DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC

THE IMPACTS OF SKIPPING BREAKFAST ON THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE AMONG JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS IN DOMINICAN
COLLEGE OF TARLAC, INC

A Research Proposal Presented to

The Senior High School Department
Dominican College of Tarlac

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject
Quantitative Research in Daily Life 2

By
Dayrit, John ryu V.
Estenzo, Jecylhane Ashlee
Ladrillo, Jhudiel A.
Liwanag, Aaron Carl C.
Manuel, Jerom C.
Panlican, Adrian Leonard G.
Perey, Roana Sofia C.
Pineda, Trisya Kate C.
Salazar, Ryza Mineth C.
Soriano, Mike Jiehanz T.
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May 2023

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The impacts of skipping breakfast on the academic performance among learners has

been a topic of research for many years. Breakfast has been shown to have a significant

impact on a person's overall health and well-being. In recent years, there has been a

growing interest in understanding the impacts of skipping breakfast on the academic

performance of learners. This is because breakfast has been found to play a crucial role in

providing the necessary nutrients and energy needed for optimal brain function and

concentration of children and adolescents towards their education.

Breakfast is frequently regarded as the most important meal of the day because it

replenishes an individual's glucose levels and gives them the nutrients they need for the day.

In spite of this, some people tend to skip it due to a variety of reasons. A person typically

wakes up in the morning after an eight-hour sleep without anything to eat or drink. At this

moment, a person’s glycogen levels are at their lowest point. By this, recovering the energy

through breakfast is essential for a person to keep up with their daily activities. A person

who eats their breakfast in the morning is considered to be more productive throughout their
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morning. Individuals are found to perform academically better when they consume their

breakfast leading to a more desired and positive outcome (Better Health, 2020).

Numerous studies have been conducted recently on the impacts of skipping breakfast

on students' academic performance. Since breakfast is frequently regarded as the most

significant meal of the day, many health and wellness professionals think skipping breakfast

can be detrimental to one's general health and well-being. The studies explore the idea that

not eating breakfast can also have a significant impact on a student's academic performance.

According to Regier (2015), a student's academic performance is an important aspect of their

life and can significantly affect their future prospects, particularly for those who have higher

levels of education. By that, it is suggested that the topic is important and eating breakfast

should be made a priority as it has negative effects on the well-being of a student and may

drastically affect their academic performance.

Skipping breakfast may lead to a negative effect in the human body that can hinder a

learner throughout their learning session. A learner may feel uncomfortable such as

struggling to focus on their tasks. Skipping breakfast has been linked to affect the mental

and physical performance and the cognitive function among individuals who skip breakfast

due to low glucose levels. This is because the brain relies on energy in order for it to function

the way it is supposed to. The brain relies on glucose as a fuel source in order for an

individual in to learn and think well (Better Health, 2020).

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Breakfast has the energy and nutrients necessary to start the day off right; it can boost

the energy and increase the sense of well-being of an individual. However, many students

skip breakfast for various reasons such as lack of time or lack of appetite. However, tt is

advised that every individual should develop a habit of eating breakfast daily. A good

breakfast can help an individual to jump-start their day and keep their internal body clock

going. Individuals who skip breakfast have more chances of experiencing headaches, low

levels of blood sugar, fatigue, acidity, increase in stress levels, irritability, poor mental

alertness and difficulty in concentration. These effects may influence a learner into creating

mistakes while they are learning. Moreover, it may hinder the learning capability and their

ability to focus during a learning session.

This research is relevant in today's society as many students are facing the challenges

of balancing their academics and personal life. In addition, with the increasing number of

students who are skipping breakfast, it is important to understand the impact it has on their

academic performance. Students who skip breakfast tend to feel too sleepy during class, lack

of focus, and lack interest to participate in the class. It can also weaken your memory, which

may result to negative performance which can potentially mess the students’ academic

(Ramos, 2014).
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Students have a lot to consider as they have responsibilities to handle such as their

personal life with their friends and family or their school works. Due to this, some students

may end up waking up late to not having time the moment they wake up which can be a

reason why they skip breakfast. Several reasons include that students may skip breakfast

because of the lack of appetite, less time and even desiring to lose weight. Unknowingly,

that the human body may adapt to this habitual lifestyle and still function well however; it

may cause short term problems during the time when their brain is working.

