Saint Anthony Mary Claret

1st Semester A.Y. 2016-2017

Philosophy (Logic)
Christian Kent Calatcat II-A (Claretian) 09/22/16
Assignment
QUESTIONS:
I. SUppositio Terminorum
 Definition (types, & rules)
 Propositions (Notion, Elements, Logical form, Complex logical unit)
A. Quality
B. Quantity
C. Logical Symbols ( 4 categorical)
D. Logical Diagram (*Leonhard Euler, *john Venn)
ANSWERS:
I. Supposition Terminorum (Supposition of Terms)- is the property (that terms acquire
from their use in a proposition) by which a term stands for a definite one of the
various things that it can stand for. (*function is discourse, *nature of predicate
attributed to the term.)
 It is functional- the way it is meant in the proposition.
Definition: is a statement that gives the meaning of a term.
TYPES OF DEFINITION:
1. Nominal Def.
 Etymological Def.
 Def. by Synonym.
 Def. by Description.
 Def. by Example.
2. Real Def. (*Limits of Real Def.)
 Def. by Genus and Specific Difference.
 Def. by Substitutes for Genus and Specific Difference. (*Descriptive Def. and
by properties. And by Logical Accidents.)
 Casual Def. (* Def. by Final Cause)
 Def. by Efficient Cause.
 Def. by Material and Formal Cause.
 Genetic Def.
RULES OF DEFINITION:
 Rule. 1 A definition should be clear.
 Rule. 2 A definition should be coextensive with the term or thing defined.
 Rule.3 A definition should be positive, when possible.
 Rule. 4 A definition should be brief.
 Proposition- A special type of sentence, An enunciation of truth or falsity, Verbal
expression of mental judgment. And it is a statement in which anything whatsoever is
affirmed or denied.
Attributive Proposition A proposition in which the predicate (P) is affirmed or denied of a
subject (S).
NOTION:
 PROPOSITION – may also be defined as discourse that expresses either truth or falsity.
 Structural Element:
 Subject stands for the thing signified, the one spoken of.
 Predicate stands for what is affirmed or denied of the subject.
 Copula- links the subject and the predicate. * Acceptable only is the present tense is or
is not.
 The Quantity (or Extension) of Proposition the quantity, or extension of the proposition
is determined by the quantity, or extension of the subject term.
 Singular A proposition is particular if its subject term is standing for an indeterminately
designated portion of its absolute extension.
 Particular A proposition is singular if its subject term is standing for one definitely
designated portion of its absolute extension.
 Universal A proposition is universal if its subject term is standing for each of the subject
that it can be applied.
 The Symbols A, E, I, & O On the basis of both quality and quantity, attributive
propositions are designed as A, E, I, & O. These letters are from the Latin words “ a ff i
rmo”, which means “I affirm,” and “n e g o ”, which means “I deny”.
 A, E, I, & O have the following meanings:
A & I (the first two vowels of affirmo) signify affirmative propositions - A either a universal or a
singular, and I a particular.
E & O (the vowels of nego) signify negative propositions - E either a universal or a singular, and
O a particular.
 Logical form, as we have seen, is the basic structure, or the basic arrangement of the
parts, of a complex logical unit. Now the categorical syllogism is a complex logical unit
having as its parts (a) terms, and (b) propositions in which these terms are affirmed or
denied of one another. The logical form, then, of the categorical syllogism includes (a)
the arrangement of the terms-, which is called figure-, and (b) the arrangement of the
propositions according to quality and quantity-, which is called mood.
 Complex logical units include propositions and inferences, or arguments, but not terms.
 Logical Diagram:
 Change the verb to its present tense progressive
 Change the verb to a noun.
 Change verb to a relative clause.
 Change verb to a noun clause.
Leonhard Euler & John Venn – they are both invented a diagram “The Euler Diagram and The
Venn diagram.” They are both very similar so it is understandable that many people find it
confusing to understand the difference. Although both the diagram types rely on the set theory
there are some subtle differences that makes unique. The Venn diagram shows all possible
logical relationships between the collections of sets. But an Euler diagram only shows
relationships that exist in real world.