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Ce 50 Open Channel

This document summarizes key concepts in open channel flow including: - The most economical channel cross sections are rectangular, trapezoidal, or triangular as they maximize discharge for a given cross-sectional area and involve less excavation. - Uniform flow occurs when velocity, depth, and area remain constant along a channel. Non-uniform flow involves changes in these parameters. - Critical depth is the minimum specific energy depth for a given discharge and occurs where the flow is just on the verge of becoming rapid. - Weirs and notches are used to measure and regulate open channel flow by creating backwater upstream and controlling downstream flow rates. Common types include rectangular sharp-crested weirs. - Orif

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Boy2 Laviste
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194 views52 pages

Ce 50 Open Channel

This document summarizes key concepts in open channel flow including: - The most economical channel cross sections are rectangular, trapezoidal, or triangular as they maximize discharge for a given cross-sectional area and involve less excavation. - Uniform flow occurs when velocity, depth, and area remain constant along a channel. Non-uniform flow involves changes in these parameters. - Critical depth is the minimum specific energy depth for a given discharge and occurs where the flow is just on the verge of becoming rapid. - Weirs and notches are used to measure and regulate open channel flow by creating backwater upstream and controlling downstream flow rates. Common types include rectangular sharp-crested weirs. - Orif

Uploaded by

Boy2 Laviste
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 50:

OPEN CHANNEL

Group 2
Arbolado, Espejo, Fortuito, Laviste,
Lee, Lumactao, Villegas
CONTENTS

MOST EFFICIENT CROSS SECTION


UNIFORM FLOW
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
CRITICAL DEPTH
HYDRAULIC JUMP
WEIRS AND NOTCHES
ORIFICE

4
MOST EFFICIENT
CROSS
SECTION
MOST EFFICIENT CROSS
SECTION

Optimum Dimensions
Most Economical Sections

2
WHICH IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION
OF A CHANNEL IN FLUID MECHANICS?

3
Discussion about most economical section in rectangular
channel, trapezoidal channel, triangular channel is given
below. A channel is said to be most economical if:
It gives maximum discharge for a given cross -sectional
area and bed shape,
It has minimum wetted perimeter, and
It involves lesser excavation for the designed amount of
discharge.

2
3
EXAMPLE

What should be the dimensions for the most efficient


cross section of the said rectangular channel if the
rectangular open channel is designed to convey
3,600LPS of water, to be laid in a slope of 0.0025 in
which the roughness coefficient of the material of the
channel is said to be 0.034.

5
UNIFORM FLOW
UNIFORM FLOW
The simplest of all open channel problem is the uniform flow
condition. For the flow to be uniform, the velocity, depth of
flow, and cross-sectional area of flow at any point of the
stream must be constant (i.e v1= v2, d1=d2, A1=A2).

2
FORMULAS NEEDED

3
EXAMPLE
A trapezoidal open channel conveys water, the roughness coefficient
of the channel is 0.013, the slope of the channel run is 2.5 m per 1 km,
the bottom base width of the channel is 2.5 m and the side slope of
the cross section is 1.5H:2V. Determine the velocity and flow rate of
the water if the depth of flow is 3.6 m.

5
NON-UNIFORM
FLOW
NON-UNIFORM
FLOW

Varied flow or non-uniform flow occurs when depth or


velocity change over a distance.

Gradually varied flow occurs when the change is small.


Rapidly varied flow occurs when the change is large, for
example a wave, waterfall, or the rapid transition from a
stream channel into the inlet of a culvert.

2
EXAMPLE
A jump occurs in a trapezoidal channel with side slopes of 1:1 and a
base of 4m. If the upstream depth before the jump is 1.0m and the
downstream depth is 2m:

a) Determine the Discharge


b) Determine the Headloss after the jump

5
FORMULAS NEEDED

Main Formulas Side Formulas 3


CRITICAL DEPTH
CRITICAL DEPTH

In open channel hydraulics, critical depth is the depth of flow


(for a given. discharge) where the specific energy is at a
minimum.

2
EXAMPLE

Water is flowing at a depth of 2.0m in a 4-m-wide rectangle channel


having n=0.017 and s=0.0008. (a) What is the stage of flow? (b.)
Determine the critical depth, and (c.) determine the critical slope.

5
HYDRAULIC
JUMP
WEIRS AND
NOTCHES
WEIRS AND
NOTCHES

Are hydraulic structures used to measure or regulate the


flow of water in open channels. They are designed to create
a specific level of backwater upstream of the structure,
causing the water to flow over or through the structure. In
this report, we will provide an overview of weirs and
notches, including their types, applications, and design
considerations.

2
Applications:
Weirs and notches are commonly used for the following applications:

Flow Measurement: Weirs and Flood Control: Weirs and


notches are used to measure notches are used in flood
the flow rate of water in open control systems to regulate
channels. The flow rate is the flow of water in open
determined by measuring the channels during periods of
water level upstream of the heavy rainfall. The structures
structure and using the are designed to create a
equation Q=CdLH^3/2, where specific level of backwater
Cd is the discharge coefficient, upstream of the structure,
L is the length of the structure, which helps to reduce the flow
and H is the head of water rate downstream.
upstream of the structure.

2
FORMULAS NEEDED

(Sharp Crested Rectangular Weirs)

C = Discharge Coefficient
H = Height/Head of water above the
crest
L = Length of Weir
Va = Velocity of Approach

3
EXAMPLE
A flow of 10.9 Cubic meters per second passes over a suppressed
weir which is 4.88 meters long. The total depth upstream from the
weir must not exceed 2.44 meters. Using C = 1.85

5
Compute the velocity
of Approach

Compute the head of


the Weir

Determine the height


to which the crest
should be placed to
carry this flow
5
Compute the velocity of Approach
Compute the head of the Weir
Determine the height to which the crest should
be placed to carry this flow
CONCLUSION
The height of the crest of a weir is an important parameter that is
used in determining the flow rate of a liquid through the weir. A weir is
a structure that is used to measure the flow rate of liquids in open
channels, such as rivers, canals, and streams.

If the height of the weir's crest is too low, the liquid may not flow over
the weir, which will result in inaccurate measurements. On the other
hand, if the height of the weir's crest is too high, it may result in
overflow, which can cause damage to the weir and surrounding
areas.

In summary, the height of the weir's crest is an essential parameter in


determining the flow rate of liquids through a weir.

5
ORIFICE
ORIFICE

Any opening having a closed perimeter made in a wall or


partition used for measuring flow of fluids. According to
shape, an orifice may be circular, square or rectangular in
cross-section. the circular sharp-crested orifice is most
widely used because of the simplicity of its design and
construction.

2
FORMULAS NEEDED

3
EXAMPLE
A 75mm dia. orifice under a head of 4.88m discharges 8900N of
water in 32.6 seconds. The trajectory was determined by measuring x
= 4.76m for a drop of 1.22m vertically.

Coefficient of Velocity
Headloss in the Orifice
Power loss in watts

5
REAL LIFE
OPEN CHANNEL
PROJECT
UPPER BINALBAGAN, CANLAON
UPPER BINALBAGAN, CANLAON
UPPER BINALBAGAN, CANLAON
SEATWORK
PROBLEM

A trapezoidal channel with a n=0.011 is to carry water at a rate of 5.2


cu.m/s. and at a velocity of 2.45 m/s. The side slope of the channel is
set to be 2.5H: 1.5V. Determine the channel bed slope of the channel if
the section is designed to be the most efficient.

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