Several studies have been conducted to investigate the impacts of skipping breakfast

on the academic performance. Some of these studies have found a negative effect of

skipping breakfast on the academic performance. However, the majority of studies have

found that children and adolescents who regularly skip breakfast tend to have lower

academic achievement and cognitive abilities compared to those who eat breakfast regularly.

In short, students that skip breakfast are more likely to experience negative impacts on their

academic performance. This suggests that the consumption of a healthy breakfast is

essential for maintaining good academic performance and improving learning outcomes in

children. (Boschloo et. al., 2012)

Furthermore, researchers chose the junior high school learners as their respondents

because if the junior high school learners skipped breakfast at their young age, they are
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more likely to be or develop overweight or obesity. Moreover, this may be partially due to

the fact that many children who skip breakfast often end up overeating later in the day.

Therefore, the researchers chose to conduct this study in order to describe the impacts

of skipping breakfast on junior high school students' academic performance, and if possible,

strategies to encourage regular breakfast consumption among junior high school students

should be developed.

Statement Of The Problem

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 Sex

1.2 Age

1.3 Section

2. Do students skip breakfast before going to school?

3. What are the possible effects of skipping breakfast among students in

regards to their academic performance? Positive or Negative?

4. What are the main causes for junior high school students in Dominican College of Tarlac

to skip breakfast?

5. What are the implications of the results of this study?

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Scope And Delimitation

The extent of this research will merely fall under the impact of skipping breakfast on

the academic performance of learners. The research design that is well fitting for this study

is Descriptive-Quantitative research design because the researchers aimed to assess and

describe the impact of skipping breakfast on the academic performance of the students.

This study will only focus on the impact of skipping breakfast on the academic

performance of the junior high school students at Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc. Any

respondent who does not fall under junior high school level will not be covered in the said

study. In addition, it will not engage in any eating disorders that may have an impact on the

respondents’ performance at school. Furthermore, this study is limited to the learners’ main

meal, which is breakfast. Other types of meals, such as lunch and dinner, will not be included

in the scope of the study.

Significance Of The Study

The study was conducted to covers how skipping breakfast affects the and what may be the

causes academic performance among junior high school learners at Dominican College of

Tarlac, Inc, and the findings of this study will be immensely beneficial for the following:
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Learners. The benefits of the study will give learners a knowledge from the study about the

effects of skipping breakfast on their academic performance thereby, awareness is provided.

Parents. This will provide knowledge to the parents about how skipping breakfast affects

their son or daughter and how it may be threatening for their children’s health.

School administrators. This study provides information on how school administrators

could help and how to provide guidance to lessen this problem.

DepEd. This study will provide information to the Department of Education about the effects

of skipping breakfast of students and how it affects their academic performance. By that,

DepEd will be alarmed to take an action and so that they can provide help for the students.

DOH. The Department of Health is one of the organization to be informed immediately of

the state of learners’ in terms of health.

Future researchers. this study will be immensely valuable to researchers who will dig deep

into the skipping breakfast among learners.

Definition Of Terms

Impact. The act of forcing one object into contact with another, as well as "a noticeable

effect or influence."

In this study, it is use operationally as describing impacts of skipping breakfast on the

academic performance among junior high school learners at Dominican College of Tarlac,

Inc.
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Breakfast. Breakfast boosts your metabolism, which aids in calorie burning throughout the

rest of the day. Additionally, it gives you the energy you need to accomplish your goals and

enhances your concentration at work or school. These are just a few justifications for why

breakfast is the most important meal of the day.

