TRANSFORMER

PREPARED BY:

Farrukh Sultan
(Trainee Electrical Engineer)
 INTRODUCTION
 The transformer is a static device which is used to
transfer electrical energy from one ac circuit to
another ac circuit.
 Input to a transformer and output from a transformer
both are alternating quantities (AC).
 Electrical energy is generated and transmitted at an
extremely high voltages. The voltage is to be then
reduced to a lower value for its domestic and
industrial use.
 This is done by using a transformer.
 The power transmission system using transformers is
shown in figure.
 When the transformer changes the voltage level, it
changes the current level also.
 Basic Principle

 The primary winding is connected to the single –

phase ac supply, an ac current starts flowing through
it.
 The ac primary current produces an alternating flux
(Ф) in the core.
 Most of this changing flux gets linked with the
secondary winding through the core.
 The varying flux will induce voltage into the
secondary winding according to the faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction.
 Voltage level change but frequency i.e. time period
remains same.
 There is no electrical contact between the two
winding, an electrical energy gets transferred from
primary to the secondary.
 A simple transformer consists of two Electrical
conductors called the primary winding and the
secondary winding.
 Energy is coupled between the windings by the time
varying magnetic flux that passes through (links) both
primary and secondary windings.
Can the transformer operate on
DC?
 Answer: NO
 The transformer action does not take place with a
direct current of constant magnitude.
 Because with a DC primary current, the flux produced
in the core is not alternating but it is of constant
value.
 As there is no change in the flux linkage with the
secondary winding, the induced emf in the secondary
is zero.
 If DC is applied to the primary then there is a
possibility of transformer core saturation.
 If core saturates the primary will draw excessively
large current. Therefore application of DC should be
avoided.
 Transformer Types
 As Per Phase:
1: Single Phase
2: Three Phase
 As Per Core
1: Core Type
2: Shell Type
 As Per Cooling System
1: Self-Cooled
2: Air Cooled
3:Oil Cooled
Single Phase Transformer

Two or more Winding, coupled by a common magnetic

core
Three Phase Transformer

 Normally , when three-phase is required, a single enclosure with

three primary and three secondary windings wound on a
common core is all that is required . However three single-phase
transformers with the same rating can be connected to form a
three-phase bank. Since each single-phase transformer has a
primary and a secondary winding, then 3 single-phase
transformers will have the required 3 primary and 3 secondary
windings.
Core Type Transformer
Shell Type Transformer
Sr. Core Type Transformer Shell Type Transformer
No
1. The core has only one The core has two windows.
window.
2. Winding encircles the Core encircles the windings.
core.
3. Cylindrical windings are Sandwich type windings are
used. used.
4. Easy to repair. It is not so easy to repair.
5. Better cooling since Cooling is not very effective.
more surface is exposed
to the atmosphere.
Classification on the basic of
cooling
 Oiled Filled self cooling type:

 Oiled Filled water cooling type:

 Air Blast Type:
Transformer Efficiency
 To check the performance of the device, by comparing
the output with respect to the input.
 The higher the efficiency, the better the system
Transformer losses
 Generally there are two types of losses;
1. Iron Losses:- Occur in core parameters

2. Copper Losses:- Occur in winding resistance

 Eddy Current Losses:
By Changing Flux through a solid conductor,
induced currents are set up within the body of a
conductor in a direction perpendicular to the
flux which are eddy currents.
 Since our iron core is ferromagnetic material,
so it allows these currents to pass through
the whole body of conductor causing beating
of core of conductor.
 This is a power loss in transformer( shown as
in figure I ), to reduce this the core should be
made of lamination sheets which stop the
flow of eddy currents (shown as in figure 2).
 Parts of Transformer
 The Most important parts of a transformer are the
windings (coils) and the core.
 Conservative Tank:
The Conservator Tank of a transformer is defined simply
as a cylindrical tank mounted on the roof of the
transformer main tank. It is used to provide enough space
for the oil in the transformer to spread after heating.
 Breather:
A breather is an accessory of liquid-immersed power
transformers attached to the conservator tank. They serve
as the breathing point of the transformer. The breather
contains silica gel crystals which have a tremendous
capacity of absorbing moisture.
 Buchholz relay:
A Buchholz relay is an electrical transformer protection
device. For conservator type electrical transformers, a gas
actuated relay or Buchholz relay is installed between the
conservator tank and the main tank.
 Explosion vent:
An explosion vent is a pipe, 4′′ in diameter or greater, that extends a few feet
above the cover of a transformer and is curved toward the ground at the outlet
end of the pipe.
 Oil Gauge:
The MOG (Magnetic Oil Gauge) is a device by which we can supervise the
level of liquid/oil inside the tank or conservator of power transformer and also
gives us an alert low oil level indication with making mercury switch. It is
connected at the bottom of the conservator tank.
 Radiator:
The radiator is an essential type of equipment of oil transformers used to
transfer the thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of
cooling. The radiators are linked to the transformer through the pipeline at
the upper and lower side of thetransformer.
 Thermometer:
Transformer Oil Temperature Indicators - also known as electromechanical
thermometers or OTIs for short - are essential devices on oil-filled
transformers, providing accurate temperature measurement of the oil within.
 Bushings:
A transformer bushing is an insulating structure that
facilitates the passage of an energized, current-
carrying conductor through the grounded tank of
the transformer.

Why bushings are used in transformer?

In electric power, a bushing is a hollow electrical
insulator that allows an electrical conductor to pass
safely through a conducting barrier such as the case
of a transformer or circuit breaker without making
electrical contact with it.

What is the purpose of bushing?

Bushings, (sometimes called plain bearings, plain
bushings, or sleeve bearings) reduce friction between
two surfaces sliding against each other.

The conducting rod of a low voltage (LV) bushing is

required to carry a higher current than its high
voltage (HV) counterpart. Consequently, the
conducting rod of a LV bushing is always thicker (has
a larger diameter) than its HV counterpart.
 Transformer Tap:
The primary reason for using a transformer tap is to adjust
the voltage in different situations. The voltage needs to be
changed according to the change in load. Voltage variation is
necessary for distribution networks. Transformer taps change
the turn ratio so that a certain voltage is maintained.

There are two types of transformer tap changers: an on-load

tap changer (OLTC) and a de-energized tap changer
(DETC). Note that not all transformers have tap changers.
An OLTC
varies the transformer ratio while the transformer is
energized and carrying load.
 Vector Group:
A vector group is the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) method of categorizing the high
voltage (HV) windings and low voltage (LV) winding
configurations of three-phase transformers.

In our Industry dyn11 is used.

Dyn11 is vector group notation of transformer. It
means LV winding, which is star connected (written
in small letters means LV side and vice versa)is 30
degrees lagging by HV winding which is delta
connected. In Pakistan we go for +-30 deg
connection of transformer.
D = Delta connection at primary
y = Star connection at secondary
n = neutral point connected at secondary.
Dyn 11 means that the voltage of the secondary star
winding lead the primary phase voltage by 30 degree
and it corresponds to 11 o’clock.
 Grounding
A grounding transformer is used to provide a ground path to either an
ungrounded wye or a delta-connected system. Grounding transformers
are typically used to: Provide a relatively low-impedance path to ground,
thereby maintaining the system neutral at or near ground potential.
 Why is neutral connected to earth in a transformer?
Neutral transformer grounding serves as a permanent and continuous
conductive path to “earth” with sufficient ampacity to carry any fault current,
sufficiently low impedance to limit the voltage rise above ground, and
facilitates the operation of the protective devices in the circuit.