation power factor :
k  S  cos  100
  [%]
k  S  cos   Wo  k ²  Wcc
Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 14
Impedance voltage
The impedance voltage: the voltage, required to be applied at rated frequency to the line terminals of a
winding, to cause the rated current to flow through these terminals, when the
terminals of the other windings are short - circuited.

The resistance voltage: the component of the rated Wcc [kW ]

impedance voltage in phase Ur  100  [%]
SN [kVA ]
with the current.

The reactance voltage: The component of the rated impedance Ux  Ucc²  Ur ² [%]
voltage in time-quadrature with the current.
The voltage drop :
Short - circuit current :
u(orU)  Ur cos   Ux sin IN [A]
Icc   100
Ucc [%]

The voltage drop can reach The impedance voltage limits

a value such as the voltage the short - circuit current.
on load do not suit to the
installation.
“ Ucc must be the highest “
“ Ucc must be the lowest “

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 15

Key parameters
From the above content we can have a summarization of the key parameters:

The rated power -----------------S

The primary voltage-------------U1

The tapping range---------------  2.5 % or  2×2.5 % or other

The secondary voltage---------U2

The vector group-----------------Dyn11 or Ynd11 or other

The impedance voltage--------Ucc

The frequency---------------------50HZ / 60HZ

The no load losses--------------Wo

The load losses-------------------Wcc

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 16

Standards for transformers
Type of standard International Harmonization
Electrotechnical Document -
Application field Commission - IEC CENELEC
General IEC 60 076 – 1 EN 60076 - 1

Temperature rise IEC 60 076 – 2 EN 60076 - 2

Insulation levels and dielectric test IEC 60 076 – 3 EN 60076 - 3

Tappings and connections IEC 60 076 – 4 EN 60076 - 4

Ability to withstand short circuit IEC 60 076 – 5 EN 60076 - 5

Noise level measurements IEC 60 076 – 10

HD 538.2 S1
Cast resin transformer IEC 60 076 – 11
EN 60726
"Loading guide for cast resin transformer" IEC 60 905
Oil-immersed transformer HD 428

"Loading guide for oil-immersed transformer" IEC 60 354

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 17

Tolerances
● Because of the unavoidable differences in the row materials quality and of the
manufacture tolerance, it ’s allowed that the test values can be different one. That ’s what
tolerances on the guaranteed values need to be set.

Characteristics Tolerances
Total losses + 10 % * of the total losses
Component losses + 15 % of each component loss, provided that the tolerance
(Wo or Wcc) for total losses is not exceede
Voltage ratio at no-load on The lowest of the following values :
the principal tapping a) + 0,5 % of the declared ratio
b) +/- 1/10 of the actual percentage impedance voltage at
rated current
On other tappings + / - 1% except special agreement

Impedance voltage + / - 10% of the declared impedance voltage

No-load current + 30 % of the declared no-load current
Acoustic power no tolerance beyond the declared value

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 18

●Trihal transformer:
●Key characters

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 19

Trihal, a fully-controlled technology
● Schneider patented technology
● Continuous HV coils with a linear voltage gradient from the top
to the bottom of the coil
● Vacuum casting and moulding of the HV winding in epoxy resin
containing trihydrated alumina

● Low Partial Discharge

● Low maintenance
● Annual, off-load cleaning of the windings
● Annual, off-load inspection of the taps to make sure that they
are adequately tightened

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 20

Why choose Trihal?
● The safest solution
● Trihal is C2 – E2 - F1- certified, as per
standard IEC 60076-11
● Self-extinguishing

● Peace of mind
● Easy to install
● Very low maintenance required

● Environment protection
● 100% recyclable transformer
● No dielectric liquid
● Zero toxic emissions
● Zero pollution risk

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 21

Trihal, certified C2 – E2 as per standard
IEC 60076-11
● Resistance to load variations and overload: C2
● Operation, transport and storage to - 25°C
● Outdoor installation possible with special housing
● Thermal shock resistance
● C2 climatic test conducted at the CESI (Italy) - Cycle:
– Temperature reduced to -25°C over 8 hours
– Maintained at -25°C for 12 hours
– Thermal shock test at -25°C
– Dielectric tests + partial discharge measurements

● Total insensitivity to harsh environments: E2

● Resistant to non-conductive pollution
● Unaffected by frequent condensation
● Able to withstand both at the same time
● E2 environmental test conducted at the CESI (Italy) – Cycle:
– Condensation test:
» 6 hours with 93% humidity
» Induced voltage test
– Water penetration test:
» 6 days at 50°C and 90% humidity
» Dielectric tests

C2 and E2 tests conducted in 2007 on the same winding

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 22
Trihal, certified F1 as per standard IEC
60076-11
● Strict standards to guarantee your safety: F1
● Self-extinguishes immediately upon extinction of the flames
● Free of halogenated products
● Does not give off toxic emissions or dense smoke
● Burning behaviour test conducted at the CNPP (France) – Cycle:
– 1 tank of ethyl alcohol (qs for 20 min of combustion) is burnt below the test
winding
– 1 radiant panel (opposite the winding) is maintained at 750°C for 40 min
– 1 reflector, concentric to the winding, is installed opposite the radiant pane
● Immediate self-extinguishing
● 3 fire-proof properties
– Alumina refracting shield
– Water vapour barrier
– Absorption of heat by the alumina
Calcination
2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O
1st anti-fire effect
2nd anti-fire effect
3rd anti-fire effect

F1 test conducted in 2007 on the same winding used in the C2 & E2 tests
Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 23
●Trihal transformer design:
●Intelligent Engineering Platform of SST

Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 24

Trihal design & development flow chart

Customer Needs

Technical Language

Test Results
EM optimization EM FEA
analysis

Structure optimal
Structure FEA
design

Parameter driven
drawing

EM: Electro-Magnetic
FEA: Finite Elements Analysis
Schneider Electric - SST - August 2011 25
Framework of Intelligent Engineering Platform

IEP center

Tech. Order View EM opt. cal. Center Structure opt. Design

Nickname: Endicator Nickname: Panda Nickname: Bamboo