Academic Performance. The performance of a student in his or her education in school. It

also indicates if a student excels or struggles when studying or learning in school based from

his or her academic performance. Academic performance/ achievement is the extent to

which a student, teacher, or institution has attained their short or long-term educational

goals and is measured either by continuous assessment or cumulative grade point average

(CGPA)

Children. A young person who is typically older than a baby but younger than a teen is

referred to as a child. They are between the ages of 1 and 12 years old.

Adolescents. All human beings undergo adolescence stage and this stage of their life is

where the part that they are maturing physically and mentally. Also, this is where human

development occurs and lays time for the foundation of good health. A young person who

has begun puberty but has not yet become an adult. During adolescence, a child

experiences physical, hormonal, and developmental changes that mark the transition into

adulthood. Adolescence generally occurs between the ages of 13 and 17 years old.

Appetite. The eagerness of a person if he or she wants to eat food, or the amount of level

of interest when a person eats food. It is basically a desire for food. The Latin word
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appetitus, meaning "desire for," is the root for appetite. If you have worked up an appetite,

you have a desire for food. If you've lost your appetite, you're not hungry at all (maybe

because something upset you).

Fatigue. It is when an individual is exhausted and drained physically. Due to too much work

or not enough sleep, but particularly, is when a person does not eat meals in a day-to-day

basis. Fatigue is a feeling of constant tiredness or weakness and can be physical, mental or

a combination of both. It can affect anyone, and most adults will experience fatigue at some

point in their life.

Nutrients. These are substances that supplies nourishment that the human body needs,

which is provided in consuming breakfast.

Productive. It is the ability to do tasks successfully as well as achieving goals by being

“productive;” particularly when breakfast is consumed, a person will have energy to be

productive and do tasks effectively.

Well-being. It is the effect of one’s lifestyle whether it is positively o negatively. Especially

whenever eating habits is involved; unhealthy eating habits may deject the well-being of a

person.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Breakfast is known to be a vital meal of the day, especially for adolescents who acquire

high nutritional needs. It is also known that breakfast improves one’s condition and health.

Decades have passed, adolescents who skip breakfast have increased wherein it links with

negative outcomes. Such as, low academic performance and emotional problems;

depression. Moreover, certain lifestyles and routines may negatively affect their food

consumption including breakfast. (Monzani et. al., 2019). In addition, breakfast is referred to

as “the most important meal of the day”.

On the other hand, researchers had elucidated it as “First meal of the day that breaks

the fast after the longest length of sleep and consumed within 2-3 hours of awaking.” and it

can be consumed anywhere. It is known as a notable component for children’s cognitive

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health and academic performance. Skipping this meal can be destructive to one’s

psychological health and cognitive capabilities. Adolescents who skip breakfast have higher

body mass index and lower academic performance compared to those who do not skip

breakfast. Moreover, an Adolescent Health Behaviors Survey in Korea had stated that

adolescents aged 13-18 years have a higher rate of skipping breakfast more than twice a

week with a percentage of 26.7% (KCDCP, 2013). First meal of the day provides energy for

children especially with school day ahead; skipping it reduces carbohydrates which links to

decreased levels of blood sugar that leads to— mental, physical, and performance. Merely

by frequently skipping breakfast, it may increase the risk of developing heart disease,

atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. It may as well increase

the stress hormone levels of an individual.

Breakfast provides a promising impact on the cortisol—which releases the stress

hormones produced by adrenal glands. Cortisol is at its highest rate at 7 in the morning; this

being the case, breakfast is a necessity to back down the increasing levels. Whereas,

skipping breakfast is related to several health complications; such as decreased cognitive

performances and psychosocial functions; low academic performances and achievements as

well. Disturbances in nutritional aspects such as any instances that result in health deficiency

or imbalance; it is also manifested in lack of presence in school, doing less work that
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involves effort especially in school, apathetic viewpoint, and being lethargic. On top of that,

due to skipping breakfast, trying to focus in the afternoon is difficult; feeling tired all

throughout the day, because of lack of energy (Kawafha et. al., 2013). In terms of mental

health, breakfast skippers are more likely to be stressed out or emotionally distressed; For

the same reason, due to morning classes, the prevalence of children who are struggling to

focus or having a short-term memory has a higher rate in the mornings (Sanchez, et. al,

2018). 

A recent study by the United States Department of Agriculture, skipping breakfast leads

to students not being able to learn properly. By not consuming meals in the morning,

hunger leads to low mathematics scores or academics in general, finds it hard to be

attentive, behavior problems and emotional problems. Other learners may not be able to

focus because of hunger; often thinking about when they will get to eat or chiefly about

being hungry. Further, previous researchers have stated that skipping breakfast poses

different types of adverse symptoms, such as; fatigue, inability to react immediately,

frequent confusion or memory problems, risk of being overweight or being obese, high blood

pressure, and heart disease.  Also, the activation of the brain function is much less; as

researches have stated that task-completion rate is higher with those who eat before school.
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Certainly, breakfast plays an enormous part of the activation of the function of the brain.

Overall, may affect academic performance (Fulford et. al., 2016). 

Studies showed that undernourished children have increased their absence in school,

also with divided attention causing them to lose focus and having to encounter more health

problems compared to healthy individuals; all of which negatively affects their school

performance (Santanu, 2019). Whereas, adolescents who skip their breakfast are more likely

to obtain absenteeism from the subject physical education; by reason of them having lower

physical activity levels than average. Apart from this, survey results from studies on students

have shown that Body Mass Index (BMI) is greater when skipping breakfast; they eat more

at lunch because of skipping meals in the morning and will feel hungrier in the afternoon. In

addition to this, two reviews report that the consumption of breakfast may reduce the risk of

adolescents and children of becoming obese and overweight. Adolescents who miss their

breakfast frequently are not so physically active and they also lack in cardio respiratory

fitness level (Fernando et. al., 2022).

Breakfast provides conditions that a learner must have; such as a short-term positive

effect on a learner’s memory, ability to focus, and better information processing. Wherein, to
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improve a learner’s attendance, adequate nutrition is in need; as well as to reduce the risk

of being malnourished, and to increase a learner’s longevity and effectiveness of their

learning. Regular breakfast consumers are in a better presence of mind and active physical

activity for school; irregular consumers are less active (Edefonti et. al., 2017)

The generality of individuals who are frequently skipping breakfast are adolescents.

With its known adverse effects, most common effects that were found were mostly fainting

and not being able to concentrate. Due to the greater BMI caused by skipping breakfast;

adolescents may feel insecure about the way they look. Adolescents at the age of 14, they

may discern themselves as overweight or underweight because of their unhealthy physical

body; also, may try new ways and steps on how to look pleasing (Vishnu et. al., 2015)

Synthesis

Breakfast skippers are more prone to having low grades due to the effects of being

malnourished or simply, having imbalanced meal; the risk of different types of diseases,

mental state, and a greater-BMI-results due to imbalanced meals. Because of the stress

hormone that is in its highest rate in the morning, an individual may be distressed as they

attend their classes; if they did not consume any food in which the cortisol will remain at its
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increasing state. Moreover, in terms of physical activity; learners who does not consume any

meal in mornings will most likely be inactive in any subject that includes physical movement.

For breakfast provides the energy which a human body needs, especially with a long day

ahead. Moreover, there are numerous impacts that is caused by lack of energy; loss of

motivation, apathetic behavior, and being unable to process information. In which, every

effect that are mentioned will have an impact on learners’ academic performance.

Related Studies

A. Foreign

The population of this study is junior high school learners, who are both children and

adolescents. Individuals are classified as "children," and if they are between the ages of 1

and 12 years old. Furthermore, other people are classified as "adolescents" if they are

between the ages of 13 and 17 years old. (National Institutes of Health, 2022)

Students are also conscious of the importance of breakfast regarding the numerous

benefits it contains to power them through their day in school.  Skipping breakfast may

affect the learner in terms of short-term memory and focus. Most non-breakfast skippers

understand its importance as it can influence the physical and mental state of the body as

they have experienced difficulties in learning whenever they skip breakfast. The respondents
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that skip breakfast also understand its importance as they aspire to take it. However, poor

economic conditions are also a predictor in skipping the meal that causes the learner to not

eat it sometimes. Breakfast skippers found it difficult to pay attention and concentrate in

class as they were more busy thinking about food. Most of the non-breakfast skippers

perform academically well unlike the breakfast skippers. Non-breakfast skippers had a better

track record in their attendance unlike breakfast skippers. This is because breakfast skippers

had less nutrients taken into their body causing them to have a weaker immune system that

can make them susceptible to diseases (Sivapatham and Vishnukumar, 2016).

In the study conducted by Arshad (2014), 47% of the learners skipped their

breakfast. The reason for skipping their breakfast was because it was more convenient. The

study determined the type of food was consumed in their breakfast and was concluded that

most of the breakfast eaters consumed less nutritious food. Majority of the breakfast

skippers lack interest in understanding the lessons, furthermore, their problem-solving skills

are also affected resulting in poor performance. Short term and long-term hunger affect the

memory that can cause the learner to have bad memory and forget things regarding their

lessons. The reason for poor performance is influenced by their loss of energy because

breakfast contains the necessary nutrients for a learner to overcome grueling tasks. Arshad
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(2014) emphasized that if a learner’s health is decreasing then their grades would also

decrease.

The brain needs energy in order for it to properly function, its source of energy is

glucose and it is normally consumed when eating breakfast. The students that skip breakfast

have a higher chance of performing with less energy and may be less emotionally engaged

with the lessons being held at school. Therefore, breakfast can influence the outcome of a

student’s performance whilst reducing the effects of performing badly. Lower cognitive

functions and emotional engagement was found to be significant in determining the

performance of students that do not take their breakfast. Students have been found out that

rarely skipping or never skipping breakfast perform better than those that skip it (Moller et.

al., 2021).

In at least one week of eating breakfast consistently, the points achieved by the

participants increased considerably. However, those that skipped breakfast among middle

schoolers (28.9%) for at least a day or two in a week scored a bit lower than the ones that

didn’t. The reason for skipping breakfast might be associated with family habits and routines

that even the student adapts to it. It was found that breakfast consumption can increase
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academic performance as it affects the physical and cognitive development of students.

Furthermore, breakfast has a high correlation on academic performance and impacts the

behavior of students significantly. Although when neglected, health status also drops down

along with their grades (Ben Tam, 2022).

The study conducted by Handuwala et. al. (2022), had participants that understood

that breakfast is an important meal and over 95.2% of them agreed with this. Since

breakfast is an important meal, 50.4% of the participants ate a balanced and healthy meal

unlike the few 10.4% strongly disagreed and preferred to eat processed food as it was more

convenient. 80% of the participants that consumed their breakfast felt more comfortable

and energized during discussions unlike those other 20% that did not eat theirs. The

participants exclaimed that there were positive effects of taking breakfast and among these

were reduced discomfort of vomiting and nausea (40.4%), loss of weight (23.7%), reduced

blood sugar levels (20.2%), and other effects (33.3%). Overall, the students that did not

take their breakfast have felt more tired apart from also having bad memory (74.2%).

B. Local
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In the study conducted by Lisay (2022), the participants were high school students

and the majority of them ate their breakfast while the others skipped it. The reasons for

skipping breakfast involved having less appetite in the morning and no time to eat in the

morning.  Having good meal habits can influence the body weight of an individual. It was

found that consuming breakfast is associated with a lower body mass index. Therefore, if

one does not consume a healthy and balanced breakfast, they will likely experience hunger

leading to difficulty in concentrating when it comes to solving problems and activities in

school. Eating breakfast is known to have increased the cognitive ability as well as memory

retention of a learner.

In the study of Carbonilla et. al. (2018), they had 60 respondents of which had 30

male and female each. They reported that 43.34% of the respondents have skipped their

breakfast daily while 56.66% do not. Despite these results, 93.5% believe that eating

breakfast can enhance the cognitive ability of a person and improve their academic

performance whilst the other 6.5% disagree with this. At least 41.5% of the respondents are

found to have acquired lower scores when they have not consumed their breakfast while the

other 58.5% remain consistent with their scores. Furthermore, 33.2% of the respondents

that skip breakfast have reported that they have difficulty concentrating with their classes

during discussions while the remaining 66.8% are not bothered at all and can continue to
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participate well in their class. Additionally, this study also examined the productivity of

students that skip their breakfast and the results were that 51.5% of the students can

perform well despite skipping breakfast while the other 48.5% cannot. This implies that

there are other possible factors that can influence the academic performance of a learner

other than skipping breakfast. 

Skipping breakfast regularly among students can have negative impacts on health.

The most frequently reported negative effects are fainting and lack of concentration. In

addition to having a negative effect on academic performance, skipping breakfast can lead

to malnutrition, which can stunt physical and mental development, increase the chance of

illnesses, and reduce academic achievement. Therefore, skipping breakfast can make it more

difficult for the student to study. Studies have shown that breakfast is crucial because it

promotes development, brain function, and weight management, although students are

increasingly acquiring the habit of skipping breakfast. Researchers have found that students

who skipped breakfast have lower grades than those who ate their breakfast due to their

memory and concentration problems. This can have a negative impact on their balance,

focus, and academic performance. (Necesario et. al., 2019).

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According to the study of Beligaño et. al. (2016), eating breakfast on a daily basis has

a significant impact on the academic performance of learners. However, it is important to

consider that the caloric intake of a student can be a factor that also determines how well a

student may perform with their given tasks. This study had surveyed 342 respondents with

the ages ranging from 10 to 12. The majority of the respondents always ate their breakfast

everyday (87.4%), the others ate their breakfast only four to six times per week (5.6%), a

few only ate their breakfast one to three times per week (6.4%), and the remaining always

skipped their breakfast (0.6%). The results of the academic performance of the respondents

showed that 10.8% had an outstanding performance, 28.9% had a very satisfactory

performance, 35.1% had a satisfactory performance, 24.6% had a fairly satisfactory

performance, and the remaining 0.6% did not meet the expectations.

In the study conducted by Riosa et. al. (2018), they found that eating a healthy

breakfast can result in higher academic performance as it can help with the memory,

concentration, and increased energy of learners. It was also stated that if a learner skips

their breakfast regularly, then the outcome is a lower academic performance. The majority

of the respondents that skip their breakfast reported that they often experience dizziness,

exhaustion, and memory problems especially when doing a school related task. Despite this,

some of the respondents do not experience any kind of discomfort even when they skipped
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breakfast. This is because some of these students have adapted to skipping breakfast daily.

This can be further supported by some of the respondents that sometimes miss their

breakfast and experience discomfort and not experience any feeling when they consume

their breakfast.

Synthesis
A learner should consume breakfast on a regular basis to minimize any potential

impacts that could interfere with their ability to think clearly while learning. Given that there

are factors that can affect a student's physical and mental health, skipping breakfast can

have an impact on their overall academic performance. For example, during a learning

session, the learner's ability to learn can be hampered by reduced concentration, hunger,

stress, reduced problem-solving skills, fatigue, indigestion issues, reduced blood sugar levels,

behavior, weight, moodiness, dizziness, and memory issues. Due to the amount of nutrients

consumed that can provide energy for the brain to function properly, eating breakfast each

day can energize learners and make them more attentive during class. Additionally, skipping

breakfast may result in complications that weaken a learner's immune system and make

them more vulnerable to illnesses. It is also important to keep in mind that skipping

breakfast may be linked to ineffective time management and poor economic status. Based
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on the studies gathered, skipping breakfast affects both academic performance and the

l INPUT earn
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS a. Do students skip breakfast
e before going to school? r's

a. Sex b. What are the possible effects

b. Age of skipping breakfast among
c. Section students in regards to their
academic performance?

c. What are the main causes for

capacity to learn. junior high school students in
Dominican College of Tarlac
to skip breakfast?

Conceptual Framework
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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 illustrates the simplified and overall flow of the study. The conceptual framework

provides the inputs which will show the profile of the respondents; the sex, grade, and

section. Moreover, it also includes the causes and effects such as; do learners skip breakfast

before going to school, why do learners skip their breakfast, the possible effects of skipping

breakfast in regards to their academic performance, and the main causes for junior high

school learners to skip their breakfast.

Learners skipping breakfast before going to school is the habit of learners that they have

gotten used to which results to lower academic performance.

PROCESS

 Descriptive Study
Learners skipping breakfast is the general skipping of breakfast even in normal days that
 Face-to-face Survey Questionnaires
affects the health of learners.  Statistical Treatment
 Data Analysis

The possible effects of skipping OUTPUT breakfast in regards to their

THE IMPACT OF SKIPPING BREAKFAST ON
academic performance are the risks
THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG
that IMPLICATIONS affects JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS AT THE
DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC, INC
the academic performance of

learners.
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The main causes for junior high school learners to skip their breakfast the routines and

circumstances that affects the consuming of breakfast.

Process the the overall flow of the study or simply, the methodology. In which it includes;

Descriptive study is the design, Face-to-Face Survey Questionnaires is the instrument,

statistical treatment and data analysis.

In conclusion, the implications of skipping breakfast will show its significance and relevance

to the respondents which are the junior high school learners. Consequently, an implication

will be organized and will be based on the outcome from the study.
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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

A descriptive research design will be used in this study for the reason that the

researchers aim to describe the impacts of skipping breakfast on academic performance

among junior high school learners at Dominican College of Tarlac. Also, to answer the what

and how questions in the study and to describe the impacts of the said variable. Moreover,

this study will only assess information and describe data about the impacts of skipping

breakfast on the academic performance among junior high school learners at Dominican

College of Tarlac, Inc. By that, a descriptive research design will be applied in this study in

order for the study to have a constant flow and a linear goal in assessing the variables of the

research. (Voxco, 2021)

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Sampling, Respondents and Locale

The researchers target population for this study are the junior high school learners who

are enrolled in the Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc. The researchers will also use a simple

random sampling method for this study which randomly selects a subset of respondents

from the total population. This study will take place at Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc,

which is located in McArthur Highway, Poblacion (Sto. Rosario) 2315 Capas, Tarlac. In line

with this, the researchers determined that this locale was appropriate for this study. The

total number of the population in this study who are enrolled in the Dominican College of

Tarlac are six hundred sixty (660) individuals. The researchers have computed the sample

size using slovin’s formula based on the 660 individuals. Therefore, the final number of

respondents that will participate in the study is two hundred forty-nine (249) individuals.

Also, the respondents in this study must possess the following criteria:

1. The respondents must be junior high school learners.

2. The respondents must be enrolled at Dominican College of Tarlac.

3. The respondents must voluntarily agree to participate in the study

Research Instrument
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This study will be making use of an adopted-12 item questionnaire that utilizes a 5-

point Likert scale survey which was from the study of Carbonilla et. al. (2018). The

questionnaires will be answered by the respondents through a face-to-face setting. All the

respondents will be answering the same questions. To increase the validity of the answers,

the researchers aim to get a definite answer from respondents of the study through the

degree of level in which they agree or disagree by their habits.

Data Gathering Procedure

The goal of researchers to attain a successful data gathering; taken with a procedure.

Firstly, they will conduct an informed consent for the survey that will done and will be used

in the academic year 2023-2024 for data gathering once approved by; the principal and

facilitators of junior high school at Dominican College of Tarlac, Inc, and the research

facilitator of the researchers. Once everything has been approved and settled; informed

consent will be presented to the respondents, and the researchers will distribute the

questionnaires/surveys to junior high school learners. Lastly, valuing the comfortability of

respondents; the results of the study which contains the findings and sensitive information

will only be used for this research.

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Ethical Consideration

To protect the rights of all individuals, especially the privacy of the respondents'

personal information, the researchers will take all necessary measures to guarantee the

security and reliability of this study. No personally identifiable information will be gathered

because keeping the respondents' anonymity and confidentiality is one of the study's specific

goals. Additionally, the researchers will respect the respondents' rights by giving them the

choice of participating in the study or not. The researchers will be responsible for any

improper conduct and all issues that affect the respondents, and they will be held

accountable for those issues as well. The researchers will also uphold the honesty and

integrity of all the data that will be gathered and reported. Furthermore, the researchers will

assure the respondents by following the Republic Act No. 10173, which is also known as

Data Privacy Act, wherein the law seeks to protect all forms of private and personal

information from all individuals (Data Privacy, n.d.). This will help assure the respondents in

protecting their personal information.

Statistical Treatment

In conducting this study, the researchers will utilize different formulas especially since it

is quantitative research, and by that, the study of “the impact of skipping breakfast on the
 DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC

academic performance among junior high school learners at the Dominican College of Tarlac,

Inc,” will use a 5-point Likert scale and 3 formulas for the statistical treatment of data. These

formulas are slovin’s formula, frequency distribution, and measurement of central tendency.

Moreover, each of these formulas will have a distinct role in computing, analyzing, and

summarizing data of the study, mainly on the answers that will be given from the

respondents of the study.

In line with this, slovin’s formula was used to calculate a sample from the total

population of the junior high school students. Slovin’s formula which is n = N/(1=Ne2),

where n is the sample size, N is the total population, e is the margin of error. In order to

calculate this, the researcher needs to convert the margin of error into decimal form, and

then multiply it by itself. After that, multiply it by the total population and add 1. Lastly,

divide the total population from the computed value. (Prudencexd, n.d)

Scale Verbal Description Legend

5 Strongly Agree 4.20 – 5.00

4 Agree 3.40 – 4.19

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3 Neutral 2.60 – 3.39

2 Disagree 1.80 – 2.59

1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.79

(Erdem et. al., 2018)

The Likert scale is a close-ended questionnaire which is used to measure the opinion

and attitudes of the respondents’ depending if they agree or disagree with the topic of the

given question. The Likert scale may also measure different variations of agreement such as

frequency, quality, importance, and likelihood, etc. (McLeod, 2019). Also, the researchers will

use the Likert scale to interpret data that will be gathered.

The frequency distribution will be used to describe the respondents' demographic

profile. Divide the frequency by the total number of results and multiply by 100 to solve the

frequency distribution. (Statistics Canada, 2021).

Frequency distribution is computed as follows:

% = (f/n) X 100

Where:

% = percentage
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F = frequency

n = the total number

Furthermore, the mean of the data obtained from the 10-item survey questionnaire that

will be distributed to the respondents will be computed using central tendency measurement.

The sum of all values will be divided by the number of values in the subsequent data that will

be provided to calculate the measurement of central tendency. (Bhandari, 2022).

Measurement of central tendency is computed as follows:

x̄= Σx/n

Where:

x̄ = mean of x value

Σx = sum of all the x values

n = number of x values

Nevertheless, these formulas are simply assumed by the researchers to be used in the

next chapter of this study; essentially, these formulas will be used to interpret the data that

will be gathered depends on the findings and results of the data.

DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC
 DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC

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